DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
EDITED BY
SIDNEY LEE
VOL. XLV.
PEREIRA POCKRICH
LONDON
SMITH, ELDER, & CO., 15 WATERLOO PLACE
1896
[All rights reserved]
2_8
v.A-S
LIST OF WEITBES
IN THE FORTY-FIFTH VOLUME.
G. A. A. . J. G. A. . P. J. A.. . W. A. J. A. W. A. . . . E. B-L. . . G. F. E. B. . M. B. . . . E. B. . . . T. B. . . . C. E. B. . L. B. ... G. C. B. . T. G. B. . G. S. B. . W. B-T. . E. H. B. . E. C. B. . W. C-B. . J. W. C-K. A. M. C. . A. M. C-E. T. C. ... C. H. C. . W. P. C. . L. C. . . J. A. D. .
G. A. AlTKEN.
J. G. ALGEE. P. J. ANDEBSON. W. A. J. ABCHBOLD. WALTEB ABMSTBONG. EICHABD BAGWELL. G. F. EUSSELL BAEKEB. Miss BATESON. THE EEV. EONALD BAYNE. THOMAS BAYNE. C. E. BEAZLEY. LAUBENCE BINYON. G. C. BOASE.
THE EEV. PEOF. BONNEY, F.E.S. G. S. BOULGEB. MAJOB BBOADFOOT. E. H. BEODIE. E. C. BBOWNE. WILLIAM CAEB. J. WILLIS CLABK. Miss A. M. CLEBKE. Miss A. M. COOKE. THOMPSON COOPEB, F.S.A. . C. H. COOTE.
W. P. COUBTNEY.
, LIONEL GUST, F.S.A. J. A. DOYLE.
G. T. D. . . G. THOBN DBUEY.
E. D EOBEBT DUNLOP.
C. H. F. . . C. H. FIBTH.
E. F LOBD EDMOND FITZMAUBICE.
J. G JAMES GAIBDNEB.
W. G WILLIAM GALLOWAY.
E. G EICHABD GABNETT, LL.D., C.B.
J. T. G. . . J. T. GILBEBT, LL.D., F.S.A.
A. G THE EEV. ALEXANDEB GOBDON.
E. G EDMUND GOSSE.
E. E. G. . . E. E. GBAVES.
J. M. G. . . THE LATE J. M. GBAY.
J. C. H. . . J. CUTHBEBT HADDEN.
J. A. H. . . J. A. HAMILTON.
C. A. H. . . C. ALEXANDEB HABBIS.
E. G. H. . . E. G. HAWKE.
T. F. H. . . T. F. HENDEESON.
W. A. S. H. W. A. S. HEWINS.
W. H. ... THE EEV. WILLIAM HUNT.
T. B. J. . . THE EEV. T. B. JOHNSTONE.
C. L. K. . . C. L. KINGSFOED.
j. K JOSEPH KNIGHT, F.S.A.
J. K. L. . . PBOFESSOB J. K. LAUGHTON.
E. L Miss ELIZABETH LEE.
S. L SIDNEY LEE.
E. H. L. . . EOBIN H. LEGGE. J. E. L. . . JOHN EDWAED LLOYD.
VI
List of Writers.
W. B. L. . J. E. M. . E. C. M. . L. M. M. .
C. M. . . . N. M. . . . G. P. M-Y. J. B. M. .
E. N. . . . A. N. . . . G. LE G. N.
D. J. O'D.
F. M. O'D. J. B. P. . J. F. P. .
A. F. P. .
B. P. . . . D'A. P. . . B. B. P. . W. E. K. .
. THE BEV. W. B. LOWTHER. . J. B. MACDONALD. . E. C. MABCHANT.
. MlSS MlDDLETON.
. COSMO MONKHOUSE. . NORMAN MOORE, M.D. . G. P. MORIARTY. . J. BASS MULLINGER. . MRS. NEWMARCH. . ALBERT NICHOLSON. . G. LE GRYS NORGATE.
. D. J. O'DONOGHUE.
. F. M. O'DONOGHUE.
. J. B. PAYNE.
. J. F. PAYNE, M.D.
. A. F. POLLARD.
. Miss PORTER.
. D'ARCY POWER, F.B.C.S.
. B. B. PROSSER.
. W. E. BHODES.
J. M. B.
T. S. . .
W. A. S.
C. F. S.
B. H. S.
G. W. S.
L. S. . . i G. S-H. . ; C. W. S.
J. T-T. .
H. B. T. i T. F. T. , E. V. . .
B. H. V.
G. W. . . M. G. W.
C. W-H. , B. B. W. W, W..
J. M. BIGG. THOMAS SECCOMBE. W. A. SHAW. Miss C. FELL SMITH.
B. H. SOULSBY.
THE BEV. G. W. SPROTT, D.D. LESLIE STEPHEN. GEORGE STRONACH.
C. W. SUTTON. JAMES TAIT.
H. B. TEDDER, F.S.A.
PROFESSOR T. F. TOUT.
THE LATE BEV. CANON VENABLES.
COLONEL B. H. VETCH, B.E., C.B.
GRAHAM WALLAS. THE BEV. M. G. WATKINS. CHARLES WELCH, F.S.A. B. B. WOODWARD. WARWICK WROTH, F.S.A.
*V* In vol. xliv. ( p. 303, col. 2, 1. 2) the sentence following the words died in 1827 should read ; ' Pennsylvania Castle passed on the death of the second son, Thomas Gordon Penn, to his first cousin, William Stuart the heir-at-law, who transferred it to Colonel Stewart Forbes, a near relative ; it was purchased, with its historical contents, by J. Merrick Head, esq., in 1887.'
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
SMITH STANGER
DICTIONARY
OF
NATIONAL BIOGRAPHY
Pereira
Pereira
PEREIRA, JONATHAN (1804-1853), pharmacologist, was born at Shoreditch, London, on 22 May 1804. His father, an underwriter at Lloyd's, was in straitened circumstances, and Pereira was sent, when about ten years old, to a classical academy in Queen Street, Finsbury. Five years later he was articled to a naval surgeon and apothe- cary named Latham, then a general practi- tioner in the City Road. In 1821 he became a pupil at the Aldersgate Street general dis- pensary, where he studied chemistry, materia medica, and medicine under Dr. Henry Clut- terbuck [q. v.], natural philosophy under Dr. George Birkbeck [q. v.], and botany under Dr. William Lambe (1765-1847) [q. v.] In 1822 he entered St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and, qualifying as licentiate of the Society of Apothecaries in March 1823, when under nineteen, was at once appointed apothecary to the dispensary. He then formed a students' class, for whose use he translated the ' London Pharmacopoeia' of 1824, published ' A Selec- tion of Prescriptions' in English and in Latin, and ' A General Table of Atomic Numbers with an Introduction to the Atomic Theory,' and drew up a ' Manual for Medical Students/ which was afterwards,with his consent, edited by Dr. John Steggall. Having qualified as a surgeon in 1825, he was, next year, appointed lecturer on chemistry at the dispensary, and soon after ceased for some years to publish, devoting much of his time to the collection of materials for his great work on materia medica. In 1828 he became a fellow of the Linnean Society. A powerful man, with an iron constitution, he rose at six in the morn- ing, and for many years worked sixteen hours a day. He took lessons in French and German for the purposes of his work, and, though possessing a very retentive memory, made copious notes on all he read. In 1828
VOL. XLV.
he began to lecture on materia medica at Aldersgate Street, and, until about 1841, he delivered two or three lectures every day.
On his marriage, in September 1832, he resigned the post of apothecary to the dis- pensary to his brother, and began to practise as a surgeon in Aldersgate Street; but in the winter of the same year he was made professor of materia medica in the new medical school which took the place of the Aldersgate Street dispensary ; and, in 1833, was chosen to succeed Dr. Gordon as lec- turer on chemistry at the London Hos- pital. His lectures on materia medica were printed in the * Medical Gazette ' between 1835 and 1837, translated into German, and republished in India. In 1838 he was elected fellow of the Royal Society. The two parts of his magnum opus, ' The Elements of Materia Medica,' first appeared in 1839 and 1840, and in the former year he was made examiner in materia medica to the university of London. He was offered the chair of chemistry and materia medica at St. Bartholomew's Hos- pital, but declined it on being required to resign all other posts. At this time he was making 1,000/. a year by his lectures, and had so large a class at Aldersgate Street that he built a new theatre for them at a cost of 700/. Nevertheless, in 1840 he resolved to leave London for two years in order to gra- duate at a Scottish university, but changed his plans to become a candidate for a vacant assistant-physicianship at the London Hos- pital. Within a fortnight he prepared for and passed the examination for the licentiate- ship of the College of Physicians— a needful qualification. About the same time he ob- tained the diploma of M.D. from Erlangen, and was elected to the post he sought. On the foundation of the Pharmaceutical So- ciety in 1842, he gave two lectures at their
Pereira
Perigal
school of pharmacy in Bloomsbury Square on the elementary composition of foods, which he afterwards amplified into a ' Trea- tise on Food and Diet/ published in 1843. In that year he gave three lectures on polarised light, and, on being chosen the first professor of materia medica of the so- ciety, delivered the first complete course in this subject given to pharmaceutical chemists in England. In 1845 he became fellow of the Royal College of Physicians. His prac- tice as a physician increasing, he gradually gave up lecturing, resigning his chair at the London Hospital in 1851 when he became a full physician to the hospital, but continuing to give a winter course at the Pharmaceutical Society until 1852. He died from the results of an accident on 20 Jan. 1853, and was buried in Kensal Green cemetery. He had extensive foreign correspondence ; always in- sisted on seeing drugs, if possible, in the condition in which they were imported ; exa- mined them both with the microscope and the polariscope ; and paid equal attention to their botanical, chemical, and physiological characters. His collection became the pro- perty of the Pharmaceutical Society. A medal by Wyon was struck in his memory by the Pharmaceutical Society, and a bust, by McDowall, was executed for the London Hospital. There is also an engraved portrait of him, by D. Pound, in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal' for 1852-3 (p. 409).
Besides thirty-five papers, mostly in the ' Pharmaceutical Journal,' 1843-52, many unsigned contributions, and a translation of Matteucci's ' Lectures on the Physical Phe- nomena of Living Beings,' which he super- intended in 1847, Pereira's works include : 1. ' A Translation of the Pharmacopoeia of 1824,' 1824, 16mo. 2. < A Selection of Pre- scriptions . . . for Students . . . ' 1824, 16mo, which, under the title ' Selecta e Prsescriptis,' has gone through eighteen editions down to 1890, besides numerous editions in the United States. 3. ' Manual for Medical Stu- 'dents,' 1826, 18mo. 4. ' General Table of Atomic Numbers,' 1827. 5. 'The Elements of the Materia Medica,' 1839-40, 8vo ; 2nd edit, under the title of f Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics,' 2 vols. 1842, 8vo; 3rd edit. vol. i. 1849, and vol. ii., edited by
A. S. Taylor and G. O. Rees, 1853; 4th edit. 1854-7, and oth edit., edited -by R. Bentley and T. Redwood, 1872 ; besides several edi- tions in the United States. 6. 'Tabular View of the History and Literature of the Materia Medica,' 1 840, 8 vo. 7. ' A Treatise on Food and Diet,' 1843, 8vo. 8. ' Lectures on Polarised Light,' 1843, 8vo; 2nd edit, by
B. Powell, 1854.
[Pharmaceutical Journal, 1852-3, p. 409 ; Gent. Mag. 1853, i. 320-2; Alii bone's Diet. p.
1562; Koyal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers, iv. 825-6 ; Proceedings of the Linnean Society, ii. 237.] GK S. B.
PERFORATUS, ANDREAS (1490 P- 1549), traveller and physician. [See BOOEDE or BOEDE, ANDEEW.]
PERIGAL, ARTHUR (1784 P-1847), historical painter, descended from an old Norman family driven to England by the revocation of the edict of Nantes, was born about 1784. He studied under Fuseli at the Royal Academy, and in 1811 gained the gold medal for historical painting, the sub- ject being ' Themistocles taking Refuge at the Court of Admetus.' He had begun in 1810 to exhibit both at the Royal Academy and at the British Institution, sending to the former a portrait and ' Queen Katherine delivering to Capucius her Farewell Letter to King Henry the Eighth,' and to the latter ' The Restoration of the Daughters of CEdipus ' and l Helena and Hermia ' from the ' Mid- summer Night's Dream.' These works were followed at the Royal Academy by •' Aridseus and Eurydice' in 1811, his l Themistocles ' in 1812, 'The Mother's last Embrace of her In- fant Moses ' in 1813, and again in 1816, and by a few pictures of less importance, the last of which, ' Going to Market,' appeared in 1821. His contributions to the British In- stitution included l Roderick Dhu discovering himself to Fitz James ' in 1811, the ' Death of Rizzio ' in 1813, ' Joseph sold by his Brethren' in 1814, 'Scipio restoring the Cap- tive Princess to her Lover' in 1815, and, lastly, < The Bard ' in 1828. He for some time practised portrait-painting in London ; but about 1820 he appears to have gone to Northampton, and afterwards removed to Manchester. Finally he settled in Edin- burgh, where he obtained a very good con- nection as a teacher of drawing, and from 1833 onwards exhibited portraits and land- scapes at the Royal Scottish Academy. Perigal died suddenly at 21 Hill Street, Edin- burgh, on 19 Sept. 1847, aged 63.
His son, AETHTJE PEEIGAL (1816-1884), landscape-painter, born in London in August 1816, was instructed in painting by his father. At first a drawing-master in Edin- burgh, he sent in 1838 to the exhibition of the Royal Scottish Academy a study of John Knox's pulpit and some scenes in the Tros- sachs, and from that time became a regu- lar contributor of landscapes, sending more than three hundred. He roamed in search of subjects over all parts of Scotland, and occasionally into the mountainous districts
Perkins
Perkins
of England and Wales. He repeated^ visited Switzerland and Italy, and also made an extended tour in Norway ; but his pre- ference was for the scenery of the Scottish Highlands and the banks of the Tweed anc Teviot. In 1841 he was elected an associate of the Royal Scottish Academy, and in 1868 he became an academician. He painted also in water-colours, and exhibited occasionally at the Royal Academy and other London exhibitions. He was a keen and skilful angler. He died suddenly at 7 Oxford Ter- race, Edinburgh, on 5 June 1884, and was buried in the Dean Cemetery. ' Moorland, near Kinlochewe, Ross-shire,' by him, is in the National Gallery of Scotland.
[Edinburgh Evening Courant, 20 Sept. 1847; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1810- 1821 ; British Institution Exhibition Catalogues (Living Artists), 1810-28 ; Royal Scottish Aca- demy Exhibition Catalogues, 1833-47; Red- grave's Diet, of Artists of the English School, 1878. For the son, see Scotsman, 6 June 1884 ; Bryan's Diet, of Painters and Engravers, ed. Graves and Armstrong, 1886-9, ii. 273 ; Royal Scottish Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1838- 1884; Royal Academy Exhibition Catalogues, 1861-84.] RE. G.
PERKINS. [See also PARKINS.]
PERKINS, ANGIER MARCH (1799 ?- 1881), engineer and inventor, second son of Jacob Perkins, was born at Newbury Port, Massachusetts, at the end of the last century. He came to England in 1827, and was for some time associated with his father in perfecting his method of engraving bank-notes, and of using steam under very high pressure. Following up the latter sub- ject, Perkins introduced a method of warm- ing buildings by means of hot water circu- lating through small closed pipes, which came into extensive use, and was the foundation of a large business carried on first in Harpur Street, and subsequently in Francis Street, now Seaford Street, Gray's Inn Road, Lon- don. The method was improved from time to time, the various modifications being em- bodied in patents granted in 1831 (No. 6146), 1839 (No. 8311), and 1841 (No. 9664). In 1843 he took out a patent (No. 9664) for the manufacture of iron by the use of super- heated steam, which contained the germ of subsequent discoveries relating to the con- version of iron into steel and the elimination of phosphorus and sulphur from iron. The patent includes also a number of applications of superheated steam.
In later years the system of circulating water in closed pipes of small diameter, heated up to two thousand pounds per square
inch of steam pressure, was applied to the heating of bakers' ovens. This has been ex- tensively adopted ; it possesses the advantage that the heat may be easily regulated. It was patented in 1851 (No. 13509), and subse- quently much improved. He also took out a patent in 1851 (No. 13942) for railway axles and boxes.
He was elected an associate of the Insti- tution of Civil Engineers in May 1840, but, being of a somewhat retiring disposition, he seldom took part in the discussions. He died on 22 April 1881, at the age of eighty- one. His son Loftus is noticed separately.
[Memoir in Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, vol. Ixvii. pt. i.] R. B. P.
PERKINS or PARKINS, SIB CHRIS- TOPHER (1547 P-1622), diplomatist, master of requests and dean of Carlisle, is said by Colonel Chester to have been closely related to the ancestors of Sir Thomas Parkyns [q. v.] of Bunny, Nottinghamshire, though the precise relationship has not been ascer- tained, and his name does not appear in the visitations of Nottinghamshire in 1569 and 1611 (CHESTER, Westminster Abbey Register, p. 120). He was born apparently in 1547, and is probably distinct from the Christopher Perkins who was elected scholar at Winches- ter in 1555, aged 12, and subsequently became rector of Eaton, Berkshire (KiKBY,' p. 133). He was educated at Oxford, and graduated B.A. on 7 April 1565 ; but on 21 Oct. next year he entered the Society of Jesus at Rome, aged 19. According to Dodd, he was an emi- nent professor among the Jesuits for many years ; but gradually he became estranged from them, and while at Venice, perhaps about 1585, he wrote a book on the society which, in spite of a generally favourable vie\* ^seems ;o have been subsequently thought by the English government likely to damage the society's cause (cf. Col. State Papers, Dom. 1594-7, pp. 125-6). The book does not appear ,o have been published. About the same time Burghley's grandson, William Cecil (after- wards second Earl of Exeter), visited Rome ; an indiscreet expression of protestant opinions -here exposed him to risks from which he was saved by Perkins's interposition. Perkins is said to have returned with young Cecil, who recommended him to his grandfather's favour ; 3ut in 1587 he was resident at Prague, being described in the government's list of recusants ibroad as a Jesuit (STRYPE, Annals, in. ii. 599). There he became acquainted with Ed- vard Kelley [q. v.], the impostor ; in June .589 Kelley, either to curry favour with the English government or to discount any re- relations Perkins might make about him,
B V
Perkins
Perkins
accused him of being an emissary of the pope, and of complicity in a sevenfold plot to murder the queen. Soon afterwards Perkins arrived in England, and seems to have been imprisoned on suspicion. On 12 March 1590 he wrote to Walsingham, expressing a hope that Kelley ' will deal sincerely with him, which he doubts if he follow the counsel of his friends and ghostly fathers, the Jesuits ; ' he appealed to a commendation from the king of Poland as proof of his innocence ( Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1589-90, 12 March). This seems to have been established, for on 9 May he was granted 300/. for his expenses on a mission to Poland and Prussia (MuRDiN, p. 793).
From this time Perkins was frequently employed as a diplomatic agent to Denmark, Poland, the emperor, and the Hanseatic League ; his missions dealt principally with mercantile affairs, in which he gained con- siderable experience. In 1591 he was am- bassador to Denmark, having his first audience with the king on 4 July, and on 22 Dec. re- ceived an annuity of one hundred marks for his services. He proceeded to Poland in January 1592, and was in Denmark again in the summer. In June and July 1593 he was negotiating with the emperor at Prague ; in 1595 he visited Elbing, Liibeck, and other Hanse towns, and spent some time in Poland. He says he was acceptable to the Poles gene- rally, and the king tried to induce him to enter his service ; but the clergy were bitterly hostile, and the pope offered 2,000/. for his life. In 1598 he was again sent to Denmark, returning on 8 Dec. ; in 1600 he was employed in negotiating with the Danish emissaries at Emden. His letters from abroad, preserved among the Cotton MSS., give a valuable account of the places he visited, especially Poland and the Hanse towns. During the intervals of his missions he acted as principal adviser to the government in its mercantile relations with the Baltic countries ; on 3 Jan. 1593 he was on a commission to decide with- out appeal all disputes between the English and subjects of the French king in reference to piracies and depredations committed at sea, and on 3 July was on another to inquire into and punish all abettors of pirates.
His frequent appeals for preferment, on the ground of his services and inadequacy of his salary, were answered by his appointment as dean of Carlisle in 1595. On 20 Feb. 1596-7 he was admitted member of Gray's Inn, being erroneously described as ( clerk of the petition to the queen and dean of Can- terbury' (FOSTER, Register, p. 91). On ] 6 Sept. 1597 he was elected M.P. for Ripon, and again on 21 Oct. 1601 ; he frequently
took part in the mercantile business of the house (cf. D'EwES, Journals, pp. 650, 654, 657). On the accession of James I his annuity was increased to 100/. ; in 1603 he was on a commission for suppressing books printed without authority ; on 23 July he was knighted by the king at Whitehall, and on 20 March 1604-5 was admitted commoner of the college of advocates. From 1604 to- 161 1 he was M.P. for Morpeth ; he also acted as deputy to Sir Daniel Donne [q. v.], master of requests, whom he succeeded in 1617. IIL 1620 he subscribed 371. 10s. to the Virginia. Company, and paid 50/. He died late in August 1622, and was buried on 1 Sept. on the north side of the long aisle in West- minster Abbey (CHESTER, Westminster Abbey Register, p. 119).
In 1612 a ' Lady Parkins,' perhaps a first wife of Perkins, forfeited her estate for con- veying her daughter to a nunnery across the sea (Cal. State Papers, 1611-18, p. 107). Perkins married, on 5 Nov. 1617, at St. Mar- tin's-in-the-Fields, London, Anne, daughter of AnthonyBeaumont of Glenfield, Leicester- shire, and relict of James Brett of Hoby in the same county. She was sister of the Countess of Buckingham, whose son, George Villiers, became duke of Buckingham, and mother, by her first husband, of Anne, second wife of Lionel Cranfield, first earl of Middle- sex [q. v.] Perkins's marriage is said to have been dictated by a desire to push his fortunes^ but he stipulated to pay none of his wife's previous debts. Buckingham, hearing of this- condition, put every obstacle in his way, and Perkins in revenge is said to have left most of his property to a servant ; but his; will, dated 30 Aug. 1620, in which mention is made of his sister's children, does not bear- out this statement (CHESTER, Westminster Abbey Register, p. 120). Perkins's widow survived him, and had an income of about 700^. of our money.
[Cotton. MSS. Jul. E. ii. 63-4, F. vi. 52, Nero B. ii. 204-5, 207-9, 211-12, 214-17, 218, 220-3, 240-1, 260, iv. 38, 195, ix. 161, 165 et seq, 170, 175 b, 178, xi. 300 (the index is very in- complete and inaccurate) ; Cal. State Papers,. Dom. 1581-1622, passim; Rymer's Fcedera, orig. edit, passim ; Murdin's State Papers, pp. 793, 801 ; Chamberlain's Letters (Camden Soc.),. passim ; Official Returns of M.P.'s, i. 436, 441 - Wood's Fasti, i. 166-7 ; Foster's Alumni, 1500- 1714; Chester's London Marriage Licenses and Westminster Abbey Register; D'Ewes's Jour- nals, passim ; Goodman's Court of James I, ed. Brewer, i. 329, 335 ; Nichols's Progresses of James I, i. 207 ; Metcalfe's Book of Knights * Archseologia, xxxviii. 108; Le Neve's Fasti, iii. 246; Spedding's Bacon, xii. 214; Brown 's Genesis- of the United States ; Dodd's Church Hist. ii.
Perkins
Perkins
417-18; Strype's Annals, in. ii. 599, iv. 1-3, 220 ; Whitgift, ii. 504 ; Lives of Twelve Bad Men, ed. Seccombe, pp. 49-50.] A. F. P.
PERKINS, HENRY (1778 - 1855), book collector, was born in 1778, and be- came a partner in the firm of Barclay, Per- kins, £ Co., brewers, Southwark. He was •elected a fellow of the Linnean Society in 1825, and was also a fellow of the Geologi- cal and Horticultural Societies. In 1823 he commenced the formation of a library at his residence, Springfield, near Tooting, Surrey, which he soon enlarged at the •sale of Mr. Dent's collection. Messrs. John and Arthur Arch of 61 Cornhill, Lon- don, were then appointed his buyers, and rapidly supplied him with many scarce and valuable books. He died at Dover on 15 April 1855, when his library came to his relative, Algernon Perkins of Hanworth Park, Middlesex, who died in 1870. The books were sold by Gadsden, Ellis, & Co. at Hanworth on 3, 4, 5, and 6 June 1873, the 865 lots produc- ing 26,000/., being the largest amount ever realised for a library of the same extent; ten volumes alone going for ten thousand guineas. The ' Mazarin Bible,' two volumes, printed upon vellum, purchased for 504/., •sold for 3,400/. ; another copy, on paper, ob- tained for 195/., brought 2,690/. ; 'Biblia Sacra Latina/ two volumes, printed upon vellum in 1462, the first edition of the Latin Bible with a date, bought at Dent's sale for 173/. 5.s., sold for 7801. Miles Coverdale's Bible, 1535, imperfect, but no perfect copy known, purchased for 89/. 5s., brought 400/. Among the manuscripts, John Lydgate's * Sege of Troy ' on vellum, which cost 99/. 15s., went for 1,370/. ; 'Les CEuvres Diverses de Jean de Meun,' a fifteenth-cen- tury manuscript of two hundred leaves, brought G90/., and ' Les Cent Histoires de Troye,' by Christine de Pisan, on vellum, with one hundred and fifteen miniatures, executed for Philip the Bold, duke of Bur- gundy, sold for 650/. The 865 lots averaged in the sale rather more than 30/. each.
[Times, 4, 5, 6, and 7 June 1873 ; Athenaeum, 1 March 1873 pp. 279-80, 14 June 1873 pp. 762-3 ; Proceedings of Linnean Soc. of London, 1855-9, p. xliii ; Livres payes en vente publique 1000 fr. et au-dessus, depuis 1866 jusqu'a ce jour, aperqu sur la vente Perkins a Londres, Etude Bibliographiqne par Philomneste Junior, Bordeaux, 1877 ; A Dictionary of English Book Collectors, pt. ii. September 1892.] GK C. B.
PERKINS or PARKINS, JOHN (d.
1545), jurist, was educated at Oxford, but left the university without taking a degree. Going to London, he was called to the bar of the Inner Temple, and is spoken of as a
' t£ere' He ma? P°ssibly have been the John Perkins who was a groom of the royal chamber in 1516. He died in 1545, and is said to be buried in the Temple Church. Perkins is remembered by a popular text- book which he wrote for law students. Its title is, as given by Wood, ' Perutilis Tracta- tus sive explanatio quorundam capitulorum valde necessaria,' but the first edition pro- bably had no title-page. It was printed in 1530 in Norman-French. An English transla- tion appeared in 1642, and another in 1657. There is a manuscript English version in Brit. Mus. Harl. MS. 5035, which wasmade in the time of James I. A copy of the book itself forms Brit. Mus. Hargrave MS. 244. The fifteenth edition, by Richard J. Greening, was issued in 1827. Fulbeck, in his ' Direc- tion or Preparative to the Study of the Law,' praises Perkins for his wit rather than his judgment.
[Tanner's Bibl. Brit. ; Greening's Preface to Perkins ; Fulbeck's Direction, ed. Stirling, p. 72 ; Wood's Athense Oxon. ed. Bliss, i. 147; Reg. Univ. Oxford (Oxford Hist. Soc.). i. 149 ; Boase's Eeg. Collegii Exoniensis (Oxford Hist. Soc.), p. 757 ] W. A. J. A.
PERKINS, JOSEPH (ft. 1711), poet, born in 1658, was the younger son of George Perkins of Slimbridge, Gloucestershire. He matriculated from Oriel College, Oxford, on 16 July 1675, and graduated B.A. in 1679. After leaving Oxford he obtained a post as chaplain in the navy, and sailed to the Medi- terranean in the Norfolk under Admiral Ed- ward Russell (afterwards Earl of Orford) [q. v.J He was very prolific in compli- mentary verse, and wrote Latin elegies on Sir Francis Wheeler (1697) and other naval worthies ; he was, however, cashiered in the course of 1697 for having, it was alleged, brought a false accusation of theft against a naval officer. He wrote a highly florid Latin elegy upon the Duke of Beaufort, which was printed in 1701, and by flattering verses and dedications, together with occasional preach- ing, he was enabled, though not without ex- treme difficulty, to support a large family. His efforts to obtain preferment at Tunbridge Wells and at Bristol were unsuccessful. In 1707 he produced two small volumes of verse : ' The Poet's Fancy, in a Love-letter to Galatea, or any other Fair Lady, in Eng- lish and Latin ' (London, 4to), and ' Poema- tum Miscellaneorum a Josepho Perkins Liber primus ' (no more printed) (London, 4to). Most of his miscellanies were in Latin, and he styled himself the ' Latin Laureate,' or, to air his Jacobite sympathies, the ' White Poet.' He tried to curry favour among the non- jurors, and wrote in 1711 'A Pcem, both in
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English and Latin, on the death of Thomas Kenn ' (Bristol, 4to). The poet's elder brother, George, became in 1673 vicar of Fretherne in Gloucestershire ; but he himself does not appear to have obtained a benefice, and no- thing is known of him subsequent to 1711. In addition to the works named, two sermons and several elegies were separately published in his name.
An engraving of Perkins by White is mentioned by Bromley.
[Works in British Museum; Watt's Bibl. Brit.; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Eawl. MSS. iii. 199, iv. 102.] T. S.
PERKINS, LOFTUS (1834-1891), en- gineer and inventor, son of Angier March Perkins [q. v.], was born on 8 May 1834 in Great Coram Street, London. At a very early age he entered his father's manufactory, and in 1853-4 he practised on his own account as an engineer in New York. Returning to England, he remained with his father until 1862, and from that time to 1866 he was in business at Hamburg and Berlin, designing and executing many installations for warm- ing buildings in various parts of the continent. He again returned to England in 1866, when he entered into a partnership with his father, which continued to the death of the latter in 1881.
Perkins inherited much of the inventive capacity of his father and grandfather, and from 1859 downwards he took out a very large number of patents. The chief subjects to which he directed his attention \vere, how- ever, the use of very high pressure steam as a motive power, and the production of cold. His yacht Anthracite, constructed in 1880, was fitted with engines working with steam at a pressure of five hundred pounds on the inch, and it is probably the smallest ship that ever crossed the Atlantic steaming the entire distance. The Loftus Perkins, a very re- markable Tyne ferryboat, was worked with compound engines on his system with boilers tested to 200 Ib. (Engineer, 2 June 1880). His experiments on the production of cold resulted in the ' arktos,' a cold chamber suit- able for preserving meat and other articles of food. It is based on the separation of ammonia gas from the water in which it is dissolved, the liquefaction of the gas, and the subsequent revaporisation of the am- monia, with the reabsorption of the gas by the water. This was his last great work, and his unremitting attention to it caused a permanent breakdown of his health.
He became a member of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers in 1861, and of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1881. He
died on 27 April 1891, at his house in Abbey Road, Kilburn, London. He married an American, a daughter of Dr. Patten. He left two sons, both of whom are engaged in their father's business, now carried on by a limited company.
[Obituary notice in the Engineer, 1 May 1891, •which contains a full account of his various in- ventions, and private information ; Proc. Inst. C. E. vol. cv.J E. B. P.
PERKINS, WILLIAM (1558-1602), theological writer, son of Thomas Perkins and Hannah his wife, both of whom survived him, was born at Marston Jabbett in the parish of Bulkington in Warwickshire in 1558. In June 1577 he matriculated as a pensioner of Christ's College, Cambridge, where he appears to have studied under Laurence Chaderton [q. v.], from whom he probably first received his puritan bias. His early career gave no promise of future eminence; he was noted for recklessness and profanity, and addicted to drunkenness. From these courses he was, however, suddenly converted by the trivial incident of overhearing a woman in the street allude to him as ' drunken Perkins,' holding him up as a terror to a fretful child.
In 1584 he commenced M.A., was elected a fellow of his college, and began to be/widely known as a singularly earnest and effective preacher. He preached to the prisoners in the castle, and was appointed lecturer at Great St. Andrews, where both the members of the university and the townsmen flocked in great numbers to listen to him. Accord- ing to Fuller (Holy State, ed. 1648, p. 81), ' his sermons were not so plain but that the piously learned did admire them, nor so learned but that the plain did understand them ; ' and he seems to have possessed the art of conducting his argument after the strictly logical method then in vogue, while pre- serving a simplicity of language which made him intelligible to all. His reputation as a theologian progressed scarcely less rapidly, and at a time when controversy between the anglican and puritan parties in the univer- sity was at its height, he became noted for his outspoken resistance to all that savoured of Roman usage in the matter of ritual. In a < commonplace ' delivered in the chapel of his college (13 Jan. 1586-7), he demurred to the practice of kneeling at the taking of the sacrament, and also to that of turning to the east. Being subsequently cited before the vice-chancellor and certain of the heads, he was ordered to read a paper in which he partly qualified and partly recalled what he was reported to have said. From this time he appears to have used more guarded
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language in his public discourses, but his sympathy with the puritan party continued undiminished, and, according to Bancroft (Daungcrous Positions, ed. 1593, p. 92), he was one of the members of a ' synod ' which in 1589 assembled at St. John's College to re- vise the treatise ' Of Discipline ' (afterwards ' The Directory '), an embodiment of puritan doctrine which those present pledged them- selves to support. In the same year he was one of the petitioners to the authorities of the university on behalf of Francis Johnson [q. v.], a fellow of Christ's, who had been com- mitted to prison on account of his advocacy of a presbyterian form of church govern- ment (STRYPE, Annals, iv. 134 ; Lansdowne MSS. Ixi. 1 9-57). His sense of the severity with which his party was treated by Whit- gift, both in the university and elsewhere, is probably indicated in the preface to his « Arm ilia Aurea ' (editions of 1590 and 1592), it being dated ' in the year of the last suffer* ings of the Saints.' In the same preface he refers to the attacks to which he was him- self at that time exposed, but says that he holds it better to encounter calumny, how- ever unscrupulous, than be silent when duty towards 'Mater Academia' calls for his testimony to the truth. He also took occa- sion to express in the warmest terms his gratitude for the benefits he had derived from his academic education. The l Armilla ' excited, however, vehement opposition owing to its unflinching Calvinism, and, according to Heylin (Aerius Redivivus, p. 341), was the occasion of William Barret's violent at- tack on the calvimstic tenets from the pulpit of St. Mary's [see BARRET, WILLIAM J?. 1595] ; but the work more especially singled out by the preacher for invective was Perkins's ' Ex- position of the Apostles' Creed,' just issued (April 1595) from the university press, in which the writer ventured to impugn the doctrine of the descent into hell (STRYPE, Whitgift, ed. 1718, p. 439).
Against the distinctive tenets of the Roman church, Perkins bore uniformly emphatic testimony ; and the publication of his < Reformed Catholike ' in 1597 was an important event in relation to the whole controversy. He here sought to draw the boundary-line indicating the essential points of difference between the protestant and the Roman belief, beyond which it appeared to him impossible for concession and concilia- tion on the part of the reformed churches to go. The ability and candid spirit of this treatise were recognised by the most com- petent judges of both parties, and William Bishop'[q. v.], the catholic writer, although
•.niln/l 4-l<r> Vir\r>lr in Tn'a <rintlir>lip. Dp-
assailed the book in his ' Catholic De-
formed/ was fain to admit that he had « not seene any book of like quantity, published by a Protestant, to contain either more matter, or delivered in better method ; ' while Robert Abbot [q. v.], afterwards bishop of Salisbury, in his reply to Bishop, praises Per- kins's ' great trauell and paines for the furtherance of true religion and edifying' of the Church.'
Perkins's tenure of his fellowship at Christ's continued until Michaelmas 1594, when it was probably vacated by his marriage. He died in 1602, having long been a martyr to the stone. He was interred in St. An- drew's church at the expense of his college, which honoured his memory by a stately funeral. The sermon on the occasion was preached by James Montagu (1568 P-1618) [q. v.], master of Sidney- Sussex College, who had been a fellow-commoner at Christ's, and one of Perkins's warmest defenders against the attack of Peter Baro [q. v.] His will was proved, 12 Jan. 1602-3, by his widow, whose name was Timothie, in the court of the vice- chancellor. To her he bequeathed his small estate in Cambridge, and appointed his former tutor, Laurence Chaderton, Edward Barwell, James Montagu, Richard Foxcroft, and Nathaniel Cradocke (his brother-in-law) his executors. To his father and mother, ' brethren and sisters,' he left a legacy of ten shillings each. Of his brother, Thomas Per- kins of Marston, descendants in a direct line are still living.
Perkins's reputation as a teacher during the closing years of his life was unrivalled in the university, and few students of theology quitted Cambridge without having sought to profit in some measure by his instruc- tion ; while as a writer he continued to be studied throughout the seventeenth cen- tury as an authority but little inferior to Hooker or Calvin. William Ames [q.v.] was perhaps his most eminent disciple; but John Robinson [q. v.], the founder of Con- gregationalism at Leyden, who republished Perkins's catechism in that city, diffused his influence probably over a wider area ; while Phineas Fletcher [q. v.], who may have heard him lecture in the last year of his life, refers to him in his 'Miscel- lanies ' thirty years later as ' our wonder, ' living, though long dead.' Joseph Mead or Mede [q. v.], Bishop Richard Montagu [q. v.J, Ussher, Bramhall (in his controversy with the bishop of Chalcedon, William Bishop), Herbert Thorndike, Benjamin Calamy, and not a few other distinguished ornaments of both parties in the church, all cite, with more or less frequency, his dicta as authoritative. By Arminius he was assailed in his' Exarnen
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(1612) with some acrimony ; and Hobbes singled out his doctrine of predestination as virtual fatalism.
The observation of Fuller that it was he who * first humbled the towering speculations of philosophers into practice and morality ' indicates the real secret of Perkins's re- markable influence. While he conciliated the scholarship of his university by his re- tention of the scholastic method in his treat- ment of questions of divinity, he abandoned the abstruse and unprofitable topics then usually selected for discussion in the schools, and by his solemn and impassioned discourse on the main doctrines of Christian theology — conceived, in his own phrase, as ' the science of living blessedly for ever ' (Abridgement, p. 1) — he won the ear of a larger audience. Method and fervour presented themselves in his writings in rare combination ; and Ames (Ad Lect. in the De Conscientia) expressly states that, in his wide experience of conti- nental churches, he had frequently had oc- casion to deplore the want of a like syste- matic plan of instruction, and the evils con- sequent thereupon. Whether he actually disapproved of subscription is doubtful. Ac- cording to Fuller, he generally evaded the question. He, however, distinctly gives it as his opinion that ' those that make a separa- tion from our Church because of corruptions in it are far from the spirit of Christ and his Apostles' (Works, ed. 1616, iii. 389). His sound judgment is shown by the manner in which he kept clear of the all-absorbing millenarian controversy, and by his energetic repudiation of the prevalent belief in as- trology. On the other hand, he considered that atheists deserved to be put to death (Cases of Conscience, ed. 1614, p. 118, II. ii. 1).
The remarkable popularity of Perkins's writings is attested by the number of lan- guages into which many of them were translated. Those that appeared in English were almost immediately rendered into Latin, while several were reproduced in Dutch, Spanish, Welsh, and Irish, ' a thing,' observes John Legate [q. v.], the printer, in his preface to the edition of the ' Collected Works ' of 1616-18, 'not ordinarily observed in other writings of these our times.' Of his l Armilla Aurea' fifteen editions appeared in twenty years (HicZMAtf, Hist. Quinq. p. 500).
Perkins's right hand was maimed (see LTJPTON, Protestant Divines, 1637, p. 357), and in his portrait, preserved in the com- bination-room of Christ's College, this defect is visible. The portrait was engraved for the ' Hercoologia ' of Henry Holland in 1620, and
there is another engraved portrait in Lupton, p. 347.
In Baker MS. vi. 2776 ( = B. 269) there are extracts from the registers relating to his family ; but there appears to be no sufficient warrant for assuming that he was in any way related to Sir Christopher Per- kins [q. v.J, dean of Carlisle.
Of his collected works very incomplete editions appeared at Cambridge in 1597, 1600, 1603, 1605; a more complete edition, 3 vols. folio, 1608, 1609, 1612; at London in 1606, 1612, 1616; at Geneva, in Latin, fol. 1611, 2 vols. 1611-18 and 1624; a Dutch transla- tion at Amsterdam, 3 vols. fol. 1659.
The collected editions of Cambridge or London include the following tracts, which were originally published separately: 1. 'Pro- phetica, sive de unica ratione concionandi,' Cambridge, 1592 ; Basle, 1602 ; in Eng- lish by Thomas Tuke, London, 1606. 2. ' De Prsedestinationis modo et ordine,' &c., Cambridge, 1598 ; Basle, 1599 ; in Eng- lish in f Collected Works ' (1606), by Francis Cacot and Thomas Tuke. 3. 'A Commen- tarie, or Exposition vpon the five first chap- ters of the Epistle to the Galatians, etc. . . . with a svpplement vpon the sixt chapter by Rafe Cvdworth,' &c., Cambridge, 1606, 1617. 4. ' A godly and learned Exposition . . . vpon the three first chapters of the Revelation. . . . Preached in Cambridge,' 1595 ; 2nd edit, by Thomas Pierson, 1606.
5. ' Of the calling of the ministerie, Two treatises: describing the duties and digni- ties of that calling. Delivered pvblikely in the vniversite of Cambridge,' London, 1605.
6. ' A discovrse of the damned art of witch- craft,' &c., Cambridge, 1608, 1610. 7. ' A treatise of God's free grace and mans free will,' Cambridge, 1602. 8. 'A treatise of the Vo- cations, or Callings of men,' &c., Cambridge, 1603. 9. ' A treatise of mans imaginations. Shewing his naturall euill thoughts,' &c. 10. * 'EirtfiKeia, or a treatise of Xtian equity and moderation,' Cambridge, 1604. 11. 'A godly and learned Exposition of Christ's ser- mon in the Mount,' &c.,4to, Cambridge, 1608.
12. ' A clowd of faithfvll witnesses, leading to the heauenly Canaan,' &c., London, 1622.
13. ' Christian (Economic: or, a short svrvey of the right manner of erecting and ordering a Familie,' &c. 14. 'A resolution to the Country- man, prouing it vtterly vnlawfull to buie or vse our yearely Prognostications.' 15. ' A faithfvll and plaine Exposition vpon the two first verses of the 2. chapter of Ze- phaniah. . . . Preached at Sturbridge Faire, in the field.' 16. 'The Combate betweene Christ and the Deuill displayed.' 17. 'A godly and learned Exposition vpon the whole
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epistle of Jude, containing threescore and sixe sermons,' &c. 18. 'A frvitfvll dialogve concerning the ende of the World.'
The treatises not included in the ' Col- lected Works ' are : 1. 'An Exposition of the Lord's Prayer,' London, 1582, 1593, 1597. 2. ' Perkins's Treatise, tending to a declara- tion whether a man be in a state of Damnation or a state of Grace,' London, 1589, 1590, 1592, 1595,1597. 3. 'Armillaaurea, a Guil. Perkins; accessit Practica Th. Bezse pro consolandis atfiictisconscientiis,' Cambridge, [1590], 1600; translation of same, London, 1591, 1592, Cambridge, 1597 ; editions of the Latin ori- ginal also appeared at Basel, 1594, 1599. 4. ' Spiritual Desertions,' London, 1591. •5. [His Catechism under the title] 'The foundation of Xtian Religion: gathered into sixe principles to be learned of ignorant people that they may be fit to heare Sermons with profit,' &c., London, 1592, 1597, 1641, Cambridge, 1601 ; translated into Welsh by E. R., London, 1649, and into Irish by God- frey Daniel. 6. ' A Case of Conscience, the greatest that ever was,' &o. . . . 'Whereunto is added a briefe discourse, taken out of Hier. Zanchius,' London, 1592, 1651 ; Cambridge, ] 595, 1606 ; also in Latin by Wolfgang Meyer, Basel, 1609. 7. 'A Direction for the Govern- ment of the Tongue according to God's Word,' Cambridge, 1593, 1595 ; in Latin by Thomas Drax, Oppenheim, 1613. 8. ' Salve for a Sickman, or a treatise containing the nature, differences, and kinds of Death,' &c., Cam- bridge, 1595 (with Robert Some's 'Three Questions'); with other works, Cambridge, 1597. 9. ' An Exposition of the Symbole or Creede of the Apostles,' &c., Cambridge, 1 595, 1596, 1597 ; London, 1631. 10. 'Two Trea- tises : I. Of the nature and practice of repent- ance. II. Of the combat of the flesh and the spirit,' Cambridge, 1595 (two editions), 1597. 11. 'A discourse of Conscience,' &c. (with * Salve,' &c.), Cambridge, 1597. 12. ' The Grain of Mustard seed, or the least measure of Grace that is, or can be, effectual to Salua- tion,' London, 1597. 13. 'A declaration of the true manner of knowing Christ crucified' (with other works), Cambridge, 1597. 14. 'A reformed Catholike: or, a Declaration shew- ing how neere we may come to the present Church of Rome in sundrie points of Reli- gion : and wherein we must for ever depart from them,' &c., Cambridge, 1597, 1598; in | Spanish, by William Masspn, 1599, Antwerp, I 1624 ; in Latin, Hanau, 1601. 15. ' How to live and that well : in all estates and times,' | &c., Cambridge, 1601. 16. ' Specimen Digesti sive Harmonise Bibliorum Vet. et Nov. Testa- menti,' Cambridge, 1598 : Hanau, 1602. 17. 'A warning against the idolatry of the last times.
And an instruction touching religious or di- vine worship,' Cambridge, 1601 ; in Latin by W. Meyer, Oppenheim, 1616. 18. ' The True Gaine : more in Worth than all the Goods in the World,' Cambridge, 1601. 19. < Gulielmi Perkinsi problema de Romanse fidei ementito catholicismo, etc. Editum post mortem authoris opera et studio Samuel Ward,' Cambridge, 1604 ; translation in ' Collected Works.' 20. ' The whole treatise of the cases of Conscience,' Cambridge, 1606 and 1608 ; London, 1611. 21. 'A Garden of Spiritual Flowers. Planted by Ri. Ro[gers] = Will. Per[kins],' 1612. 22. 'Thirteen Principles of Religion : by way of question and answer/ London, 1645, 1647. 23. 'Exposition on Psalms xxxii. and c.' ' 24. ' Confutation of Canisius's Catechism.' 25. ' The opinion of Mr. Perkins, Mr. Bolton, and others concern- ing the sport of cockfighting/ &c. . . . ' now set forth by E[dmund] E[llis],' Oxford, 1600 (in ' Harleian Miscellany '). 26. ' An Abridgement of the whole Body of Divinity, extracted from the Learned works of that ever-famous and reverend Divine, Mr. Wil- liam Perkins. By Tho. Nicols,' London, 16mo, 1654. 27. 'Death's Knell, or, The Sick Man's Passing Bell,' 10th edit., b.l., 1664.
[Information supplied by Dr. Peile, master of Christ's College, and F. J. H. Jenkinson, esq., university librarian; Baker MS. B. 269; Fuller's Holy and Profane State ; Colvile's Worthies of Warwickshire, pp. 573-6 ; Dyer's Cambridge Fragments, p. 130; Cooper's Athenae Canta- brigienses, ii. 335-41 ; Bowes's Catalogue of Books printed at or relating to the University and Town of Cambridge ; Mullinger's Hist, of the University of Cambridge, vol. ii.]
.T. B. M.
PERLEY, MOSES HENRY (1804- 1862), Canadian commercial pioneer and man of science, was son of Moses and Mary Perley, who were cousins. They came of an old Welsh family which settled in 1630 in Massachu- setts. This son, born in Mauger Ville, New Brunswick, on 31 Dec. 1804, was educated at St. John. In 1828 he became an attorney, and in 1830 was called to the bar ; but his tastes took him to outdoor life, and he went into the milling and lumbering (i.e. timber- cutting) business. Active in efforts for at- tracting capital into New Brunswick, and in advertising the capabilities of the province, he was appointed commissioner of Indian affairs and emigration officer. In this capa- city he made several tours among the Indians, the first of which began in June 1841, and took him through the territory of the Melicete and Micmac Indians. The Micmacs at Burnt Creek Point elected him head chief.
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In 1846 Perley was chosen to report on the capabilities of the country along a projected line of railway. In 1847 he was sent on a mission to England in connection with this proposal. On his return he commenced that series of explorations among the fisheries of New Brunswick with which his name is chiefly associated. In 1849 he reported on those of the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; in August 1850 he was appointed to inquire into the sea and river fisheries of New Brunswick, and de- voted two months to the work, covering nine hundred miles, of which five hundred were accomplished in canoe. A year later he examined the fisheries of the Bay of Fundy. From notes made in these missions he compiled his ' Catalogue of Fishes of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia/ 1851.
During the next two or three years he compiled the trade statistics in aid of the negotiations for a reciprocity treaty between Canada and the United States, and when, in 1854, the treaty was concluded, he was appointed a commissioner to carry out its terms.
Perley died at Forteau, Labrador, on 17 Aug. 1862, on board H.M.S. Desperate, while on an official tour. He married, in September 1829, Jane, daughter of Isaac Ketchum, and had eight children, the only survivor of whom, Henry Fullerton Perley, is now chief engineer to the Canadian go- vernment.
Perley contributed articles to many Eng- lish and American periodicals, and his various reports are well written. He was a good public lecturer, was interested in litera- ture and science, and founded the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. He was also an ardent sportsman.
His chief reports were published sepa- rately, at Frederickton, and are : 1 . ' Re- port on Condition of Indians of New Bruns- wick,' 1846. 2. 'Report on Forest Trees of New Brunswick,' 1847. 3. 'Report on Fisheries of the Bay of St. Lawrence,' 1849. 4. ' Report on Fisheries of Bay of Fundy,' 1851, to which is appended the 'Descriptive Catalogue of Fishes.' 5. ' Reports on the Sea and River Fisheries of New Brunswick,' 1852. 0. ' Handbook of Information for Emigrants to New Brunswick,' 1856.
[Morgan's Bibliotheca Canadensis, Ottawa, 1867; Perley 's works ; private information.]
C. A. H.
PERNE, ANDREW (1519 P-1589), dean of Ely, born at East Bilney, Norfolk, about 1519, was son of John Perne. Educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, he gra- duated B.A. early in 1539, and proceeded M.A. next year. He became a fellow of St.
John's in March 1540, but a few months later migrated to Queens' College, where he was also elected a fellow. For three weeks he held fellowships at both colleges together, but soon identified himself with Queens', where he acted as bursar from 1542 to 1544, as dean in 1545-6, and as vice-president from
1551. He served as proctor of the university in 1546. He proceeded B.D. in 1547, and D.D. in 1552, and was incorporated at Oxford in 1553. He was five times vice-chancellor of the university (1551, 1556, 1559, 1574, and 1580).
Perne gained in early life a position of in- fluence in the university, but his success in life was mainly due to his pliancy in matters of religion. On St. George's day 1547 he maintained, in a sermon preached in the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, London, the Roman catholic doctrine that pictures of Christ and the saints ought to be adored, but he saw fit to recant the opinion in the same church on the following 17 June. In June 1549 he argued against transubstantia- tion before Edward VI's commissioners for the visitation of the university (FoxE. Acts}, and just a year later disputed against Martin Bucer the Calvinist doctrine of the sufficiency of Scripture (MS. Corpus Christi Coll. Cambr. 102, art. 1). In 1549 he was appointed rector of Walpole St. Peter, Norfolk, and in 1550-1 was rector of Pulham. Subsequently he held the livings of Balsham, Cambridge- shire, and Somersham, Huntingdonshire. Edward VI, convinced of his sincerity as a reformer, nominated him one of six chap- lains who were directed to promulgate the doctrines of the Reformation in the remote parts of the kingdom. For this service Perne was allotted a pension of 40/. a year. He was one of those divines to whom Edward's articles of religion were referred on 2 Oct.
1552. On 8 Nov. he became a canon of Windsor. W7hen convocation met shortly after Queen Mary's accession, he, in accor- dance with his previous attitude on the sub- ject, argued against transubstantiation ; but Dr. Weston, the prolocutor, pointed out that he was contradicting the catholic articles of religion. Aylmer attempted to justify Perne's action, but Perne had no intention of resist- ing the authorities, and his complacence did not go unrewarded.
Early in 1554 he was appointed master of Peterhouse, and next year formally subscribed the fully denned Roman catholic articles then promulgated. As vice-chancellor he received in 1556 the delegates appointed by Cardinal Pole to visit the university. He is said to have moderated the zeal of the visitors, and he certainly protected John Whitgift, a fellow
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of his college, from molestation. His pusil- lanimous temper is well illustrated by the facts that he not only preached the sermon in 1556 when the dead bodies of Bucer and Fagius were condemned as heretics (FoxE), but presided over the senate in 1560, when a grace was passed for their restoration to their earlier honours. On 22 Dec. 1557 he became dean of Ely.
As soon as Elizabeth ascended the throne, Perne displayed a feverish anxiety to conform to the new order of things, and in 1562 he subscribed to the Thirty-nine articles. He took part in the queen's reception when she visited Cambridge in August 1564, and preached before her a Latin sermon, in which he denounced the pope, and commended Henry VI and Henry VII for their bene- factions to the university (NiCHOLS, Pro- gresses, iii. 50, 105-6). Elizabeth briefly com- plimented him on his eloquence, but she resented his emphatic defence of the church's power of excommunication which he set forth in a divinity act held in her presence a day or two later, and next year his name was removed from the list of court preachers. In 1577 he was directed with others to frame new statutes for St. John's College, Cam- bridge, and was an unsuccessful candidate for the mastership. In 1580 he endeavoured to convert to protestantism John Feckenham, formerly abbot of Westminster, who was in prison at Wisbech. In October 1588 he officially examined another catholic prisoner, Sir Thomas Tresham, at the palace of Ely, and obtained from him a declaration of allegiance to the queen. In 1584 his old pupil, Archbishop Whitgift, vainly recom- mended him for a bishopric.
Perne died while on a visit to Archbishop "Whitgift at Lambeth on 26 April 1589, and was buried in the parish church there, where a monument was erected to his memory by his nephew, Richard Perne. A portrait is at Peterhouse.
To the < Bishops' Bible ' Perne contributed translations of ' Ecclesiastes ' and the ' Song of Solomon.' He was an enthusiastic book- collector, and was credited with possessing the finest private library in England of his time. At Peterhouse he built the library, and to it, as well as to the university library, he left many volumes. He also bequeathed lands to Peterhouse for the endowment of two fellowships and six scholarships. Among numerous other bequests to friends and uni- \ versity officials wras one to Whitgift of his j best gold ring, Turkey carpet, and watch.
Immediately after his death he was hotly denounced by the authors of the Martin Mar- Prelate tracts as the friend of Archbishop }
Whitgift and a type of the fickleness and lack of principle which the established church encouraged in the clergy. The author of 1 Hay any more Worke ' nicknamed him ' Old Andrew Turncoat.' Other writers of the same school referred to him as ' Andrew Ambo,' « Old Father Palinode,' or Judas. The scholars at Cambridge, it was said, translated ' perno ' by ' I turn, I rat. I change often.' It became proverbial to say of a coat or a cloak that had been turned that it had been Perned (Dialogue of Tyrannical Dealing}. On the weathercock of St. Peter's Church in Cam- bridge were the letters A. P. A. P., which might be interpreted (said the satirists) as either Andrew Perne a papist, or Andrew Perne a protestant, or Andrew Perne a puritan.
Gabriel Harvey, in his well-known contro- versy with Nash, pursued the attack on Pern e's memory in 1 592. Perne, while vice-chancellor in 1580, had offended Harvey by gently repri- mandinghim for some ill-tempered aspersions on persons in high station. Nash, in attack- ing Harvey, made the most of the incident, and Harvey retorted at length by portraying Perne as a smooth-tongued and miserly syco- phant. Nash, in reply, vindicated Perne's memory as that of ' a careful father of the university,' hospitable, learned, and witty. Perne was reputed to be ' very facetious and excellent at blunt-sharp jest, and loved that kind of mirth so as to be noted for his wit in them ' (Fragmenta Aulica, 1662). Fuller represents Perne as a master of witty retort. But he seems, while in attendance on Queen Elizabeth, to have met his match in a fool named Clod, who described him as hanging between heaven and earth (DoKAN, Court Fools, p. 168).
ANDEEW PEKNE (1596-1654), doubtless a kinsman of the dean of Ely, was fellow of Catherine Hall, Cambridge, from 1622 to 1627, when he was made rector of WTilby, Northamptonshire ; he held puritan opinions, and was chosen in 1643 one of the four representatives from Northamptonshire to the Westminster assembly. He preached two sermons before the House of Commons during the Long parliament — one on the oc- casion of a public fast, 31 May 1643, which was printed ; the other on 23 April 1644, at the < thanksgiving' for Lord Fairfax's victory at Selby. He died at Wilby on 13 Dec. 1654, and was buried in the chancel of his church, where an inscription to his memory is still extant. A funeral sermon by Samuel Ainsworth of Kelmarsh was pub- lished (William Perkins on the ' Life and Times of Andrew Perne of W7ilby' in Northampton Mercury, 1881).
Ferrers
12
Ferrers
[Cooper's Athense Cantabr.ii. 45-50; Maskell's Mar-Prelate Controversy, pp. 131-3, 159; Nash's "Works, ed. Grosart ; Harvev's Works, ed. Gro- sart ; Fuller's Worthies ; Cooper's Annals of Cambridge ; Heywood and Wright's University Transactions ; Dr. Jessopp's One Generation of a Norfolk House ; Notes and Queries, 6th ser. ii. 185.] S. L.
PERRERS or DE WINDSOR, ALICE (d. 1400), mistress of Edward III, was, according to the hostile St. Albans chronicler (Chron. Antjlice, p. 95), a woman of low birth, the daughter of a tiler at Henney, Essex, and had been a domestic drudge. Another account makes her the daughter of a weaver from Devonshire (see Duchetiana, p. 300). It seems, however, more reasonable to suppose that, as a lady of Queen Philippa's household, she was a member of the Hertford- shire family of Ferrers with which the abbey of St. Albans had a long-standing quarrel (Gesta Abbatum S. Albani, iii. 49, 199-209). Sir Richard Ferrers was M.P. for Hertford- shire in several parliaments of Ed ward II and the early years of Edward III (Return of Members of Parliament}, and was sheriff of Hertfordshire and Essex from 1315 to 1319, and again in 1327, 1329, and 1330. He may be the same Sir Richard Ferrers who, in consequence of his quarrel with St. Albans, suffered a long imprisonment from 1350 on- wards, was outlawed in 1359, and whose son, Sir Richard Ferrers, in vain endeavoured to obtain redress (Gesta Abbatum, iii. 199- 209). Alice may have been the daughter of Sir Richard Ferrers the elder ; if so, this circumstance would go far to explain the manifest hostility of the St. Albans chro- nicler. It has, however, been alleged that she was daughter of John Ferrers or Piers of Holt, by Gunnora, daughter of Sir Thomas de Ormesbye, and was twice married — first, to Sir Thomas de Narford ; and, secondly, to Sir William de Windsor (PALMER, Perlus- tration of Great Yarmouth, ii. 430 ; BLOME- FIELD, Hist. Norfolk, i. 319, xi. 233). The first incident definitely known about her is that she had entered the service of Queen Philippa as ' domicella cameree Reginae ' pre- viously to October 1366 (Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vii. 449). It has been contended that 'domicella camerse Reginae' is the equiva- lent of ' woman of the bedchamber,' and that the designation was applied only to married women (ib. vii. 449, viii. 47). But it is de- finitely stated that the manor of Wendover, •which was bestowed on her in 1371, was granted to her 'ten qu'ele fuist sole' (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 1300), and she was a single woman when she obtained pos- session of Oxeye, apparently in 1374 (Gesta
Abbatum, iii. 236). She was married — or at any rate betrothed — to William de Windsor in 1376 (Chron. Anglia, p. 97); she is else- where stated to have been his wife for a long time previously to December 1377 (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 416). The contem- porary chronicles and records do not show that she was ever the wife of Thomas de Narford, and the statement is probably due to a confusion.
Alice Ferrers became the mistress of Ed- ward III in the lifetime of Queen Philippa, and her connection with the king may date from 1366, when she had a grant of two tuns of wine. In 1367 she had custody of Robert de Tiliol, with his lands and marriage, and in 1375 had similar grants as to the heir of John Payn and Richard, lord Poynings. In 1371 she received the manor of Wen- dover, and in 1375 that of Bramford Speke, Devonshire. On 15 April 1372 as much as 397/. was paid for her jewels (DEVON, Issues of Exchequer, pp. 193-4). On 8 Aug. 1373 Edward bestowed on her ' all the jewels, &c., which were ours, as well as those of our late consort, and came into the hands of Euphemia, wife of Walter de Heselarton, \ Knight, and which were afterwards received by the said Alice from Euphemia for our use' (Fcedera, iii. 989). This grant has not un- | naturally exposed both her and Edward to unfavourable, though perhaps exaggerated, comment, but it was not a grant of all ! Philippa's jewels, as sometimes stated. On 2 June 1374 the sum of 1,615/. 3s. lid. was [ paid, through her hands, to her future hus- i band, William de Windsor (DEVO^, Issues of \ Exchequer, p. 197). In 1375 she rode through ! Chepe ward from the Tower, dressed as the Lady of the Sun, to attend the great jousts that were held at Smithfield (NICOLAS, Chro- nicle of London, p. 70). In the following year, on 20 May, robes were supplied her to appear in another intended tournament (BELTZ, Memorials of the Garter, p. 10). Alice had obtained great influence over the king, and is alleged to have used her position to acquire property for herself by unlawful means. In this statement the St. Albans chronicler pro- bably has in view her dispute with his own abbey as to the manor of Oxeye, which com- menced in 1374 (Gesta Abbatum, iii. 227- 249). She is also accused of having inter- fered with justice in promoting lawsuits by way of maintenance, and of having actually appeared on the bench at Westminster in order to influence the judges to decide cases in accordance with her wishes ( Chron. Anglice, p. 96 ; Rolls of Parliament, ii. 329«). Her position induced John of Gaunt and his sup- porters, William, lord Latimer (1329?-! 381)
Ferrers
Ferrers
[q. v.], and others, to seek her assistance. The scandal which she had caused no doubt contributed also to their unpopularity. When the Good parliament met in April 1376, one of the first acts of the commons was to petition the king against her, and to inform him that she was married to Windsor, now deputy of Ireland. Edward declared with an oath that he did not know Alice was married, and begged them to deal gently with her. A general ordinance was passed forbidding women to practise in the courts of law, and under this Alice was sentenced to banishment and forfeiture. She is alleged to have sworn on the cross of Canterbury to obey the order, but after the death of the Prince of Wales, and recovery of power by Lancaster, she returned to court, and the archbishop feared to put the sentence of ex- communication in force against her ( Chron. AnglifB, pp. 100, 104). She joined with Sir Richard Sturry and Latimer in procuring the disgrace of Sir Peter De la Mare [q. v.] The Bad parliament met on 27 Jan. 1377, and reversed the sentences against Alice and her supporters (Rolls of Parliament, ii. 374). She resumed her old practices, interfered on behalf of Richard Lyons, who had been con- demned in the previous year ; prevented the despatch of Nicholas Dagworth to Ireland, because he was an enemy of Windsor ; and protected a squire who had murdered a sailor, as it is said, at her instigation. Even William of Wykeham is alleged to have availed himself of her aid to secure the re- stitution of the temporalities of his see (ib. iii. 126-14« ; Chron. Anglia, pp. 136-8). Ed- ward was manifestly dying, but Alice buoyed him up with false hopes of life, until, when • the end was clearly at hand, she stole the rings from off his fingers and abandoned him. In his last moments Edward is stated to have refused her proffered attentions (ib. pp. 143-4 ; but in the Ypodigma Neustrite, p. 324, she is stated to have been with him till his death).
In the first parliament of Richard II Alice Perrers was brought before the lords, at the request of the commons, on 22 Dec. 1377, and the sentence of the Good parlia- ment against her confirmed (Rolls of Par- liament, iii. 126). In the following year her husband appealed for leave to sue for a re- versal of judgment, on the ground that she had been compelled to plead as ' femme sole/ though already married, and by reason of other informalities (ib. iii. 40-1). On
14 Dec. 1379 the sentence against her was revoked (Pat. Roll, 3 Richard II), and on
15 March 1380 Windsor obtained a grant of the lands that had been hers (Gesta Ab-
batum, iii. 234). In 1383 Alice had ap- parently recovered some of her favour at court. In the following year her husband died, in debt to the crown. His nephew and heir, John de Windsor, vexed Alice with lawsuits. She could obtain no relief from her husband's debts, though in 1384 the judgment against her was repealed so far as- that all grants might remain in force (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 1866). Her dispute with the abbey of St. Albans as to Oxeye still continued (Gesta Abbatum,\\\. 249). In 1389 she had a lawsuit with William of Wykeham as to jewels which she alleged she had pawned to him after her indictment. Wykeham denied the charge and won his case. In 1393 John de Windsor was in prison at Newgate for detaining goods be- longing to Alice de Windsor, value 3,000/.? and to Joan her daughter, value 4,000/. (Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vii. 451). In 1397 Alice once more petitioned for the reversal of the judgment against her, and the matter was referred for the Icing's decision, apparently without effect (Rolls of Parliament, iii. 3676). Her will, dated 20 Aug. 1400, was proved on 3 Feb. 1401. She directed that she should be buried in the parish church of Upminster, Essex, in which parish her husband had pro- perty (NICOLAS, Testamenta Vetusta, pp. 152-3). Her heirs were her daughters Jane and Joane ; the latter, at all events, seems to have been Windsor's daughter, for in 1406, as Joan Despaigne or Southereye, she successfully claimed property at Up- minster.
In judging Alice's character it must be remembered that the chief witness against her is the hostile St. Albans chronicler. But other writers refer to her as Edward's mistress (e.g. MALVEKNE ap. HIGDEN, viii. 385, Rolls Ser.) ; and though the charges of avarice and intrigue may be exaggerated, it is impossible to doubt the substantial accuracy of the story. Still, some historians have taken a favourable view of her charac- ter (BAKSTES, History of Edward III, p. 872; CAKTE, History of England, ii. 534), and it has been ingenuously suggested that she was only the king's sick-nurse (Notes and Queries, u.s.) Sir Robert Cotton, in a similar spirit,, speaks of her mishap that she was friendly to many, but all were not friendly to her. In any case, Alice had used her position to- acquire considerable wealth, and, in addition to the grants made to her, could purchase Egremont Castle before her marriage (*. u.s.), and also owned house property at London. In her prosperity John of Gaunt had given her a hanap of beryl, garnished with silver gilt ; after her fall he obtained
Perrin
Perrin
certain of her houses in London, and her hostel on the banks of the Thames. An in- ventory of her jewels, value 470/. 18s. 8d. and confiscated in 1378, is printed in 'Archaeo- logia' (xx. 103). Other lists of property be- longing to her are given in ' Notes and Queries ' (7th ser. vii. 450). The St. Albans chronicler says Alice had no beauty of face or person, but made up for these defects by the blandishment of her tongue. Naturally her influence over the king was ascribed to witchcraft, and a Dominican friar was arrested in 1376 on the charge of having been her accomplice (Chron. Anglice, pp. 95, 98).
[Chron. Angliae, 1328-88 ; Walsingham's Gesta Abbatum S. Albani and Ypodigma Neu- strise (Rolls Ser.); Eolls of Parliament; Notes and Queries, 7th ser. vols. vii. and viii., especially vii. 449-51, by 'Hermentrude,' where a number of valuable notes from unpublished documents are collected ; Moberly's Life of Wykeham, pp. 113-14, 121 ; Morant's History of Essex, i. 107; Sharpe's Calendar of Wills in the Court of Husting, ii. 202, 301 ; Sir C-. F. Duckett's Duchetiana ; other authorities quoted.]
C. L. K.
PERRIN, LOUIS (1782-1864), Irish ]udge, is said to have been born at Water- ford on 15 Feb. 1782. His father, JEAN BAPTISTE PERRIN (Jl. 1786), was born in France, and, coming to Dublin, became a teacher of French. He often resided for months at a time in the houses of such of the Irish gentry as desired to acquire a know- ledge of the French tongue. He mixed in the political agitations of the period, and on 26 April 1784 was elected an honorary member of the Sons of the Shamrock ; and is said in 1795 to have joined in the invita- tion to the French government to invade Ireland. In his later years he resided at Leinster Lodge, near Athy, co. Kildare. The date of his death is not given ; but he was buried in the old churchyard at Palmers- town. He was the author of: 1. 'The French Student's Vade-meciim/ London, 1750. 2. ' Grammar of the French Tongue,' 1768. 3. 'Fables Amusantes,' 1771. 4. 'En- tertaining and Instructive Exercises, with the Rules of the French Syntax,' 1773. 5. ' The Elements of French Conversation, with Dialogues,' 1774. 6. ' Lettres Choisies sur toutes sortes de sujet,' 1777. 7. 'The Practice of the French Pronunciation alpha- betically exhibited,' 1777. 8. 'La Bonne Mere, contenant de petites pieces drama- tiques,' 1786. 9. ' The Elements of English Conversation, with a Vocabulary in French, English, and Italian,' Naples, 1814. The majority of these works went to many edi-
tions, and the ' Fables ' were adapted to the Hamiltonian system in 1825.
Louis Perrin was educated at the diocesan school at Armagh. Removing to Trinity College, Dublin, he gained a scholarship there in 1799, and graduated B.A. in 1801. At the trial of his fellow-student, Robert Em- met, in 1803, when sentence of death was pronounced, Perrin rushed forward in the court and warmly embraced the prisoner. He devoted himself with great energy to the study of mercantile law ; in Hilary term 1806 was called to the bar, and was socn much employed in cases where penalties for breaches of the revenue laws were sought to be enforced. When Watty Cox, the proprietor and publisher of ' Cox's Magazine,' was prosecuted by the govern- ment for a libel in 1811, O'Connell, Burke, Bethel, and Perrin were employed for the defence ; but the case was practically con- ducted Toy the junior, who showed marked ability in the matter. He was also junior counsel, in 1811, in the prosecution of Sheri- dan, Kirwan, and the catholic delegates for violating the Convention Act. In 1832 he became a bencher of King's Inns, Dublin.
He was a whig in politics, supported ca- tholic emancipation, and acquired the sobri- quet of ' Honest Louis Perrin.' On 6 May 1831, in conjunction with Sir Robert Harty, he was elected a representative in parliament for Dublin. Being unseated in August, he was returned for Monaghan on 24 Dec. 1832, displacing Henry Robert Westenra, the pre- vious tory member. At the next general election he came in for the city of Cashel, on 14 Jan. 1835, but resigned in the follow- ing August, to take his seat on the bench. In the House of Commons he strove to pre- vent grand jury jobbery, and made an able speech on introducing the Irish municipal reform bill ; and he was untiring in his efforts to check intemperance by advocating regu- lations closing public-houses at eleven o'clock at night.
From 7 Feb. 1832 to February 1835 he was third serjeant-at-law, from February to April 1835 first serjeant, and on 29 April 1835, on the recommendation of the Marquis of Nor- manby, he succeeded Francis Blackburne [q. v.j as attorney-general. While a Ser- jeant he presided over the inquiry into the old Irish corporations, and on his report the Irish Municipal Act was founded. After the death of Thomas B. Vandeleur, he was appointed a puisne justice of the king's bench, Ireland, on 31 Aug. 1835. In the same year he was gazetted a privy councillor. He was most painstaking in the discharge of his im- portant functions ; and, despite some pecu-
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Perring
liarities of manner, may be regarded as one of the most able and uprigilt judges who have sat on the Irish bench. He resigned on a pension in February 1860, and resided near Rush, co. Dublin, where he frequently attended the petty sessions. He died at Knockdromin, near Rush, on 7 Dec. 1864, and was buried at Rush on 10 Dec. He married, in April 1815, Hester Connor, daughter of the Rev. Abraham Augustus Stewart, chaplain to the Royal Hibernian School, Dublin, by whom he had seven sons, including James, a major in the army, who fell at Lucknow in 1857 ; Louis, rector of Garrycloyne, Blarney, co. Cork; William, chief registrar of the Irish court of bank- ruptcy (d. 1892); Charles, major of the 66th foot from 1865; and Mark, registrar of judg- ments in Ireland.
[For the father: ~W. J. Fitzpatrick's Secret Service under Pitt, 1892, pp. 199, 218, 245, 246; Life of Lord Plunket, 1867, i. 218. For the son: ,T. K. O'Flanagan's Irish Bar, 1879, pp. 307-15; Gent. Mag. 1865, pt. i. pp. 123- 124; Freeman's Journal, 8 Dec. 1864, p. 2, 12 Dec. p. 3 ; information from the Her. Louis Perrin and from Mark Perrin, esq.] Or. C. B.
PERRINCHIEF, RICHARD (1623 ?- 1673), royalist divine, probably born in Hampshire in 1623, was educated at Magda- lene College, Cambridge, where he graduated B.A. 1641, and M.A. 1645, and was elected to a fellowship (Hist. MSS. Comm. 5th Rep. p. 481). He was ejected from his fel- lowship by the parliamentary commissioners under the ordinance of 13 Feb. 1645-6. On 2 Jan. 1649-50 his name appears for the last time in the college books as owing the society 4/. 10s. 2d. At the Restoration he was admitted to the rectory of St. Mil- dred's, Poultry, to which that of St. Mary Colechiirch was annexed on 1 Feb. 1671 (NEWCOTJRT, i. 503; WOOD, iv. 241). He pro- ceeded D.D. at Cambridge on 2 July 1663 ; his theses (' Potestas ecclesise in censuris est Jure Divino,' and ' Xon datur in terris pastor universalis totius ecclesiae ') were printed. On 3 Nov. 1664 he was installed prebendary of St. Peter's, Westminster, and on 2 Aug. 1667 prebendary of London (Chiswick stall). On 29 March 1670 he was collated to the arch- deaconry of Huntingdon (CHESTER, West- minster Abbey Reg. p. 174). He was also sub-almoner to Charles II. He died at West- minster on 31 Aug 1673, and was buried on 2 Sept. in the abbey * within the south monu- ment door ' (ib. p. 181). His wife had died on 15 June 1671. His will, dated 26 Aug. 1673, is in the prerogative court, and was proved on 16 Oct. 1673. In accordance with its terms, the executors, William Clark, D.D.,
dean of Winchester, and Robert Peacock, rector of LongDitton, Surrey, purchased land, the rents of which were to be given in per- petuity to the vicars of Buckingham.
Perrinchief wrote, besides separately issued sermons: 1. 'The Syracusan Tyrant, or the Life of Agathocles, with some Reflexions on the Practices of our Modern Usurpers,' Lon- don, 1661 (dedicated to Thomas, earl of South- ampton) ; republished London, 1676, as ' The Sicilian Tyrant, or the Life of Agathocles.' 2. 'A Discourse of Toleration, in answer to a late book [by John Corbet (1620-1680), q. v.] entituled A Discourse of the Religion of Eng- land,' London, 1667 ; Perrinchief opposed toleration or any modification of the esta- blishment. 3. ' Indulgence not justified : being a continuation of the Discourse of Toleration in answer to the arguments of a late book entituled a Peace Offering or Plea for Indulgence, and to the cavils of another [by John Corbet], called the Second Dis- course of the Religion in England,' London, 1668.
Perrinchief also completed the edition pre- pared by William Fulman [q. v.] of ' BacriAt/oi : the Workes of King Charles the Martyr,' with a collection of declaration and treaties, Lon- don, 1662, and compiled a life for it from Ful- man's notes and some materials of Silas Titus. This life was republished in 1676 as ' The Royal Martyr, or the Life and Death of King Charles I,' anon. ; and was included in the 1727 edition of the EIKWV /Sao-iA**??, as 'written by Richard Perencheif, one of his majesties chaplains.'
[Luard's Grad. Cantabr. ; Wood's Athena? Oxon. iv. 241, 625, Fasti, ii. 186, 374 ; Le Neve's Fasti; Wood's Hist, and Antiq. of Univ. Oxon. 1674,ii.243; State Papers, Dom. Car. Entry Books 19, f. 147 ; Newcourt's Kepertorium; Lansd. MSS. 986 f. 164, 988 f. 2586; Walker's Suffer- ings of the Clergy, ii. 151 ; information kindly sent by A. Gv Peskett, master of Magdalene Col- lege, Cambridge, and Mr. J. W. Clark, registrary of the university, Cambridge.] W. A. S.
PERRING, JOHN SHAE (1813-1869), civil engineer and explorer, was born at Bos- ton in Lincolnshire on 24 Jan. 1813. He was educated atDonington grammar school, and then articled, on 28 March 1826, to Robert Reynolds, the surveyor of the port of Boston, under whom he was engaged in sur- veying, in the enclosure and drainage of the Fens, in the improvements of Boston Harbour and of Wainfleet Haven, and the outfall of the East Fen, in the drainage of the Burgh and Croft marshes, and other works. In 1833 he proceeded to London, and was there employed in engineering establish- ments. In March 1836 he went to Egypt,
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Perronet
under contract with Galloway Brothers of London, as assistant engineer to Galloway Bey, then manager of public works for Ma- homed Ali, viceroy of Egypt. One of the first undertakings on which Perring was en- gaged was the construction of a tramway from the quarries near Mex to the sea. After the death of Galloway he became a member of the board of public works, was consulted as to the embankment of the Nile, advocated the establishment of stations in the Desert between Cairo and Suez to facilitate the overland transit, and was employed to make a road with the object of carrying out this scheme.
From January to August 1837 he was busy helping Colonel Howard Vyse and others in making a survey of the pyramids at Gizeh, and in the execution of plans, draw- ings, and maps of these monuments. He had already published ' On the Engineering of the Ancient Egyptians,' London, 1835, six num- bers. The years 1838 and 1839 he spent in exploring and surveying the pyramids at Abou Roash, and those to the southward, including Fayoom. His services to Egyptian history are described in ' The Pyramids of Gizeh, from actual survey and admeasurement, by J. E. [sic] Perring, Esq., Civil Engineer. Illus- trated by Notes and References to the several Plans, with Sketches taken on the spot by E. J. Andrews, Esq., London, 1839, oblong folio. Part i. : The Great Pyramid, with a map and sixteen plates ; part ii. : The Second and Third Pyramids, the smaller to the southward of the Third, and the three to the eastward of the Great Pyramid, with nineteen plates ; part iii. : The Pyramids to the southward of Gizeh and at Abou Roash, also Campbell's Tomb and a section'of the rock at Gizeh, with map of the Pyramids of Middle Egypt and twenty-one plates.' Perring's labours are also noticed in Colonel R. W. H. H. Vyse's < Ope- rations carried on at the Pyramids of Gizeh in 1837, with account of a Voyage into Upper Egypt, and an Appendix containing a Survey by J. S. Perring of the Pyramids of Abou Roash,' 3 vols. 4to, 1840-2 (i. 143 et seq., ii. 1 et seq., iii. 1 et seq.), with a portrait of Per- ring in an eastern costume. Perring, before leaving Egypt, made a trigonometrical sur- vey of the fifty-three miles of country near the pyramids. The value of these researches, all made at the cost of Colonel Vyse, are fully acknowledged in C. C. J. Bunsen's ' Egypt's Place in Universal History,' 5 vols. 1854 (ii. 28-9, 635-45), where it is stated that they resulted in furnishing the names of six Egyptian kings till then unknown to his- torians.
Perring returned to England in June 1840,
and on 1 March 1841 entered upon the duties of engineering superintendent of the Llanelly railway docks and harbour .x In April 1844 he became connected with the Manchester, Bury, and Rossendale railway, which he helped to complete ; and, after its amalgamation with other lines, was from 1846 till 1859 resident engineer of the East Lancashire railway. He was subsequently connected with the Rail- way, Steel, and Plant Company, was engineer of the Ribblesdale railway, and constructed the joint lines from Wigan to Blackburn. He was also engineer of the Oswaldtwistle and other waterworks. Finally, he was one of the engineers of the Manchester city rail- ways. On 6 Dec. 1853 he was elected a member of the Institution of Civil Engi- neers, and in 1856 a member of the Institu- tion of Mechanical Engineers. He died at 104 King Street, Manchester, on 16 Jan. 1869.
[Minutes of Proceedings of Institution of Civil Engineers, 1870, xxx. 455-6; Proceedings of Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 1870, pp. 15-16.] G-. C. B.
PERRONET, VINCENT (1693-1785), vicar of Shoreham and methodist, youngest son of David and Philothea Perronet, was born in London on 11 Dec. 1693. His father, a native of Chateau d'Oex in the canton of Berne, and a protestant, came over to Eng- land about 1680, and was naturalised by act of parliament in 1707, having previously married Philothea Arther or Arthur, a lady of good family, whose paternal grandfather, an officer of the court of Star-chamber, lost a considerable estate near Devizes, Wiltshire, during the civil war. David Perronet died in 1717. One of his elder brothers, Christian, was grandfather of the celebrated French engineer Jean Rodolphe Perronet (1708- 1794), director of the 'ponts et chaussees' of France, and builder of the bridge of Neuilly, and of the bridge e de la Concorde ' (formerly Pont Louis XVI) in Paris ; he was a foreign member of the Royal Society, England, and of the Society of Arts, London.
Vincent Perronet, after receiving his earlier education at a school in the north of England, entered Queen's College, Oxford, whence he graduated B.A. on 27 Oct. 1718 (Cat. of Graduates) ; in later life he was described as M.A. On 4 Dec. 1718 he married Charity, daughter of Thomas and Margaret Good- hew of London, and, having taken holy orders, became curate of Sundridge, Kent, where he remained about nine years ; in 1728 he was presented to the vicarage of Shoreham in the same county. He was of an extremely religious temperament, believed
Perronet
Perronet
that lie received many tokens of a special providence, and wrote a record of them, headed ' Some remarkable facts in the life of a person whom we shall call Eusebius ' (ex- tracts given in the Methodist Magazine, 1799), wherein he relates certain dreams, es- capes from danger, and the like, as divine interpositions. On 14 Feb. 1744 he had his iirst interview with John Wesley, who was much impressed by his piety (J. WESLEY, Journal, ap. Works, i. 468). Both the Wes- leys visited him and preached in his church in 1746. When Charles Wesley preached there a riot took place, the rioters following the preacher to the vicarage, threatening, and throwing stones, while he was defended by one of Perronet's sons, Charles. From that time both the Wesleys looked to Perronet for advice and support ; he was, perhaps, their most intimate friend, and they respected his judgment no less than they delighted in his religious character. He attended the metho- dist conference of 15 June 1747. In April 1748 Charles Wesley consulted him about Ms intended marriage ; in 1749 he wrote to C. Wesley exhorting him to avoid a quarrel with his brother John, to whom Charles had lately behaved somewhat shabbily, and a letter from him in February 1751 led John Wesley to decide on marrying (TYEKMAJST, Life ofJ. Wesley, ii. 6, 104).
He wrote in defence of the methodists, was consulted by the Wesleys in reference to their regulations for itinerant preachers, in one of which he was appointed umpire in case of disagreement, and was called ' the arch- bishop of methodism ' (ib. p. 230). Two of his sons, Edward and Charles, were among the itinerant preachers. His wife, who died in 1763, was buried by John Wesley, who also visited him in 1765 to comfort him under the loss of one of his sons. He encouraged a methodist society at Shoreham, headed by Ms unmarried daughter, ' the bold masculine- minded ' Damaris, entertained the itinerant preachers, attended their sermons, and had preaching in his kitchen every Friday even- ing. He held a daily bible-reading in his house, at 6rst at five A.M., though it was afterwards held two hours later. In 1769 lie had a long illness, and, when recovering in January 1770, received visits from John Wesley and from Selina, Countess of Hunt- ingdon [see HASTINGS, SELINA], who describes Mm as ' a most heavenly-minded man ' (Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Hunt- ingdon, i. 317). In 1771 he upheld J. Wes- ley against the countess and her party at the time of the Bristol conference. When in his ninetieth year he was visited by J. Wes- ley, who noted that his intellect was little if
VOL. XLV.
at all impaired. In his last days he was attended by one of his granddaughters by Ms daughter Elizabeth Briggs. He died on y May 178o m his ninety-second year, and was buried at Shoreham by Charles Wesley, who preached a funeral sermon on the occa-
sion.
Perronet was a man of great piety, of a frank, generous, and cheerful temper, gentle and affectionate in disposition, and courteous in manner. His habits were studious ; he at one time took some interest in philosophical works so far as they bore on religion, though he chiefly gave himself to the study and ex- position of biblical prophecy, specially with reference to the second advent and the mil- lennium (Methodist Magazine, 1799, p. 161). He owned a farm in the neighbourhood of Canterbury, and was in easy circumstances. By his wife Charity, who died on 5 Feb. 1763, in her seventy-fourth year, he had at least twelve children, of whom Edward is noticed below; Charles, born in or about 1723, accompanied C. Wesley to Ireland in 1747, became one of the Wesleys' itinerant preachers, was somewhat insubordinate in 1750, and deeply offended J. Wesley by printing and circulating a letter at Norwich contrary to his orders in 1754 ; he advo- cated separation from the church, and license to the preachers to administer the sacra- ment, against the orders of the Wesleys, and took upon himself to do so both to other preachers and some members of' the society, being, according to C. Wesley, actuated by ' cursed pride.' He was enraged by the sub- mission of his party, and afterwards ceased to work for the Wesleys, residing at Canter- bury with his brother Edward, where he died unmarried on 12 Aug. 1776. Of the other sons, Vincent, born probably in 1724, died in May 1746 ; Thomas died on 9 March 1755 ; Henry died 1765 ; John, born 1733, died 28 Oct. 1767 ; and William, when return- ing from a residence of over two years in Switzerland, whither he had gone on business connected with the descent of the family estate, died at Douay on 2 Dec. 1781. Of Per- ronet's two daughters, Damaris, her father's 'great stay,' was born on 25 July 1727, and died unmarried on 19 Sept. 1782 ; and Elizabeth married, on 28 Jan. 1749, William Briggs, of the custom-house, the Wesleys' secretary (Gent. Mag. January 1749, xix. 44) or one of J. Wesley's * book-stewards ' (see WHITEHEAD, Life of Wesley, ii. 261). Eliza- beth and Edward alone survived their father. Of all Perronet's children, Elizabeth alone had issue, among whom was a daughter, Philothea Perronet, married, on 29 Aug. 1781, at Shore- ham, to Thomas Thompson [q. v.], a merchant
c
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of Hull. From the marriage of Elizabeth Perronet to William Briggs was descended Henry Perronet Briggs [q. v.], subject and portrait painter.
Perronet published : 1. ' A Vindication of Mr. Locke,' 8vo, 1736. 2. ' A Second Vin- dication of Mr. Locke,' 8vo, 1738 [see under BTJTLER, JOSEPH]. 3. ' Some Enquiries chiefly relating to Spiritual Beings, in which the opinions of Mr. Hobbes ... are taken notice of,' 8vo, 1740. 4. ' An Affectionate Address to the People called Quakers/ 8vo, 1747. 5. 'A Defence of Infant Baptism,' 12mo, 1749. 6. ' Some Eemarks on the En- thusiasm of Methodists and Quakers com- pared ' (see under LAVINGTON, GEOKGE, and London Magazine, 1749, p. 436). 7. 'An Earnest Exhortation to the strict Practice of Christianity,' 8vo, 1750. 8. 'Third Letter to the author of the Enthusiasm of Metho- dists ' (London Mag. 1752, p. 48). 9. l Some Short Instructions and Prayers,' 8vo, 4th edit. 1755. 10. t Some Reflections on Ori- ginal Sin,' &c., 12mo, 1776. 11. ' Essay on Recreations,' 8vo, 1785.
Perronet's portrait was engraved by J. Spilsbury in 1787 (BROMLEY), and is given in the ' Methodist Magazine,' November 1799. EDWARD PERRONET (1721-1792), hymn- writer, son of Vincent and Charity Perronet, was born in 1721. He was John Wesley's companion on his visit to the north in 1749, and met with rough treatment from the mob at Bolton. He became one of Wesley's itinerant preachers, was on most friendly terms with both John and Charles Wesley, who spoke of him as { trusty Ned Perronet,' and seems to have made an unfortunate sug- gestion that led John Wesley to marry Mrs. Vazeille (TYERMAN, ii. 104). Yet even by that time his impatience of control had caused some trouble to John Wesley, who, in 1750, wrote to him that, though he and his brother Charles Perronet behaved as he liked, they either could not or would not preach where he desired (ib. p. 85). In 1754-5 Perronet, in common with his brother Charles, urged separation from the church and the grant of license to the itinerants to administer the sacraments. He was at that date living at Canterbury (see above) in a house formed out of part of the old archi- episcopal palace. His attack on the church in the ' Mitre ' in 1756 caused the Wesleys deep annoyance ; they prevailed on him to suppress the book, but he appears to have given some copies away to his fellow-itine- rants, after promising to suppress it. Charles Wesley wrote a violent letter to his brother John on the subject on 16 Nov. of that year, speaking of the ''levelling, devilish, root-and-
branch spirit which breathes in every line of the "Mitre,"' declaring that Perronet had from the first set himself against them, and had poisoned the minds of the other preach- ers ; that he wandered about from house to house ' in a lounging way of life,' and that he had better ' go home to his wife ' at Can- terbury. Among Perronet's offences noted in this letter, the writer says that on a late visit to Canterbury he had seen his own and his brother's ' sacrament hymns ' so scratched out and blotted by him that scarcely twenty lines were left entire (ib. p. 254). By 1771, and probably earlier, he had ceased to be connected with Wesley ; he joined the Countess of Huntingdon's connexion, and preached under her directions at Canterbury, Norwich, and elsewhere, with some succes's. The countess, however, remonstrated with him for his violent language about the church of England, and he therefore ceased to work under her (Life of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon, ii. 134-5), and became minister of a small chapel at Canterbury with an independent congregation. He died on 8 Jan. 1792, and was buried in the south cloister of the cathedral of Canterbury, near the transept door. Unlike his father, he seems to have been hot-headed, uplifted, bitter in temper, and impatient of all con- trol. In old age he was crusty and eccentric. In 1892 nonconformists at Canterbury held a centenary festival to commemorate his work in that city. From the letter of C. Wesley referred to above, it would seem that he had a wife in 1756. There is, however, a strong belief among some of the descend- ants of Vincent Perronet that Edward never married. It is possible that the wife spoken of by C. Wesley was one in expectancy, and that the marriage never took place ; he cer- tainly left no children.
His published works are : 1. ' Select Pas- sages of the Old and New Testament versi- fied,' 12mo, 1756. 2. ' The Mitre, a sacred poem,' 8vo, printed 1757 (a slip from a book- seller's catalogue gives the date 1756, with note ' suppressed by private authority : ' it was certainly printed in 1756, but a new title-page may have been supplied in 1757 ; see copy in the British Museum, with manu- script notes and corrections, and presentation inscription from the author, signed E. P. in monogram) ; it contains a dull and virulent attack on the Church of England. It was published without the author's name. In one of the notes the author says, ' I was born and am like to die a member of the Church of England, but I despise her nonsense.' 3. ' A Small Collection of Hymns,' 12mo, 1782. 4. 'Occasional Verses, moral and
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sacred,' 12mo, 1785; on p. 22 is Perronet's well-known hymn, ' All hail the power of Jesu's name,' which first appeared in the ' Gospel Magazine/ 1780, without signature.
[Life of V. Perronet in Methodist Mag. vol. xxi i. January-April 1799 ; Tyerman's Life of J. Wesley, 2nd edit. ; Whitehead's Life of Wesley ; J. Wesley's Journal, ap. Works, 1829 ; Jackson's Journal, &c., of C. Wesley ; Life and Times of Selina, Countess of Huntingdon ; Gent. Mag. January 1749 xix. 44, July 1813 Ixxxii. 82; Day of Kest,new ser. (1879), i. 765 ; W. Gadsby's Companion to Selection of Hymns ; J. Gadsby's Memoirs of Hymn-writers, 3rd edit. ; Julian's Diet, of Hymnology, art. 'Perronet, Edward,' by Dr. G-rosart; family papers and other informa- tion from Miss Edith Thompson.] W. H.
PERROT, GEORGE (1710-1780), baron of the exchequer, born in 1710, belonged to the Yorkshire branch of the Perrots of Pem- brokeshire . He was the second son of Thomas Perrot, prebendary of Ripon and rector of Welbury in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and of St. Martin-in-Micklegate in the city of York, by his wife Anastasia, daughter of the Rev. George Plaxton, rector of Barwick- in-Elmet in the West Riding of Yorkshire. After receiving his education at Westminster School, he was admitted a student of the Inner Temple in November 1728, and was called to the bar in 1732. In May 1757 he was elected a bencher of his inn, and in 1759 was made a king's counsel. On 16 April 1760 he opened the case against Laurence Shirley, fourth earlFerrers, who was tried for the mur- der of John Johnson by the House of Lords (HowELL, State Trials, xix. 894). On 24 Jan. 1763 he was called to the degree of serjeant, and appointed a baron of the exchequer in the place of Sir Henry Gould the younger [q. v.] He was seized with a fit of palsy at Maidstone during the Lent assizes in 1775, and shortly afterwards retired from the bench with a pension of 1,200£. a year. Having purchased the manor of Fladbury and other considerable estates in Worcester- shire, he retired to Pershore, where he died on 28 Jan. 1780, in the seventieth year of his age. A monument was erected to his memory in the parish church at Laleham, Middlesex, in pursuance of directions con- tained in his widow's will. He was never knighted.
He married, in 1742, Mary, only daughter of John Bower of Bridlington Quay, York- shire, and widow of Peter Whitton, lord mayor of York in 1728. Perrot left no children. His widow died on 7 March 1784, aged 82. According to Horace Walpole, Perrot while on circuit ' was so servile as to recommend' from the bench a congratulatory
address to the king on the peace of 1763 (History of the Reign of George III, 1894, i. 2J2). His curious power of discrimination may be estimated by the conclusion of his sum- ming-up on a trial at Exeter as to the right to a certain stream of water : ' Gentlemen, there are fifteen witnesses who swear that the watercourse used to flow in a ditch on the north side of the hedge. On the other hand, gentlemen, there are nine witnesses who swear that the watercourse used to flow on the south side of the hedge. Now, gen- tlemen, if you subtract nine from fifteen there remain six witnesses wholly uncon- tradicted ; and I recommend you to give your verdict accordingly for the party who called those six witnesses ' (Foss, Judges of England, 1864, viii. 355). It appears from a petition presented by Perrot to the House of Commons that in 1769 he was the sole owner and proprietor of the navigation of the river Avonfrom Tewkesbury to Evesham. [The authorities quoted in the text; Barn- well's Perrot Notes, 1867, pp. 108-9; Memorials of Ripon (Surtees Soc. Publ. 1886), ii. 315; Nash's Worcestershire, 1781, i. 383, 447-8, Suppl. pp.59, 61 ; Burke's Landed Gentry, 1846, i. 128; Martin's Masters of the Bench of the Inner Temple, 1883, p. 76; Alumni Westmon. 1852, p. 546; Gent. Mag. 1775 p. 301, 1780 p. 102, 1784 pt. i. p. 238; Haydn's Book of Dignities, 1890; Notes and Queries, 8th ser. v. 347,411.] G. F. E. B.
PERROT, HENRY (fl. 1600-1626), epi- grammatist. [See PAKEOT.]
PERROT, SIE JAMES (1571-1637), poli- tician, born at Harroldston in Pembrokeshire in 1571, is stated to have been an illegitimate son of Sir John Perrot [q. v.] by Sybil Jones of Radnorshire. He matriculated from Jesus College, Oxford, as Sir John's second son, on 8 July 1586, aged 14, left the university with- out a degree, entered the Middle Temple in 1590, and, 'afterwards travelling, returned an accomplish'd gentleman' (WOOD). He settled down upon the estate at Harroldston which had been given him by his father, and seems for a time to have devoted himself to literary composition. In 1596 was printed at Oxford, in quarto, by Joseph Barnes, his exceedingly rare ' Discovery of Discontented Minds, wherein their several sorts and pur- poses are described, especially such as are gone beyond ye Seas,' which was dedicated to the Earl of Essex, and had for its object to ' restrain those dangerous malecontents who, whether as scholars or soldiers, turned fugitives or renegades, and settled in foreign countries, especially under the umbrage of the king of Spain, to negociate conspiracies
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and invasions ' (cf. OLDYS, ' Catalogue of Pamphlets in the Harleian Library/ Harl. Misc. x. 358). This was followed in 1600 by ' The First Part of the Consideration of Hvmane Condition : wherein is contained the Morall Consideration of a Man's Selfe : as what, who, and what manner of Man he is,' Oxford, 4to. This was to be followed by three parts dealing respectively with the political consideration of things under us, the natural consideration of things about us, and the metaphysical consideration of things above us ; none of which, however, appeared. Perrot also drew up ' A Book of the Birth, Education, Life and Death, and singular good Parts of Sir Philip Sidney,' which Wood appears to have seen in manuscript, and which Oldys ' earnestly desired to meet with,' but which was evidently never printed. In the meantime Perrot had represented the borough of Haverfordwest in the parliament of 1597-8, and during the progress of James I to London he was in July 1603 knighted at the house of Sir William Fleetwood. He sat again for Haverfordwest in the parliament of 1604, and in the 'Addled parliament' of 1614, when he took a vigorous part in the debates on the impositions, and shared to the full the indignation expressed by the lower house at the speech of Bishop Richard Neile [q. v.], questioning the competence of the commons to deal with this subject. When parliament met again in 1621 it contained few members who were listened to with greater willingness than Perrot, who combined expe- rience with a popular manner of speaking. It was he who on 5 Feb. 1621 moved that the house should receive the communion at St. Margaret's, and who, in June, moved a declara- tion in favour of assisting James's children in the Palatinate, which was received by the house with enthusiasm, and declared by Sir Edward Cecil to be an inspiration from heaven, and of more effect ' than if we had ten thousand soldiers on the march.' Later on, in November 1621, he spoke in favour of a war of diversion and attack upon Spain in the Indies. Hitherto he had successfully com- bined popularity in the house with favour at court, and had specially gratified the king by supporting his plan to try Bacon's case before a special commission ; but in December the warmth of his denunciation of the Spanish marriage, and his insistence upon fresh guarantees against popery, caused him to be numbered among the 'ill-tempered spirits.' He was, in consequence, subjected to an honourable banishment to Ireland, as a mem- ber of Sir Dudley Digges's [see DIGGES, SIR DUDLEY] commission for investigating certain grievances in Ireland (WOOD; cf. GA.RDINEK,
History, iv. 267). In the parliament of 1624 Perrot, as representative for the county of Pembroke, played a less conspicuous part ; but in that of 1628, when he again represented Haverfordwest, he made a powerful speech against Laud.
Perrot played a considerable part in his native county. In 1624 he became a lessee of the royal mines in Pembrokeshire, and from about that period he commenced acting as deputy vice-admiral for the Earl of Pem- broke. In August 1625 he wrote to the government that Turkish pirates were upon the south-west coast, having occupied Lundy for over a fortnight, and made numerous captives in Mounts Bay, Cornwall. From 1626 he acted as the vice-admiral or repre- sentative of the admiralty in Pembrokeshire, and wrote frequently to Secretary Conway respecting the predatory habits of the Welsh wreckers, and the urgent necessity of forti- fying Milford Haven. He was a member of the Virginia Company, to which he sub- scribed 371. 10s. In 1630 he issued his 'Medi- tations and Prayers on the Lord's Prayer and Ten Commandments,' London, 4to. He died at his house of Harroldston on 4 Feb. 1636-7, and was buried in the chancel of St. Mary's Church, Haverfordwest. He married Mary, daughter of Robert Ashfield of Chesham, Buckinghamshire, but left no issue. Some commendatory verses by him are prefixed to the ' Golden Grove ' (1608) of his friend Henry Vaughan.
[Barnwell's Perrot Notes (reprinted froix Archseol. Cambr.), 1867, p. 59 ; Wood's Athene, ed. Bliss, ii. 605-6 ; Foster's Alumni Oxon. 1500-1714; Metcalfe's Book of Knights; Le Neve's Pedigrees of the Knights, p. 165; Old Parliamentary Hist. v. 525, viii. 280 ; Cobbett's Parl. Hist. i. 1306, 1310, 1313; Gardiner's Hist. ofEngl. iv. 28,67, 128, 235, 255; Spedding's Bacon, xiii. 65 ; Williams's Eminent Welshmen ; Williams's Parliamentary History of Wales ; Madan's Early Oxford Press (Oxford Hist. Soc.), pp. 40, 49.] T. S.
PERROT, SIR JOHN (1527 P-1592), lord deputy of Ireland, commonly reputed to be the son of Henry VIII, whom he re- sembled in appearance, and Mary Berkley (afterwards the wife of Thomas Perrot, esq., of Istingston and Harroldston, in Pembroke- shire), was born, probably at Harroldston, about 1527 (NAUNTON, Fragmenta Regalia ; Archceologia Cambrensis, 3rd ser. vol. xi.) He was educated apparently at St. David's (CaL State Papers, Irel. Eliz. ii. 549), and at the age of eighteen was placed in the house- hold of William Paulet, first marquis of Win- chester [q. v.] Uniting great physical strength to a violent and arbitrary disposition, he was
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much addicted to brawling, and it was to a fracas between him and two of the yeomen of the guard, in which he was slightly wounded, that he owed his personal introduction to Henry VIII. The king, whether he was acquainted with the secret of his birth or whether he merely admired his courage and audacity, made him a promise of preferment, but died before he could fulfil it. Perrot, how- ever, found a patron in Edward VI, and was by him, at his coronation, created a knight of the Bath. His skill in knightly exercises secured him a place in the train of the Marquis of Northampton on the occasion of the latter's visit to France in June 1551 to negotiate a marriage between Edward VI and Elizabeth, the infant daughter of Henry II. He fully maintained the reputation for gallantry he had acquired at home, and by his bravery in the chase so fascinated the French king that he offered him considerable inducements to enter his service.
Returning to England, he found himself in- volved in considerable pecuniary difficulties, from which he was relieved by the generosity of Edward. The fact of his being a pro- testant did not a,t first militate against him with Queen Mary ; but, being accused by one Gadern or Cathern, a countryman of his, of sheltering heretics in his house in Wales, and, among others his uncle, Robert Perrot, reader in Greek to Edward VI and Alexander Nowell [q. v.] (afterwards dean of Lichfield), he was committed to the Fleet. His detention was of short duration, and, being released, he served under the Earl of Pembroke in France, and was present at the capture of St. Quentin in 1557. His refusal, however, to assist Pembroke in hunting down heretics in south Wales caused a breach in their friendly re- lations, though it did not prevent the earl from generously using his influence to bring to a successful issue a suit of Perrot's for the castle and lordship of Carew. At the coro- nation of Elizabeth, Perrot was one of the four gentlemen chosen to carry the canopy of state, and being apparently shortly after- wards appointed vice-admiral of the seas about south WTales and keeper of the gaol at Haverfordwest, he for some years divided his time between the court and his estate in Pembrokeshire.
Since the outbreak of the rebellion in Ire- land of James Fitzmaurice Fitzgerald [q. v.] in 1568, it had been the settled determination of Elizabeth and her ministers to establish a presidential government in Munster similar to that in Connaught. In November 1570 the post was offered to Perrot, and was somewhat reluctantly accepted by him. He sailed from Milford Haven and arrived at Waterford on
27 Feb. 1571. A day or two afterwards Fitzmaurice burned the town of Kilmallock, and Perrot, recognising the importance of reaching the seat of his government with- out loss of time, hastened to Dublin, and, having taken the oath before Sir Henry Sid- ney [q. v.], proceeded immediately to Cork. From Cork he marched directly to Kilmal- lock, where he took up his quarters in a half- burned house, and issued a proclamation to the fugitive townsmen to return and repair the walls and buildings of the town. While thus engaged, information reached him one night that the rebels had attacked Lord Roche ; whereupon, taking with him his own troop of horse, he pursued them as far as Knocklong. But finding they were likely to make good their escape among the neigh- bouring bogs, he caused his men to dismount and to follow them in their own fashion, and had the satisfaction of killing fifty of them, whose heads he fixed on the market- cross of Kilmallock. Having placed the town in a posture of defence, Perrot pursued his journey to Limerick, capturing a castle belonging to Tibbot Burke on the way. From Limerick, where the Earl of Thomond, O'Shaughnessy, and Sir Thomas of Desmond came to him, he proceeded to Cashel, where he hanged several ' grasy merchants, being such as bring bread and aquavita or other provisions unto the rebels/ and so by way of Fethard, Clonmel, Carrick-on-Suir, and Lis- more, near where he captured Mocollop Castle, back to Cork, which he reached on the last day of May.
Fixing his headquarters at Cork, he made excursions into the territories of the ' White Knight ' and the McSwiney s, and ' slew many of the rebels and hanged as many as he might take.' Though greatly harassed by his in- cessant warfare, Fitzmaurice had managed to enlist a large body of redshanks, and with these he scoured the country from Aharlow to Castlemaine, and from Glenflesk to Balti- more. Perrot, who spared neither himself nor his men in his efforts to catch him, in vain tempted him to risk a battle in the open, but, meeting him on the edge of a wood, he at- tacked and routed him, and forced his allies across the Shannon. On 21 June he sat down before Castlemaine, but after five weeks was compelled, by lack of provisions, to raise the siege. His eagerness to terminate the rebel- lion led him to countenance a proposal for the restoration of Sir John of Desmond as a counterpoise to Fitzmaurice [see FITZGERALD, SIE JOHN FITZEDMUND, 1528-1612], and even induced him to listen to a proposal of Fitz- maurice to settle the question by single combat. Fitzmaurice, as the event proved,
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bad no intention of meeting Perrot on equal terms; and, after deluding- him with one ex- cuse and another, finally declared that a duel was out of the question. ' For,' said he, ' if I should kill Sir John Perrot the queen of England can send another president into this province ; but if he do kill me there is none other to succeed me or to command as I do ' (RAWLINSON, Life, p. 63). Perrot swore to ' hunt the fox out of his hole ' without further delay. Shortly afterwards he was drawn by a trick into a carefully prepared ambush. Outnumbered by at least ten or twelve to one, he would certainly have lost his life had not the opportune arrival of Cap- tain Bowles with three or four soldiers caused Fitzmaurice, who mistook them for the ad- vance guard of a larger body, to withdraw hastily. Even this lesson did not teach Perrot prudence. For having, as he believed, driven Fitzmaurice into a corner, he allowed himself to be deluded into a parley, under cover of which Fitzmaurice managed to withdraw his men into safety. In June 1572 he again sat down before Castlemaine, and, after a three months' blockade, forced the place to sur- render. He encountered Fitzmaurice,who was advancing to its relief at the head of a body of Scoto-Irish mercenaries, in MacBrianCoo- nagh's country. Fitzmaurice, however, with the bulk of his followers, managed to make good his escape into the wood of Aharlow. Perrot's efforts to expel them were crippled by the refusal of his soldiers to serve until they received some of their arrears of pay. But the garrison at Kilmallock, assisted by Sir Edmund and Edward Butler, rendered admir- able service ; and Fitzmaurice, finding himself at the end of his tether, sued for mercy. Per- rot reluctantly consented to pardon him. He was somewhat reconciled to this course by Fitzmaurice's submissive attitude, and com- forted himself with the hope that the ex- rebel, having seen the error of his ways, would eventually prove f a second St. Paul.' Having thus, as he vainly imagined, re- stored tranquillity to Munster, he begged to be allowed to return home. During his tenure of office he had killed or hanged at least eight hundred rebels, with the loss of only eighteen Englishmen, and had done some- thing to substitute English customs for Irish in the province. But the service had told severely on his constitution; and for every white hair that he had brought over with him he protested he could show sixty. He was dissatisfied with Elizabeth's determination to restore Gerald Fitzgerald, fifteenth earl of Desmond [q. v.] ; he was annoyed by reports that reached him of Essex's interference with his tenantry; and, though able to justify him-
self, he could ill brook to be reprimanded -by the privy council for his conduct in regard to the Peter and Paul, a French vessel hailing from Portugal with a valuable cargo of spices, which he had caused to be detained at Cork. A graceful letter of thanks from Elizabeth, desiring him to continue at his post, failed to alter his resolution ; and in July 1573 he suddenly returned to England without leave. His reception by Elizabeth was more gra- cious than he had reason to expect ; and pleading ill-health as an excuse for not re- turning to Munster, where he was even- tually superseded by Sir William Drury Sl> v.], he retired to Wales. To Burghley he eclared that it was his intention to lead a countryman's life, and to keep out of debt. But as one of the council of the marches, and vice-admiral of the Welsh seas, he found plenty to occupy his attention, especially in suppressing piracy along the coast (cf. Gent. Mag. 1839, ii. 354). In May 1578 a com- plaint was preferred against him by Richard Vaughan, deputy-admiral in South Wales, of tyrannical conduct, trafficking with pi- rates, and subversion of justice. Perrot had apparently little difficulty in exonerating him- self; for he was shortly afterwards appointed commissioner for piracy in Pembrokeshire.
In August 1579 he was placed in command of a squadron appointed to cruise off the western coast of Ireland, to intercept and de- stroy any Spanish vessels appearing in those waters. On 29 Aug. he sailed from the Thames on board the Revenge with his son Thomas. On 14 Sept. he anchored inBaltimore Bay ; and after spending a few days on shore, ' where they were all entertained as well as the fashion of that country could afford/ he sailed to Cork, and from Cork coasted along to Waterford, where he met Sir William Drury, who shortly before his death knighted his son Thomas and Sir William Pelham [q. v.] After coasting about for some time, and the season of the year growing too late to cause any further apprehension on the part of Spain, Perrot determined to return home. In the Downs he fell in with one Deryfold, a pirate, whom he chased and captured off the Flemish coast ; but on trying to make the mouth of the Thames he struck on the Kentish Knocks. Fortunately he succeeded in getting off the sand, and reached Harwich in safety. During his absence his enemies had tried to undermine his credit with the queen; and early in 1580 one Thomas Wyriott, a justice of the peace, formerly a yeoman of the guard, exhibited cer- tain complaints against 'his intolerable deal- ings.' Wyriott's complaints were submitted to the privy council, and, being pronounced slanderous libels, Wyriott was committed to
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the Marshalsea. But he had powerful friends at court; and shortly after Perrot's return to Wales he was released, and letters were ad- dressed to the judges of assize in South Wales, authorising them to reopen the case. Though suffering from the sweating sickness, Perrot at once obeyed the summons to attend the assizes at Haverfordwest. He successfully exculpated himself and obtained a verdict of a thousand marks damages against Wyriott. He had acquired considerable reputation as president of Munster, and a plot or plan which he drew up at the command of the queen in 1581 'for the suppressing of rebellion and the well-governing of Ireland ' marked him out as a suitable successor to the lord deputy, Arthur Grey, fourteenth lord Grey de Wilton [q. v.], who was recalled in August 1582. Never- theless, he was not appointed to the post till 17 Jan. 1584, and it was not till 21 June that he received the sword of state from the chan- cellor, Archbishop Adam Loftus [q. v.] From his acquaintance with the southern province he was deemed well qualified to supervise the great work of the plantation of Mun- ster. His open instructions resembled those given to former viceroys ; but among those privately added by the privy council was one directing him to consider how St. Patrick's Cathedral and the revenues belonging to it might be made to serve l as had been there- tofore intended ' for the erection of a college in Dublin. His government began propi- tiously, and a remark of his expressive of his desire to see the name of husbandman or yeoman substituted for that of churl was, according to Fenton, widely and favourably commented upon. The day following his installation order was issued for a general hosting at the hill of Tara, on 10 Aug., for six weeks. In the interval Perrot prepared to make a tour of inspection through Connaught and Munster for the purpose of establishing Sir Richard Bingham [q. v.] and Sir John Norris (1547 P-1597) [q. v.] in their respective governments. He had already received the submission of the chieftains of Connaught and Thomond, and was on his way from Limerick to Cork when the news reached him that a j large body of Hebridean Scots had landed in O'Donnell's country. Norris was inclined to think that rumour had, as usual, exag- gerated the number of the invaders ; but Perrot, who probably enjoyed the prospect of fighting, determined to return at once to Dublin and, as security for the peace of Mun- ster, to take with him all protectees and suspected persons.
On 26 Aug. he set out for Ulster, accom- panied by the Earls of Ormonde and Tho- mond and Sir John Norris. At Newry he
learned that the Scots had evaded the ships sent to intercept them at Lough Foyle and had returned whence they came. Half a mile outside the town Turlough Luineach O'Neill [q. v.] met him, and put in his only son as pledge of his loyalty, as did also Ma- gennis, MacMahon, and O'Hanlon. But having come so far, Perrot determined to cut at the root, as he believed, of the Scoto-Irish difficulty, and to make a resolute effort to expel the MacDonnells from their settle- ments along the Antrim coast. An attempt, at which he apparently connived (State Papers, Irel. Eliz. cxii. 90, ii.), to assassinate Sorley Boy MacDonnell [q.v.] failed, and Perrot, resorting to more legitimate methods of warfare, divided his forces into two divi- sions. The one, under the command of the Earl of Ormonde and Sir John Norris, ad- vanced along the left bank of the Bann and scoured the woods of Glenconkein; while himself, with the other, proceeded through Clandeboye and the Glinnes. On 14 Sept. he sat down before Dunluce Castle, which surrendered at discretion on the second or third day. Sorley Boy escaped to Scotland, but Perrot got possession of ' holy Columb- kille's cross, a god of great veneration with Sorley Boy and all Ulster,' which he sent to Walsingham to present to Lady Walsing- ham or Lady Sidney. A mazer garnished with silver-gilt, with Sorley Boy's arms en- graved on the bottom, he sent to Lord Burgh- ley. An attempt to land on Rathlin Island was frustrated by stormy weather, and, feel- ing that the season was growing too advanced for further operations, Perrot returned to Dublin.
Meanwhile he had not been unmindful of his charge regarding St. Patrick's. On 21 Aug. he submitted a plan to Walsingham for converting the cathedral into a court- house and the canons' houses into inns of court, and for applying the revenues to the erection of two colleges. When the project became known, as it speedily did, it was vehe- mently opposed by Archbishop Loftus [q. v.] On 3 Jan. 1585 Perrot was informed that there were grave objections to his scheme, and that it was desirable for him to consult with the archbishop. Perrot for a time refused to de- sist from his project, and never forgave Loftus for opposing him. There can be little doubt that his blundering hostility towards the arch- bishop was a principal cause of his downfall. Another scheme of his for bridling the Irish by building seven towns, seven bridges, and seven fortified castles in different parts of the country fared equally unpropitiously. Given 50,000/. a year for three years, he promised to permanently subjugate Ireland
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Perrot
and took the unusual course of addressing the parliament of England on the subject. But Walsingham, to whom he submitted the letter (printed in the ' Government of Ireland/ pp. 44 sq.) promptly suppressed it, on the ground that the queen would certainly resent any one but herself moving parliament. Nor indeed did his manner of dealing with the Hebridean Scots argue well for his ability to carry out his more ambitious project. Scarcely three months had elapsed since the expulsion of Sorley Boy before he again succeeded in effecting a landing on the coast of Antrim. He was anxious, he declared, to become a loyal subject of the crown, if only he could obtain legal ownership of the territory he claimed. But Perrot insisted on unqualified submission, and, despite the remonstrances of the council, began to make preparations for a fresh expedition against him. When Elizabeth heard of his intention, she was greatly provoked, and read him a sharp lec- ture on 'such rash, unadvised journeys with- out good ground as your last journey in the north.' As it happened, Sir Henry Bagenal and Sir William Stanley were quite able to cope with Sorley Boy, and the Irish parlia- ment being appointed to meet on 26 April, after an interval of sixteen years, Perrot found sufficient to occupy his attention in Dublin.
A German nobleman who happened to be visiting Ireland was greatly impressed with his appearance at the opening of parliament, and declared that, though he had travelled all over Europe, he had never seen any man com- parable to him ; for his port and majesty of personage.' But Perrot's attempt to ' manage ' parliament proved a complete failure. A bill to suspend Poynings' Act, which he regarded as necessary to facilitate legisla- tion, was rejected on the third reading by a majority of thirty-five. Another bill, to substitute a regular system of taxation in lieu of the irregular method of cess, shared a similar fate, and Perrot could only pro- rogue parliament, and advise the punish- ment of the leaders of the opposition. Tired of his inactivity, Perrot resumed his plan of a northern campaign, and having appointed Loftus and Wallop, who strongly disapproved of his intention, justices in his absence, he set out for Ulster on 16 July. But misfortune dogged his footsteps. For hardly had he reached Dungannon when wet weather rendered further progress impossible. His time, however, was not altogether wasted. For besides settling certain territorial diffe- rences between Turlough Luineach O'Neill and Hugh O'Neill, earl of Tyrone [q. v.], he reduced Ulster to shire ground. He re-
turned to Dublin at the beginning of Sep- tember. Six weeks later Sorley Boy re- captured Dunluce Castle, and resumed his- overtures for denization. Perrot, who was ' touched with the stone,' and provoked at the coolness of his colleagues, felt the dis- grace bitterly, and begged to be recalled. Eventually he consented to pardon Sorley Boy, and to grant him letters of denization on what were practically his own terms. In one respect Perrot could claim to have been fairly successful. The composition of Con- naught and Thomond with which his name- is associated, though proving by no mean» commensurate with his expectations, and due in a large measure to the initiative of Sir Henry Sidney, was a work which un- doubtedly contributed to the peace and stability of the western province. Parlia- ment reassembled on 26 April 1586, and,, after passing acts for the attainder of the Earl of Desmond and Viscount Baltinglas, was- dissolved on 14 May.
With Loftus and Wallop Perrot had long been on terms of open hostility, and even Sir Geoffrey Fenton, who at first found him. 1 affable and pleasing,' had since come to change his opinion in that respect. Perrot, it is true, could count on the devotion of Sir Nicholas White and Sir Lucas Dillon ; but their influence in the council was com- paratively small, and their goodwill exposed him to the charge of pursuing an anti-Eng- lish policy. Nor were his relations outside the council much better. Sir John Norris and Captain Carleil had long complained of his overbearing and tyrannical behaviour. Perrot's conduct towards Sir Richard Bing- ham added him to the long list of avowed enemies. Early in September 1586 a large- body of redshanks invaded Connaught at the invitation of the Burkes of county Mayo» and Bingham, who felt himself unable to cope with them, sent to Perrot for rein- forcements. The deputy not only complied with his request, but, in opposition to the advice of the council, went to Connaught himself. He had, however, only reached Mullingar when he received information that the Scots and their allies had been completely overthrown and almost an- nihilated by Bingham at Ardnaree on the river Moy. But instead of returning to Dublin, he continued his journey to Galway,. though by so doing he inflicted a heavy and unnecessary expense on the country. His. own statement that he had been invited thither was manifestly untrue. But whether he was jealous of Bingham's success, as seems likely, or whether he really disap- proved of his somewhat arbitrary method of
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government, his presence had undoubtedly the effect of weakening the president's au- thority and stimulating the elements of discontent in the province. His language towards the council was certainly most re- prehensible, and unfortunately he did not confine his abuse to words. In January 1587 he committed Fenton to the Marshal- sea on pretext of a debt of 70/. owing to him. But though compelled by Elizabeth instantly to set him at liberty, he seemed to have lost all control over himself. Only a few days afterwards he committed the indis- cretion of challenging Sir Richard Bingham, and on 15 May he came to actual blows in the council chamber with Sir Nicholas Bagenal. The fault was perhaps not altogether on his side, but government under the circumstances suffered, and in January Elizabeth announced her intention to remove him.
In May one Philip Williams, a former secretary of Perrot, whom he had long kept in confinement, offered to make certain reve- lations touching his loyalty, and Loftus took care that his offer should reach Elizabeth's ears. This was the beginning of the end. Williams was released on bail, not to quit the country without special permission, in June ; but he steadily refused to reveal his information to any one except the queen her- self. In December Sir William Fitzwilliam [q. v.] was appointed lord deputy, but six months elapsed before he arrived in Dublin. Meanwhile, racked with the stone, and feeling his authority slipping away from him inch by inch, Perrot's position was pitiable in the extreme. But it must be said in his favour that when he surrendered the sword of state on 30 June 1588, Fitzwilliam was compelled to admit that he left the country in a state of profound peace. Shortly before his de- parture he presented the corporation of Dublin with a silver-gilt bowl, bearing his arms and crest, with the inscription ' Relinquo in pace' (cf. GILBERT, Cat. Municipal Records, ii. 220). He sailed on Tuesday, 2 July, for Milford Haven, leaving behind him, accord- ing to Sir Henry Wallop, a memory ' of so hard usage and haughty demeanour amongst his associates, especially of the English nation, as I think never any before him in this place hath done.' After his departure Fitzwilliam complained that, contrary to the express orders of the privy council, he had taken with him his parliament robes and cloth of state.
Among others a certain Denis Roughan or O'Roughan, an ex-priest whom Perrot had prosecuted for forgery, offered to prove that he was the bearer of a letter from Perrot to Philip of Spain, promising that if the latter would give him Wales, Perrot would make
Philip master of England and Ireland. The letter was a manifest forgery, but it derived a certain degree of plausibility from the recent betrayal of Deventer by Sir William Stanley
&. v.] One Charles Trevor, an accomplice of Roughan's, knew the secret of the forgery, and, according to Bingham, Fitzwilliam could have put his hand on him had he liked to do so. But in a collection of the material points against Perrot, drawn up by Burghley on 15 Nov. 1591, O'Roughan's charge finds no place, though the substance of it was after- wards incorporated in the indictment. Still, if there was no direct evidence of treason against him, there was sufficient matter to convict him of speaking disparagingly of the queen. Notwithstanding Burghley's exertions in hia favour, there was an evident determination on the part of Perrot's enemies to push the matter to a trial, and there is a general concur- rence of opinion in ascribing the pertinacity with which he was prosecuted to the malice of Sir Christopher Hatton (cf. Cal State Papers, Eliz. Add. 12 March 1591). Accord- ing to Sir Robert Naunton, who married Perrot's granddaughter, Perrot had procured Hatton's enmity by speaking scornfully of him as having made his way to the queen's- favour < by the galliard,' in allusion to his proficiency in dancing. But Naunton was un- aware that Hatton owed him a deeper grudge for having seduced his daughter Elizabeth (Archceol. Cambr. 3rd ser. xi. 117).
After a short confinement in Lord Burgh- ley's house, Perrot was in March 1 591 removed to the Tower. More than a year elapsed before his trial, and on 23 Dec. he complained that his memory was becoming impaired through grief and close confinement. On 27 April 1592 he was tried at Westminster on a charge of high treason before Lord Hunsdon, Lord Buckhurst, Sir Robert Cecil, and other spe- cially constituted commissioners. According to the indictment he was charged with con- temptuous words against the queen, with relieving known traitors and Romish priests, with encouraging the rebellion of Sir Brian O'Rourke [q. v.], and with treasonable cor- respondence with the king of Spain and the prince of Parma. Practically the prosecution, conducted by Popham and Puckering, con- fined itself to the charge of speaking con- temptuously of the queen. Perrot, who was extremely agitated, did not deny that he might have spoken the words attributed to him, but resented the interpretation placed upon them. Being found guilty, he was taken back to the Tower. He still hoped for pardon. < God's death ! ' he exclaimed. ' Will the queen suffer her brother to be offered up a sacrifice to the envy of his frisking adversary ? ' His last will
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and testament, dated 3 May 1592, is really a vindication of his conduct and an appeal for mercy. He was brought up for judgment on
26 June, but his death in the Tower in Sep- tember spared him the last indignities of the law. A rumour that the queen intended to pardon him derives some colour from the fact that his son, Sir Thomas, was restored to his estates. Two engraved portraits of Perrot are in existence, one in the * History of Wor- cestershire,' i. 350, the other prefixed to the ' Government of Ireland ' by E. C. S. (cf. BROMLEY).
Perrot married, first, Ann, daughter of Sir Thomas Cheyney of Thurland in Kent, by whom he had a son, Sir Thomas Perrot, who succeeded him, and married, under mys- terious circumstances (STKYPE, Zz/e of Bishop Aylmer, and Lansdowne MS. xxxix. f. 172), Dorothy, daughter of Walter Devereux, earl of Essex. Perrot's second wife was Jane, daughter of Sir Lewis Pollard, by whom he had William, who died unmarried at St. Thomas Court, near Dublin, on 8 July 1597 ; Lettice, who married, first, Roland Lacharn of St. Bride's, secondly, Walter Vaughan of St. Bride's, and, thirdly, Arthur Chichester [q. v.], baron Chichester of Belfast, and lord deputy of Ireland; and Ann, who married John Philips. Among his illegitimate chil- dren he had by Sybil Jones of Radnorshire a son, Sir James Perrot, separately mentioned, and a daughter, who became the wife of David Morgan, described as a gentleman. By Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Christopher Hat- ton, he had a daughter, also called Elizabeth, who married Hugh Butler of Johnston.
[Barnwell's Notes on the Perrot Family in Archseol. Cambrensis, 3rd ser. vols. xi. xii. ; Dwnn's Heraldic Visitntion of Wales, i. 89 ; Naunton's Frag. Regal.; Lloyd's State Worthies; Fenton's Hist, of Tour through Pembrokeshire ; Eawlinson's Life of Sir John Perrot; The Govern- ment of Ireland under Sir John Perrot by E.C.S.; Cal. State Papers, Eliz., Ireland and Dom. ; Camden's Annals ; Bagwell's Ireland under the Tudors; Annals of the Four Masters; Hardi- man's Chorographical Description of West Con- naught; Notes and Queries, 1st ser. ii. 254; MSS. Brit. Mus. Lansdowne 68, 72, 156 ; Harl. 35, 3292; Sloane, 2200, 4819; Addit. 32091, ff. 240, 257 ; Hist. MSS. Comm. 3rd Eep. pp. 45, 51, 367, 8th Eep. p. 36.] E. D.
PERROT, JOHN (d. 1671?), quaker sectary, born in Ireland, was possibly de- scended, though not legitimately, from Sir John Perrot [q. v.], lord-deputy "of Ireland. It is hardly likely that he was the John Perrot fined 2,000/. in the Star-chamber on
27 Jan. 1637, and arraigned before the court of high commission on 14 and 21 Nov. 1639
(Cal. State Papers, Dom. 1636-7 p. 398, 1639-40 pp. 271, 277).
Before 1656 Perrot joined the quakers, and was preaching in Limerick. The next year he started, with the full authority of the quaker body and at its expense, with one John Love, also an Irishman, on a mission to Italy, avowedly to convert the pope. Perrot passed through Lyons, and on 12 Aug. 1657 he was at Leghorn. There he wrote a trea- tise concerning the Jews, and both travellers were examined by the inquisition and dis- missed. In September, diverging from their original route, they reached Athens, whence Perrot wrote an' Address to the People called Baptists in Ireland.' A manuscript copy is in the library of Devonshire House. He also wrote an epistle to the Greeks from ' Egripos,' that is the island of Negroponte (now called Eubcea). Returning to Venice, he inter- viewed the doge in his palace, and presented him with books and an address, afterwards printed. A work dated from the Lazaretto in Venice indicates either that he had fallen ill or was in prison.
On arriving in Rome, probably in 1658, Perrot and Love commenced preaching against the Romish church, and were arrested. Love suffered the tortures of the inquisition and died under them. Perrot, whose zeal knew no bounds, was more appropriately sent to a madhouse, where he was allowed some liberty and wrote numerous books, ad- dresses, and epistles. These he was suffered to send to England to be printed, and many of them appeared before his release; His detention excited much sympathy in Eng- land. SamuelFisher (1605-1655) [q.v.], John Stubbs, and other Friends went to Rome in 1660 to procure his freedom. Two other Friends, Charles Bayley and Jane Stokes, also unsuccessfully attempted it, Bayley being imprisoned at Bordeaux on the way out. Some account of his experiences he contri- buted to Perrot's 'Narrative,' 1661.
In May 1661 Perrot was released; but on his return to London he was received with some coldness. He was accused of extrava- gant behaviour while abroad. Fox and others condemned the papers issued by him from Rome, one of which propounded that the re- moval of the hat during prayer in public was a formal superstition, incompatible with the spiritual religion professed by quakers. This notion gained ground rapidly, and was adopted for a time by Thomas Ell wood [q.v.] and Ben- jamin Furly [q. v.] ; but Fox at once attacked 'it in a tract issued in 1661 (Journal, ed. 1765, p. 332). Perrot was unconvinced, although many of his friends soon forsook him. He was indefatigable in preaching his opinions
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in various parts of England or Ireland, and attracted large audiences. He was arrested, with Luke Howard (1621-1699) [q. v.], at a meeting at Canterbury on 28 Aug. 1661, and again at the Bull and Mouth, Aldersgate Street, on a Sunday in June 1662, when he was brought before Sir Richard Browne (d. 1669) [q. v.l, lord mayor.
In the autumn of 1662 Perrot and some of his followers emigrated to Barbados, where his wife and children joined him later, and where he was appointed clerk to the magistrates. He seems to have still called himself a quaker, but gave great offence by wearing l a velvet coat, gaudy apparel, and a sword,' while he was now as strict in ex- acting oaths as he had formerly been against them. Proceeding on a visit to Virginia, he induced many quakers there to dispense with the formality of assembling for worship, and otherwise to depart from the judicious rules laid down by Fox.
Perrot formed many projects for improving the trade of Barbados by tobacco plantations; he built himself a large house, surmounted by a reservoir of water brought from a distance of some miles ; he was also presented with a sloop, to carry freight to Jamaica. But his schemes came to no practical result. He died, heavily in debt, in the island of Jamaica, some time before October 1671. His wife Elizabeth and at least two children survived him.
Perrot's i natural gifts ' were, says Sewel, 'great,' and he possessed a rare power of fascination. His following was at one time considerable ; but the attempts made by John Pennyman [q. v.] and others to give it permanence failed. His unbalanced and rhapsodical mysticism caused Fox, with his horror of ' ranters ' and the warning of James Naylor's case fresh in his mind, to treat him as a dangerous foe to order and system within the quaker ranks. A believer in perfection, Perrot held that an inspired man, such as himself, might even be commanded to com- mit carnal sin. According to Lodowicke Muggleton [q. v.], with whom Perrot had many talks, he had no personal God, but an indefinite Spirit (Neck of the Quakers Broken, p. 22). Martin Mason [q. v.], although he de- clined to accept his vagaries, celebrated his talents in some lines — ' In Memoriam ' — pub- lished in the ' Vision.'
Perrot's works were often signed l John, the servant of God,' ' John, called a Quaker,' and ' John, the prisoner of Christ.' Some are in verse, a vehicle of expression objected to by Fox as frivolous and unbecoming. To this objection Perrot cautiously replied that ' he believed he should have taken it dearly
well had any friend (brother-like) whom they offended turned the sence of them into prose when he sent them from Home.'
Besides a preface to the ' Collection of Se- veral Books and Writings of George Fox the Younger' [see under Fox, GEOKGE], London, 1662, 2nd edit. 1665, his chief tracts (with abbreviated titles) are : 1. 'A Word to the World answering the Darkness thereof, con- cerning the Perfect Work of God to Salva- tion/ London, 4to, 1658. 2. ' A Visitation of Love and Gentle Greeting of the Turk,' London, 4to, 1658. 3. ' Immanuel the Sal- vation of Israel,' London, 4to, 1658; re- printed with No. 2 in 1660. 4. (With George Fox and William Morris) ' Severall Warnings to the Baptized People,' 4to, 1659.
5. ' To all Baptists everywhere, or to any other who are yet under the shadows and wat'ry ellement, and are not come to Christ the Substance,' London, 4to, 1660 : reprinted in 'The Mistery of Baptism,' &c., 1662.
6. ' A Wren in the Burning Bush, Waving the Wings of Contraction, to the Congregated Clean Fowls of the Heavens, in the Ark of God, holy Host of the Eternal Power, Salu- tation,' London, 4to, 1660. 7. 'J. P., the follower of the Lamb, to the Shepheards Flock, Salutation, Grace,' &c., London, 4to,
1660, 1661. 8. 'John, to all God's Impri- soned People for his Names-Sake, whereso- ever upon the Face of the Earth, Saluta- tion,' London, 4to, 1660. 9. 'John, the Prisoner, to the Risen Seed of Immortal Love, most endeared Salutation,' &c., Lon- don, 4to, 1660. 10. 'A Primer for Chil- dren/ 12mo, 1660, 1664. 11. ' A Sea of the Seed's Sufferings, through which Runs a River of Rich Rejoycing. In Verse,' Lon- don, 4to, 1661. 12. 'To all People upon the Face of the Earth,' London, 4to, 1661. 13. ' Discoveries of the Day-dawning to the Jewes/ London, 4to, 1661. 14. 'An Epistle to the Greeks, especially to those in and about Corinth and Athens/ London, 4to,
1661. 15. ' To the Prince of Venice and all his Nobles/ London, 4to, 1661. 16. ' Blessed Openings of a Day of good Things to the Turks. Written to the Heads, Rulers, An- cients, and Elders of their Land, and whom- soever else it may concern/ London, 4to, 1661. 17. ' Beames of Eternal Brightness, or, Branches of Everlasting Blessings ; Spring- ing forth of the Stock of Salvation, to be spread over India, and all Nations of the Earth/ &c., London, 4to, 1661. 18. ' To the Suffering Seed of Royalty, wheresoever Tri- bulated upon the Face of the whole Earth, the Salutation of your Brother Under the oppressive Yoak of Bonds/ London, 4to, 1661 19. 'A Narrative of some of the
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Sufferings of J. P. in the City of Rome/ London, 4to, 1661. 20. ' Two Epistles. . . . The one Touching the Perfection of Hu- mility. . . . The other Touching the Righteous Order of Judgement in Israel,' London, 4to, 1661. 21. 'Battering Rams against Rome : or, the Battel of John, the Follower of the Lamb, Fought with the Pope, and his Priests, whilst he was a Prisoner in the Inquisition Prison of Rome,' London, small 8vo, 1661. 22. 'Propositions to the Pope, for the proving his Power of Remitting Sins, and other Doctrines of his Church, as Principles destroying Soules in Darkness, and undeterminable Death. To Fabius Ghisius, Pope, at his Pallace in Monte Ca- vallo in Roma,' broadside, June 1662. 23. 'John Perrot's Answer to the Pope's feigned Nameless Helper ; or, a Reply to the Tract Entituled, Perrott against the Pope,' London, broadside, 1662. 24. 'TheMistery of Baptism and the Lord's Supper,' London, 4to, 1662. 25. ' A Voice from the Close or Inner Prison, unto all the Upright in Heart, whether they are Bond or Free,' London, 4to, 1662. 26. ' To the Upright in Heart, and Faithful People of God: an Epistle written in Barbados,' London, 4to, 1662. 27. ' Glorious Glimmerings of the Life of Love, Unity, and pure Joy. Written in Rome . . . 1660, but conserved as in ob- scurity until my arrival at Barbados in the year 1662. From whence it is sent the second time to the Lord's Lambs by J. P.,' London, 4to, 1663. 28. 'To all Simple, Honest-intending, and Innocent People, without respect to Sects, Opinions, or dis- tinguishing Names ; who desire, &c. I send greeting/ &c., London, 4to, 1664. 29. ' The Vision of John Perrot, wherein is contained the Future State of Europe ... as it was shewed him in the Island of Jamaica a little before his Death, and sent by him to a Friend in London, for a warning to his Native Country/ London, 1682, 4to. A tract, ' Some Prophecies and Revelations of God, con- cerning the Christian World/ &c., 1672, translated from the Dutch of ' John, a ser- vant of God/ is not Perrot's, but by a Fifth- monarchy man.
[Hidden Things brought to Light, &c., printed in 1678, a pamphlet containing letters by Per- rot in defence of himself; Taylor's Loving and Friendly Invitation, &c., with a brief account of the latter part of the life of John Perrot and his end, 4to, 1683; Fox's Journal, ed. 1765, pp. 32,5, 332, 390 ; Rutty's Hist, of Friends in Ire- land, p. 86 ; The Truth exalted in the Writings of John Burnyeat, 1691, pp. 32, 33, 50 ; Besse's Sufferings, i. 292, ii. 394, 395; Bowden's Hict. of Friends in America, i. 350 ; Storrs Turner's
Quakers, 1889, p. 150; Beck and Ball's Hist, of Friends' Meetings, pp. 45, 88 ; Sewel's Hist, of the Rise, &c., ed. 1799, i. 433, 489, 491 ; Smith's Catalogue, ii. 398-404; Ell wood's Autobiography, ed. 1791, pp. 220-3. Information about Perrot and his disciples is to be found in the manu- script collection of Penington's Works, ff. 58-62, at Devonshire House."] C. F. S.
PERROT, ROBERT (d. 1550), organist of Magdalen College, Oxford, second son of George Perrot of Harroldston, Pembroke- shire, by Isabel Langdale of Langdale Hall in Yorkshire, was born at Hackness in the North Riding of Yorkshire. He first ap- peared at Magdalen College as an attendant upon John Stokysley or Stokesley [q. v.], afterwards bishop of London (who was sup- posed to have been too intimate with his wife). By one of the witnesses at the visi- tation of Bishop Fox in 1506-7 he is men- tioned as having condoned the offence for a substantial consideration. In 1510 Perrot was appointed instructor of choristers, and in 1515, being about that time made organist, he applied for a license ' to proceed to the degree of Bachelor of Music.' His request was granted on condition of his composing a mass and one song, but it does not appear from the college register whether he was admitted or licensed to proceed. Tanner, however, states that he eventually proceeded doctor of music. He was not only an emi- nent musician, but also a man of business, and he appears to have been trusted by the college in the purchase of trees, horses, and various commodities for the use of the col- lege. He was at one time principal of Trinity Hall, a religious house before the dissolution, and then converted into an inn. Having ob- tained a lease of the house and chapel from the municipality of Oxford, Perrot de- molished them both, and ' in the same place built a barn, a stable, and a hog-stie ' (WooD, City of Oxford, ed. Peshall, p. 77). About 1530, upon the dissolution of the monas- teries, he purchased Rewley Abbey, near Oxford, and sold the fabric for building ma- terials in Oxford. In 1534 he was receiver- general of the archdeaconry of Buckingham (WiLLis, Cathedrals— Oxford, p. 119), and receiver of rents for Christ Church, Oxford. He was also receiver of rents for Littlemore Priory, near Oxford. ' He gave way to fate 20 April 1550, and was buried in the north isle or alley joining to the church of St. Peter- in- the-East in Oxford ' ( WOOD, Fasti). By his will (dated 18 April 1550, and printed in full by Bloxam ) he left most of his property to his wife Alice, daughter of Robert Gardiner of Sunningwell, Berkshire ; and Alice Orpewood, a niece of Sir Thomas Pope [q. v.], founder of
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Trinity College, Oxford. He does not appear in his will to have been a benefactor to his college (as stated by Wood) ; but his widow, -who died in 1588, bequeathed ' twenty shillings to be bestowed amongst the Pre- sident and Company' of the foundation. Perrot had issue six sons and seven daugh- ters. Among his sons were : Clement, or- ganist of Magdalen College 1523, fellow of Lincoln 1535, rector of Farthingstone, North- amptonshire, 1541, and prebendary of Lincoln 1544; Simon (1514-1584), Fellow of Mag- dalen 1533, founder of the Perrots ' on the Hill ' of Northleigh, Oxfordshire ; Leonard, clerk of Magdalen in 1533, and founder of the second Perrot family of Northleigh ; and Robert, incumbent of Bredicot, Worcester- shire, 1562-85.
Tanner says that Robert Perrot composed and annotated * Hymni Varii Sacri,' while, according to Wood, ' he did compose several church services and other matters which have been since antiquated;' but nothing of his appears to be extant.
Among the probable descendants of Robert Perrot, though the pedigree in which the suc- cession is traced from theHarroldston branch is very inaccurate, was SIE RICHARD PERROTT (d. 1796), bart., eldest son of Richard Perrott of Broseley in Shropshire. He was in per- sonal attendance upon the Duke of Cumber- land at Culloden. He then entered the Prussian service, and fought in the seven years' war, obtaining several foreign decora- tions, and being employed in various confi- dential negotiations by Frederick the Great. He succeeded his uncle, Sir Robert, first ba- ronet, in May 1759, and died in 1796, leaving issue by his wife Margaret, daughter of Cap- tain William Fordyce, gentleman of the bed- chamber to George III (BuRKE, Peerage). A portrait of Sir Richard was engraved by V. Green in 1770 (BROMLEY). The scandalous ' Life, Adventures, and Amours of Sir R[ich- ard] P[errott],' published anonymously in 1770, may possibly be taken as indicating that the services rendered by the founder of the family were of a delicate nature, but was more likely an ebullition of private malice.
[Barnwell's Notes on the Perrot Family, 1867, pp. 80-90; Bloxam's Register of Magdalen College, vols. i. and ii. passim ; Warton's Life of Sir Thomas Pope, 1 750, app. p. xxi ; Wood's Fasti, ed. Bliss, i. 42; Tanner's Bibliotheca, p. 593.]
PERRY, CHARLES (1698-1780), tra- veller and medical writer, born in 1698, was a younger son of John Perry, a Norwich attorney. He spent four years at Norwich grammar school, and afterwards a similar period at a school in Bishop's S tor tford, Hert-
fordshire. On 28 May 1717 he was admitted at Caius College, Cambridge, as a scholar, and
gaduated M.B. in 1722 and M.D. in 1727. e was a junior fellow of his college from Michaelmas 1723 to Lady-day 1731. On 5 Feb. 1723 he also graduated at Ley den. Be- tween 1739 and 1742 he travelled in France, Italy, and the East, visiting Constantinople, Egypt, Palestine, and Greece. On his return he published his valuable ' View of the Le- vant, particularly of Constantinople, Syria, Egypt, and Greece,' 1743, fol., illustrated with thirty-three plates ; it was twice translated into German, viz., in 1754 (Erlangen, 3 vols.), and in 1765 (Rostock, 2 vols.) A reissue of the original, in three quarto volumes, in 1770, was dedicated to John Montagu, earl of Sandwich.
Perry appears to have practised as a phy- sician after his return to England in 1742. He died in 1780, and was buried at the east end of the nave in Norwich Cathedral. An elder brother was buried in 1 795 near the spot. The tablet,with a laudatory Latin inscription, seems to have been removed, and Blomefield misprints the date of death on it as 1730.
Perry published the following medical works: 1. 'Essay on the Nature and Cure of Madness,' Rotterdam, 1723. 2. ' Enquiry into the Nature and Principles of the Spaw Waters ... To which is subjoined a cursory Inquiry into the Nature and Properties of the Hot Fountains at Aix-la-Chapelle,' Lon- don, 1734. 3. ' Treatise on Diseases in General, to which is subjoined a system of practice,' 2 vols., 1741. 4. 'Account of an Analysis made of the Stratford Mineral Water,' "Northampton, 1744, severely criti-
Explanation of the Hysterica Passio, with Appendix on Cancer/ 1755, 8vo. 6. 'Disqui- sition of the Stone and Gravel, with other Diseases of the Kidney,' 1777, 8vo. He also communicated to the Royal Society ' Experi- ments on the Water of the Dead Sea, on the Hot Springs near Tiberiades, and on the Hammarn Pharoan Water' (Phil. Trans. Abridgment, viii. 555).
[Blomefield's Hist, of Norfolk (continued by Parkin), 1805, iv. 197; information kindly sup- plied by Dr. Venn and the librarian of Caius College • Peacock's Index of English Students at Leyden; Bibl. Univ. des Voyages, 1808, i. 220 (by G. B. de la Eicharderie) ; Watt's Bibl. Brit, i 747- Allibone's Diet. Engl. Lit. ii. 1566; Perry's Works.] G. LB G. N.
PERRY, CHARLES (1807-1891), first bishop of Melbourne, the youngest son of John Perry, a shipowner, of Moor Hall, Essex,
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3°
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was born on 17 Feb. 1807, and was educated first at private schools at Clapham and Hack- ney, then for four years at Harrow, where he played in the eleven against Eton on two oc- casions ; then at a private tutor's, and finally at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he en- tered in 1824. He was senior wrangler in 1828, and first Smith's prizeman, as well as seventh classic. He entered at Lincoln's Inn 12 Nov. 1830, and for one year studied law; subsequently, taking holy orders, he went to reside in college, graduated M.A. in 1831, be- came a fellow of Trinity and proceeded D.D. in 1837, and was tutor from that time to 1841. In 1841 he resigned his fellowship on his marriage, and bought the advowson of the living of Barnwell. Dividing the parish into two districts, he placed them in the hands of trustees, erected a new church with the help of his friends, and became the first vicar of one of the new districts, which he christened St. Paul's, in 1842.
In 1847, when the then wild pastoral colony of Victoria was constituted a diocese independent of New South Wales, Perry was chosen to be its bishop. The post was not to his worldly advantage. About 800/. a year was the most he drew at the best of times, and he was a poor man till near the close of his life. He was consecrated, with three other colonial bishops (one being Gray, first bishop of Capetown), at Westminster Abbey on 29 June 1847. He went out with his wife and three other clergymen in the Stag, a vessel of 700 tons, and after a voyage of 108 days reached Melbourne on Sunday, 23 Jan. 1848. When Perry arrived in the c )lonv there was only one finished church Lhere," Christ Church at Geelong ; two others were in course of construction at Melbourne. He found three clergy of the Church of England already there, and three he brought with him. In his first public address he ex- pressed his desire to live on friendly terms with all denominations of Christians, but he declined to visit Father Geoghan on the ground of conscientious distrust of the Komish church. He made constant jour- neys through the unsettled country, oiten thirty or forty miles at a stretch; he bravely faced the anxieties caused by the gold rush and its attendant demoralisation. For the first five years of his colonial life he resided at Jolimont. The palace of Bishop's Court was built in 1853.
Perry's influence was perhaps most notably shown in the passing of the Church Assembly Act, which constituted a body of lay repre- sentatives to aid in the government of the church (1854). Doubts as to its constitutional validity were raised at home, and in 1855 the
bishop went home to argue the case for the bill. His pleading was successful, and the act became the precedent for similar legis- lation in other colonies. After his return, on 3 April 1856, he conferred on all congrega- tions the right to appoint their own pastor al- ternately with himself, and instituted a system of training lay readers for the ministry.
Perry's first visit to Sydney seems to have been in 1859. In 1863-4 he made a second visit to England, during which he was select preacher at Cambridge, and assisted at the consecration of Ellicott, bishop of Gloucester. On 29 June 1872 the twenty-fifth anniversary of his consecration was celebrated with en- thusiasm at Melbourne. On 26 Feb. 1874, on the erection of the diocese into a metropolitan see, he left the colony amid universal regret ; and when he had arranged for the endowment of the new see of Ballarat in May 1876, he finally resigned.
Perry's years of retirement were devoted to furthering the interests of the church at home, particularly the work of the Church Missionary Society and Society for the Pro- pagation of the Gospel. He attended and addressed every church congress from 1874 till 1888. He took a leading part in promot- ing the foundation of the theological colleges, Wycliffe Hall at Oxford and Ridley Hall at Cambridge, and actively aided in the man- agement of the latter. In 1878 he was appointed prelate of the order of St. Michael and St. George and canon of Llandaff. He was in residence each year at Llandaff till 1889, when a stroke of paralysis caused his resignation. Thenceforward he resided at 32 Avenue Road, Regent's Park, London, and died there on 1 Dec. 1891. He was buried at Harlow in Essex. A memorial service was held on the same day at Melbourne, when his old comrade, Dean Macartney, himself ninety- three years of age, who had come out with him in 1848, preached the sermon.
Bishop Perry was a stout evangelical churchman, equally opposed to ritualistic and rationalistic tendencies. He published 1 Foundation Truths' and other sermons.
Perry married, on 14 Oct. 1841, Frances, daughter of Samuel Cooper, who survived him. He celebrated the fiftieth anniversary of his wedding shortly before his death. His portrait, by Weigall, is at Ridley Hall, Cambridge. A memorial has been erected in St. Paul's Cathedral, Melbourne. The service of plate which was presented to him on leaving Melbourne was bequeathed to the master's lodge at Trinity College, Cam- bridge.
[Melbourne Argus, 4, 6, and 7 Dec. 1891 ; Sum- mary of Macartney's funeral sermon in latter
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issue; Goodman's Church in Victoria during the Episcopate of Bishop Perry, London, 1892, which contains some autobiographical notes by Perry.]
C. A. H.
PERRY, FRANCIS (d. 1765), engraver, was born at Abingdon, Berkshire, and ap- prenticed to a hosier ; but, showing some aptitude for art, he was placed first with one of the Vanderbanks, and afterwards with Richardson, to study painting. Making, however, no progress in this, he became clerk to a commissary, whom he accompanied to Lichfield, and there made drawings of the cathedral, which he subsequently etched. Perry eventually devoted himself to drawing and engraving topographical views and an- tiquities, working chiefly for the magazines. He engraved two views of the cloisters of St. Katherine's Church, near the Tower, for Dr. Ducarel's paper on that church in Nichols's ' Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,' and ' A Collection of Eighteen Views of Anti- quities in the County of Kent,' also portraits of Matthew Hutton, archbishop of York ; Dr. Ducarel, after A. Soldi ; and Dr. Thomas Hyde, after Cipriani. But he is best known by his engravings of coins and medals, which he executed with great neatness and accu- racy. The sixteen plates in Dr. Ducarel's ' Anglo-Gallic Coins,' 1757, are by him ; and in 1762 he commenced the publication of a series of gold and silver British medals, of which three parts, containing ten plates, ap- peared before his death, and a fourth subse- quently. In 1764 he exhibited with the Free Society of Artists his print of Dr. Hyde and a pen-and-ink view at Wai worth. Perry had the use of only one eye, and habitually etched on a white ground, which facilitated his working by candlelight. Though painstaking and industrious, he could only earn a precarious living. He died on 3 Jan. 1765.
[Strutt's Diet, of Engravers; Bromley's Cat. of English Portraits ; Redgrave's Diet, of Ar- tists ; Universal Cat. of Books on Art.]
F. M. O'D.
PERRY, GEORGE (1793-1862), mu- sician, born at Norwich in 1793, was the son of a turner, an amateur bass singer who took part in the annual performance of an oratorio at the cathedral, under Dr. John Christmas Beckwith [q. v.] Through Beckwith's instru- mentality Perry became a member of the ca- thedral choir. His voice, if not refined, was powerful, and his musical propensity very marked. After quitting the choir Perry learnt the violin from Joseph Parnell, a lay clerk of the cathedral; pianoforte from Parnell's son John ; harmony, it is supposed, from Bond, a pupil of Jackson of Exeter j and the higher
branches of composition from a clever ama- teur, James Taylor.
About 1818 Perry succeeded Binfield as leader of the band at the Royal Theatre at Norwich, then an institution enjoying con- siderable reputation. While still resident in his native town Perry wrote an oratorio, 'The Death of Abel ' (text by George Bennett of the Norwich Theatre), which was first performed at a Hall concert in Norwich, and afterwards repeated by the Sacred Harmonic Society in 1841 and 1845. Shortly after his appointment to the theatre he wrote another oratorio, ' Elijah and the Priests of Baal,' to a text by the Rev. James Plumptre [q. v.], which was first performed in Norwich on 12 March 1819. In or about 1822 Perry was appointed musical director of the Haymarket Theatre in London, where he wrote a number of operas. One of them, ' Morning, Noon, and Night,' was produced, with Madame Vestris [q. v.] in the cast, in 1822.
From opera, however, Perry soon turned again to oratorio, and in 1830 he produced ' The Fall of Jerusalem,' the text compiled by Professor Taylor from Mil man's poem. While still holding his appointment at the Hay- market, Perry became organist of the Quebec Chapel, a post he resigned in 1846 for that of Trinity Church, Gray's Inn Road.
When the Sacred Harmonic Society was founded in 1832, Perry was chosen leader of the band, and at their first concert, on 15 Jan. 1833, the programme contained a selection from his oratorios ' The Fall of Je- rusalem ' and ' The Death of Abel.' Perry assiduously supported this society, and during his sixteen years' connection with it was never absent from a performance, and only once from a rehearsal. In 1848 Surman, the conductor, was removed from his post, and Perry performed the duties until the close of the season, when he severed his connection with the society on the election of Michael Costa [q. v.] to the conductorship.
In addition to the works already men- tioned, Perry wrote an oratorio, ' Hezekiah ' (1 847) ; a sacred cantata, ' Belshazzar's Feast ' (1836); a festival anthem with orchestral accompaniment, * Blessed be the Lord thy God,' for the queen's accession (1838). His * Thanksgiving Anthem for the Birth of the Princess Royal' (1840) was performed with great success by the Sacred Harmonic So- ciety, the orchestra and chorus numbering five hundred, Caradori Allan being the solo vocalist. He also wrote additional ac- companiments to a number of Handel's works, besides making pianoforte scores of several more. Perry died on 4 March 1862, and was buried at Kensal Green. Perry's undoubted
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gifts enabled him to imitate rather than to create. His fluency proved disastrous to the character of his work. It is said that he was in the habit of writing out the instrumental parts of his large compositions from memory Before he had made a full orchestral score, and he frequently composed as many as four or five works simultaneously, writing a page of one while the ink of another was drying. [Norfolk News, 19 April 1862 ; Grove's Diet, of Music, s.v. Perry ; Sacred Harmonic Society, &c. ; private information.] R. H. L.
PERRY or PARRY, HENRY (1560?- 1617 ?), Welsh scholar, was born at Green- iield, Flint, about 1560. He was descended from Ednowain Bendew, founder of one of the fifteen tribes of North Wales (Bishop Humphreys's additions to WOOD'S Athena Oxon.} He matriculated from Balliol Col- lege, Oxford, 20 March 1578-9, at the age of eighteen, and graduated B.A. (from Glouces- ter Hall) 14 Jan. 1579-80, M.A. 23 March 1582-3, and B.D. (from Jesus College) 6 June 1597 (Alumni Oxon.} On leaving the university, about 1583, he went abroad, and, after many years' absence, returned to Wales as chaplain to Sir Richard Bulkeley of Baron Hill, near Beaumaris. During his stay at Beaumaris he married the daughter of Robert Vaughan, a gentleman of the place. An attempt was made by his enemies to show that his first wife (of whom nothing is known) was still living, but Perry suc- ceeded in clearing his reputation. He may possibly be the ' Henry Parry, A.M.,' who, according to Browne Willis (St. Asaph, edit. 1801, i. 315), was rector of Llandegla be- tween 1574 and 1597. He was instituted to the rectory of Rhoscolyn on 21 Aug. 1601, promoted to that of Trefdraeth by Bishop Rowlands on 30 Dec. 1606, installed canon of Bangor on 6 Feb. 1612-13, and received in addition from Rowlands the rectory of Llan- fachreth, Anglesey, on 5 March 1613-14. The date of his death is not recorded, but as his successor in the canonry was installed on 30 Dec. 1617, it probably took place in that year.
Dr. John Davies, in the preface to his * Dictionary ' (1632), speaks of l Henricus Perrius vir linguarum cognitione insignis' as one of many Welsh scholars who dur- ing the preceding sixty years had planned a similar enterprise. But the only work pub- lished by Perry was ' Egluryn Ffraethineb ' (' Elucidator of Eloquence'), aWelsh treatise on rhetoric, the outlines of which had pre- viously been written by William Salesbury [q. v.], translator of the New Testament into Welsh. This appeared in London in 1595
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in the new orthography adopted by John David Rhys in his recently published gram- mar (1592). A reprint, with many omissions, was issued by Dr. William Owen Pughe [q. v.] (London, 1807), and this was reprinted at Llanrwst in 1829. The preface shows that Perry knew something of eleven lan- guages.
[Wood's Athense Oxonienses, with Bishop Humphreys's additions ; Kowlands's Cambrian Bibliography, 1869; Kowlands's Mona Antiqua (catalogue of clergy) ; Hanes Llenyddiaetli Gymreig, by G-weirydd ap Rhys.] J. E. L.
PERRY, JAMES (1756-1821), journalist, son of a builder, spelling his name Pirie, was born at Aberdeen on 30 Oct. 1756. He re- ceived ^he rudiments of his education at Garioch cii.. •"'"••' • fT>e shire of Aberdeen, from the Rev. W. Tait, . . ian of erudition, and was afterwards trained at the Aberdeen high school by the brothers Dunn. In 1771 he was entered at Marischal College, Aberdeen University, and he was placed under Arthur Dingwall Fordyce to qualify himself for the Scottish bar. Through the failure of his father's speculations he was compelled to earn his own bread. He was for a time an assistant in a draper's shop at Aberdeen. He then joined Booth's company of actors, where he met Thomas Holcroft [q. v.], with whom he at first quarrelled, but was later on very- friendly terms (cf. HOLCROFT, Memoirs, i. 293-300). Perry is said to have been at one time a member of Tate Wilkinson's com- pany, when he fell in love with an actress who slighted him. His cup of misery was filled on his return to Edinburgh, when West Digges, with whom he was acting, told him that his brogue unfitted him for the stage. Perry then sought fortune in England, and lived for two years at Manchester as clerk to Mr. Dinwiddie, a manufacturer. In this position he read many books, and took an active part in the debates of a literary and philosophical society. In 1777, at twenty-one years old, he made his way to London with the highest letters of recommendation from his friends in Lan- cashire, but failed to find employment. During this enforced leisure he amused himself with writing essays and pieces of poetry for a paper called 'The General Advertiser.' One of his pieces attracted the attention of one of the principal proprietors of the paper who was junior partner in the firm of Richardson & Urquhart, booksellers. Perry was conse- quently engaged as a regular contributor at a guinea per week, with an additional half- guinea for assistance in bringing out the ' London Evening Post.' In this position he toiled with the greatest assiduity, and during
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the trials of the two admirals, Keppel and Palliser, he sent up daily from Portsmouth eight columns of evidence, the publication of which raised the sale of the ' General Advertiser' to a total of several thousands each day. At the same time he published anonymously several political pamphlets and poems, and was a conspicuous figure in the debating societies which then abounded in London. He is said to have rejected offers from Lord Shelburne and Pitt to enter par- liament.
Perry formed the plan and was the first editor of the l European Magazine/ which came out in January 1782 ; he conducted it for twelve months. He was then offered by the proprietors, who were the chief book- sellers in London, the post of editor of the ' Gazetteer,' and he accepted tho o^ . on con- dition that he should ' allowed to make the paper an organ of the views of C. J. Fox, whose principles he supported. One of Perry's improvements was the introduction of a suc- cession of reporters for the parliamentary debates, so as to procure their prompt pub- lication in an extended form. By this ar- rangement the paper came out each morning with as long a chronicle of the debates as used to appear in other papers in the follow- ing evening or later. He conducted the * Gazetteer/ for eight years, when it was purchased by some tories, who changed its politics, and Perry severed his connection with it. During apart of this time he edited ' Debrett's Parliamentary Debates.'
About 1789 the 'Morning Chronicle' was purchased by Perry and a Scottish friend, James Gray, as joint editors and proprietors. The funds for its acquisition and improve- ment were obtained through small loans from Ransoms, the bankers, and from Bellamy, the caterer for the House of Commons, and through the advance by Gray of a legacy of 500/. which he had just received. In their hands the paper soon became the leading organ of the whig party. Perry is described as 'volatile and varied,' his partner as a profound thinker. Gray did not long survive; but through Perry's energy the journal main- tained its reputation until his death. Its cir- culation was small for some years, and the cost of keeping it on foot was only met by strict economy; but by 1810 the sale had risen to over seven thousand copies per diem. Perry was admirably adapted for the post of editor. He moved in many circles of life, l was every day to be seen in the sauntering lounge along Pall Mall and St. James's Street, and the casual chit-chat of one morning furnished matter for the columns of the next day's " Chronicle.'" In the shop of Debrett he
YOL. XLV.
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made the acquaintance of the leading whigs, and, to obtain a complete knowledge of French affairs, he spent a year in Paris ' during the critical period ' of the Revolution. On taking over the newspaper Perry lived in the narrow part of Shire Lane, off Fleet Street, lodging with a bookbinder called Lunan,who had mar- ried his sister. Later Perry and his partner Gray lived with John Lambert, the printer of the ' Morning Chronicle,' who had premises in Shire Lane. Eventually the business was removed to the corner house of Lancaster Court, Strand, afterwards absorbed in Wel- lington Street. The official dinners of the editors in this house were often attended by the most eminent men of the day, and Person playfully dubbed them 'my lords of Lan- caster.' John Taylor states that Perry had chambers in Clement's Inn (Records of mv Life, i. 241-2).
During Perry's management many leading writers contributed to the ' Morning Chro- nicle.' Ricardo addressed letters to it, and Sir James Mackintosh wrote in it. Charles Lamb was an occasional contributor, and during 1800 and 1801 Thomas Campbell fre- quently sent poems to it, chief among them being < The Exile of Erin,' the < Ode to Winter,' and ' Ye Mariners of England ' (BEATTIE, Life of Campbell, i. 305, &c.) Hazlitt was at first a parliamentary reporter and then a theatrical critic. Perry expressed dissatisfaction with the length of his contributions, which in- cluded some of his finest criticisms. Cole- ridge was also a contributor, and Moore's ' Epistle from Tom Cribb ' appeared in Sep- tember 1815. Serjeant Spankie is said to have temporarily edited it, and he introduced to Perry John Campbell, afterwards lord chancellor and Lord Campbell, who was glad to earn some money with his contri- butions to its pages (Life of Lord Camp- bell, i. 45-182). During the last years of Perry's life the paper was edited by John Black [q. v.]
The success of the 'Morning Chronicle' was not established without prosecutions from the official authorities. On 25 Dae. 1792 there appeared in it an advertisement of the address passed at the meeting of the Society for Political Information at the Talbot Inn, Derby, on the preceding 16 July. An information ex officio was filed in the court of king's bench in Hilary term 1793, and a rule for a special jury was made in Trinity term. Forty-eight jurors were struck, the number was reduced to twenty-four, and the cause came on, but only seven of them ap- peared in the box. The attorney-general did not pray a tales, and the case went off. In Michaelmas term the prosecution took out a
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rule for a new special j ury, and, on the opposi- tion of the defendants, the case was argued before Buller and two other judges, when it was laid down ' that the first special jury struck, and reduced according to law, must try the issue joined between parties.' Ulti- mately the case came before Lord Kenyon and a special jury on 9 Dec. 1793, the de- fendants being charged with ' having printed and published a seditious libel.' Scott (after- wards Lord Eldon) prosecuted, and Erskine defended. The jury withdrew at two in the afternoon, and after five hours they agreed to a special verdict, ' guilty of publishing, but with no malicious intent.' The j udge refused to accept it, and at five in the morning of the following day their verdict was f not guilty.' This result is said to have been due to the firmness of one juryman, a coal mer- chant (State Trials, xx'ii. 954-1020).
On 21 March 1798 Lord Minto brought before the House of Lords a paragraph in the j 1 Morning Chronicle' of 19 March, sarcasti- cally setting out that to vindicate the im- portance of that assembly ' the dresses of the opera-dancers are regulated there.' Printer j and publisher appeared next day, when Lord Minto proposed a fine of 507. each and im- prisonment in Newgate for three months. Lord Derby and the Duke of Bedford pro- posed a reduction to one month, but they were defeated by sixty-nine votes to eleven, j Perry and Lambert were committed accord- j ingly (HANSARD, xxxiii. 1310-13). During the term of this imprisonment levies of i Perry's friends were held at Newgate, and presents of game, with other delicacies, were sent there constantly. On his release from gaol an elaborate entertainment was given to him at the London Tavern, and a ' silver- gilt vase ' was presented to him.
Perry was tried before Lord Ellenborough and a special jury on 24 Feb. 1810 for in- serting in the ' Morning Chronicle' on 2 Oct. ! 1809 a paragraph from the ' Examiner' of | the brothers Hunt that the successor of J George III would have ' the finest oppor- tunity of becoming nobly popular.' Perry defended himself with such vigour that the jury immediately pronounced the defendants not guilty (State Trials, xxxi. 335-68).
With increasing prosperity Perry moved into Tavistock House, in the open space at the north-east corner of Tavistock Square, London, and also rented Wandlebank House, Wimbledon, near the confines of the parish of Merton. Tavistock House was afterwards divided, and the moiety which retained that name was occupied by Charles Dickens. The house was long noted for its parties of political and literary celebrities, and Miss
Mitford, who from 1813 was a frequent visitor, says that ' Perry was a man so genial and so accomplished that even when Erskine, Romilly, Tierney, and Moore were present, he was the most charming talker at his own table ' (L'EsTRANGE, Life of Miss Mitford, in. 254). His house near Merton adjoined that of Nelson, who stood godfather to his daughter, and wrote him a letter on the death of Sir William Hamilton (Notes and Queries, 4th ser. v. 293). On the banks of the Wandle, near this house, some ma- chinery for multiplying pictures, designated the ' polygraphic art,' was set up by Perry. It resulted in failure, and after some years the premises were converted into a corn-mill. In his hands this undertaking was not a success, but it was afterwards let at a good profit. Particulars and a plan of this estate, comprising house, mill, calico factory, and in all 160 acres of land, were flrawn up by Messrs. Robins for a sale by them on 24 July 1822.
Perry's health began to decline about 1817 through an internal disease, which compelled him to undergo several painful operations. In 1819 Jekyll writes that he was ' quite broken up in health and cannot last.' His physicians recommended him to spend the close of his life at his house at Brighton, and he died there on 5 Dec. 1821. He was buried in the family vault in Wimbledon church on 12 Dec., where a tablet to his memory was erected by the Fox Club on the east side of the south aisle. He married, on 23 Aug. 1798, Anne Hull, who bore him eight chil- dren. Apprehensive of consumption, she took a voyage to Lisbon for the benefit of her health. Her recovery was completed, and she was in 1814 on her way back to England in a Swedish vessel when it was captured by an Algerine frigate and carried off to Africa. She suffered much through these trials, and even after her release, by the exertions of the English consul, was detained six weeks waiting for a vessel to take her away. Her strength failed, and she died at Bordeaux, on her way home, in February 1815, aged 42. Their son, Sir Thomas Erskine Perry, is men- tioned separately. Another son was British consul at Venice (cf. SALA, Life and Adven- tures, ii. 94-5). A daughter married Sir Thomas Frederick Elliot, K.C.M.G., assistant under-secretary of state for the colonies, and soothed the last years of Miss Berry (Journals, iii. 513). Perry maintained his aged parents in comfort, and brought up the family of his sister by her husband Lunan, from whom she was divorced by Scottish law. This sister married Porson in November 1795, and died on 12 April 1797. Porson lived with Perry '
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before and after his marriage, and it was at his house inMerton that the Greek professor lost through fire his transcript of about half of the Greek lexicon of Photius and his notes on Aristophanes (' Porsoniana ' in ROGERS'S Table Talk, p. 322).
Perry had remarkably small quick eyes and stooped in the shoulders. Leigh Hunt adds that he ' not unwillingly turned his eyes upon the ladies.' His fund of anecdote was abundant, his acquaintance with secret his- tory 'authentic and valuable.' J. P. Collier complains that he was ' always disposed to treat the leaders of the whigs with subser- vient respect. He never quite lost his retail manner acquired in the draper's shop at Aber- deen.' He is said to have died worth 1 30,000/. , the sale of his paper realising no less than 42,000/. His library of rare and valuable editions of standard works was dispersed a few weeks after his death. Letters from him are in Tom Moore's ' Memoirs ' (viii. 127-8, 146-7, 177-9), Dr. Parr's 'Works' (viii. 120), and in Miss Mitford's 'Friendships' (i. 110- 111). He reprinted, with a preface of thirty- one pages, the account of his trial in 1810, and lie drew up a preface for the reprint from the ' Morning Chronicle ' of November and December 1807 of 'The Six Letters of A. B. on the Differences between Great Britain and the United States of America.'
A portrait was painted by Sir Thomas Lawrence. Of this Wivell made a drawing which was engraved by Thomson in the 'European Magazine' for 1818. An original drawing of Perry in water-colours by John Jackson, R.A., is at the print room of the British Museum.
[Gent. Mag. 1797 pt. i. p. 438, 1798 pt. ii. p. 722, 1815 pt. i. p. 282, 1821 pt. ii. pp. 565-6 ; Ann. Biogr. and Obituary, vii. 380-91 ; European Mag. 1818 pt. ii. pp. 187-90 ; Grant's Newspaper Press, i. 259-80 ; Fox-Bourne's Newspapers, i. 248-68, 279, 363-7 ; F. K Hunt's Fourth Estate, ii. 103-13; Andrews's Journalism, i. 229-33, 248, 265-6, ii. 40, 48 ; Cunningham's London (ed. Wheatley), ii. 365, iii. 349; Watson's Life of Porson, pp. 125-9 ; Collier's Old Man's Diary, pt. ii. pp. 42-5, 86 ; Jerdan's Men I have known, pp. 329-35; Miller's Biogr. Sketches, i. 147-9; P. L. Gordon's Personal Memoirs, i. 235-63, 280- 285; Bardett's Wimbledon, pp. 83, 89, 170-1.]
W. P. C.
PERRY, JOHN (1670-1732), civil en- gineer and traveller, second son of Samuel Perry of Rodborough, Gloucestershire, and Sarah, his wife, daughter of Sir Thomas Nott, was born at Rodborough in 1670. He entered the navy, and at the beginning of 1690 is described as lieutenant of the ship Montague, commanded by Captain John
Lay ton. In January 1690 he lost the use of his right arm, from a wound. received during an engagement with a French privateer! In 1693 he superintended the repair of the Montague in Portsmouth harbour, on which occasion he devised an engine for throwing out water from deep sluices. In the same year he appears as commander of the fireship Cygnet, attached to the man-of-war Diamond, the commander of the latter being Captain Wickham. While the two vessels were cruising about twenty leagues off Cape Clear, on 20 Sept. 1693, they were attacked by two large French privateers, and compelled to surrender. Perry declares.that his superior, Wickham, gave him no orders, and struck his flag after a slight resistance, thus leaving the Cygnet a helpless prey to her stronger assailant. Wickham, however, maintained that Perry refused to co-operate with him, and was also guilty of a dereliction of duty in not setting fire to his ship before the French- men boarded her. Perry being put on his trial before a court-martial, Captain Wick- ham's charges were held proved, and Perry was sentenced to a fine of 1,000/. and ten years' imprisonment in the Marshalsea. While in prison he wrote a pamphlet en- titled ' Regulations for Seamen,' in the ap- pendix of which he gave a long statement of his case, protesting bitterly against the in- justice of his condemnation. The pamphlet is dated 18 Dec. 1694. Perry eventually obtained his release, for in April 1698 he is mentioned as having been introduced by Lord Carmarthen to the czar Peter, then on a visit to England. Peter, struck with Perry's knowledge of engineering, engaged him to go out to Russia immediately, to superintend the naval and engineering works then under progress in that country. Perry was pro- mised his expenses, an annual salary of 300/., and liberal rewards in case his work proved of exceptional value.
Perry arrived in Russia in the early summer of 1698. He was first employed to report on the possibility of establishing a canal between the rivers Volga and Don. This being de- clared feasible, the work was begun in 1700, but the progress made was slow, owing to the incapacity of the workmen, the delay in supplying materials, and the opposition of the nobility. Perry also was much annoyed at the czar's neglect to pay him any salary. In Sep- tember 1701 Perry, who now received the title of ' Comptroller of Russian Maritime Works/ was summoned to Moscow, and early in 1702 ordered to Voronej, on the right bank of the river of that name, to establish a dock. This was completed in 1703, after which Perry was employed in making the Yoronej river r
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navigable for ships of war the whole way from the city of Voronej to the Don. To 1710 Perry continued to be employed in surveys and engineering work on and around the river Don. After some delay, caused by the Turkish war of 1711, he received instructions to draw plans for making a canal between St.. Peters- burg and the Volga. He fixed on a route, the works were begun, but Perry was now ren- dered desperate by the czar's continued refusal to reward his services. A final petition to Peter was followed by a quarrel, and Perry, afraid for his life, put himself under the protection of the English ambassador, Mr. Whitworth, and returned und»r his care to England in 1712. During fourteen years' service in Russia, he had only received one year's salary. In 1716 he brought out an interest- ing work on the condition of Russia, entitled ' State of Russia under the present Tsar.' It contains a full account of the personal annoyances suffered by Perry during his stay in Russia.
In 1714, tenders being invited to stop the breach in the Thames embankment at Dagen- ham, Perry offered to do the work for 25,000/. The contract was, however, given to William Boswell, who asked only 16,300/. Boswell having found his task impossible, the work was entrusted to Perry in 1715. He com- pleted it successfully in five years' time ; but the expenses so far exceeded anticipation that, though an extra sum of 15,000/. was granted to him by parliament, and a sum of 1,000/. presented to him by the local gentry, Perry gained no profit by the transaction. He pub- lished an account thereof in 'An Account of the Stopping of Dagenham Breach' (1721). In 1724 Perry was appointed engineer to the proposed new harbour works at Rye. He subsequently settled in Lincolnshire, and was elected a member of the Antiquarian Society at Spalding on 16 April 1730. He died at Spalding, while acting as engineer to a com- pany formed for draining the Lincolnshire fens, in February 1732.
[Perry's works ; Report of Lawsuits relating to Dagenham Breach Works, John Perry, Ap- pellant, and. William Boswell, Respondent ; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 115, vi. 104: Smiles's Lives of the Engineers, i. 73-82.] G. P. M-Y.
PERRY, SAMPSON (1747-1823), pub- licist, was born at Aston, Birmingham, in 1747, and was brought up to the medical pro- fession. While acting as surgeon, with the rank of captain, to the Middlesex militia, he published in 1785 a 'Disquisition on the Stone and Gravel,' and in 1786 a ' Treatise on Lues Gonorrhoea.' In 1789 he started or revived the 'Argus,' a violent opposition daily paper.
In 1791 he was twice sentenced to six months' imprisonment for libels respectively on John Walter of the ( Times,' and on Lady Fitz- gibbon, wife of the Irish lord chancellor. He was also fined 100/. for accusing the king and Pitt of keeping back Spanish news for stock- jobbing purposes, and was convicted of a libel on the House of Commons, which, he alleged, did not really represent the country. To avoid imprisonment for this last offence, he fled, in January 1793, to Paris, where on a previous visit he had made, through Thomas Paine, the acquaintance of Condorcet, Petion, Brissot, Dumouriez, and Santerre. A reward of 100/. was offered by the British government for his apprehension. He joined the British revolu- tionary club, gave evidence at Marat's trial respecting the attempted suicide of a young Englishman named Johnson, was arrested with the other English residents in August 1793, and spent fourteen months in Paris prisons. Herault de Sechelles summoned him, on the trial of the Dantonists, to testify to the innocence of his negotiations with the English whigs, but the trial was cut short without witnesses for the defence being heard . On his release at the close of 1794 Perry returned to London, surrendered on his out- lawry, and was imprisoned in Newgate till the change of ministry in 1801. While in Newgate he published ' Oppression : Ap- peal of Captain Perry to the People of Eng- land ' (1795), ' Historical Sketch of the French Revolution' (1796), and ' Origin of Government' (1797). On his liberation he edited the ' Statesman,' and had cross suits for libel with Lewis Goldsmith [q. v.], being awarded only a farthing damages. At the close of his life he was in pecuniary straits, and was an insolvent debtor, but was on the point of being discharged in 1823 when he died of heart disease. Twice married, he left a widow and family.
[Gent. Mag. 1823, pt. ii. p. 280; Annual Re- gister, 1791 p. 16, 1792 p. 38; Morning Chro- nicle, 25 July 1823 ; Ann. Biogr. 1824 contains a fabulous account of his escape from the guillo- tine ; Andrews's Hist, of British Journalism; Alger's Englishmen in French Revolution ; Athenaeum, 25 Aug. and 1 Sept. 1894.]
J. G. A.
PERRY, STEPHEN JOSEPH (1833- 1889), astronomer, was born in London on 26 Aug. 1833. His father, Stephen Perry, was head of the well-known firm of steel- pen manufacturers in Red Lion Square. His mother died when he was seven years old. At nine he was sent to school at Gifford Hall, whence, after a year and a half, he was transferred to Douay College in France. During his seven years' course there a voca-
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tion to the priesthood developed in him, and he proceeded for theological study to the English College at Rome. He entered the Society of Jesus on 12 Nov. 1853, and in 1856 came to Stonyhurst for training in philosophy and physical science. His mathe- matical ability led to his being appointed to assist Father Weld in the observatory; he matriculated in 1858 at the university of London, studied for a year under De Morgan, then attended the lectures in Paris of Cauchy, Liouville, Delaunay, Serrat, and Bertrand. On his return to Stonyhurst, late in 1860, he was nominated professor of mathematics in the college and director of the observatory; but the three years previous to his ordination, on 23 Sept. 1866, were spent at St. Beuno's College, North Wales, in completing his theological course; the two years of pro- bation customary in the Jesuit order fol- lowed ; so that it was not until 1868 that he was able definitively to resume his former charges.
His public scientific career began with magnetic surveys of western and eastern France in 1868 and 1869, and of Belgium in 1871. Father Sidgreaves, the present di- rector of the Stonyhurst observatory, assisted him in the first two sets of operations, Mr. W. Carlisle in the third. The successive pre- sentations before the Royal Society of their results, as well as of the magnetic data col- lected at Stonyhurst between 1863 and 1870, occasioned Father Perry's election to fellow- ship of the Royal Society on 4 June 1874. He became a fellow of the Royal Astrono- mical Society on 9 April 1869, and was chosen to lead one of four parties sent by it to observe the total solar eclipse of 22 Dec. 1870. His station was at San Antonio, near Cadiz ; his instrument, the Stonyhurst 9^-inch Cassegrain reflector, fitted with a direct- vision spectroscope ; his special task, the scrutiny of the coronal spectrum, in the discharge of which he was, however, impeded by the intervention of thin cirro-stratus clouds (Monthly Notices, xxxi. 62, 149 ; Memoirs Royal Astron. Society, xli. 423, 627).
Perry's services were thenceforward indis- pensable in astronomical expeditions, and he shrank from none of the sacrifices, including constant suffering from sea-sickness, which they entailed. On occasion of the transit of Venus on 8 Dec. 1874, he was charged with the observations to be made on Kerguelen Island. They were fundamentally success- ful; but the dimness of the sky marred the spectroscopic and photographic part of the work. The stay of the party in this 1 Land of Desolation' was protracted to nearly five months by the necessity and difficulty,
in so atrocious a climate, of determining its absolute longitude. This end was attained in the face of innumerable hardships and the gloomy prospect of half-rations. After a stormy voyage Father Perry left the Volage at Malta, and was received by the pope at Rome. His graphic account of the adventure was reprinted in 1876 from the ' Month,' vols. vi. and vii. A ' Report on the Meteorology of Kerguelen Island,' drawn up by him for the meteorological office, appeared" in 1879, while his statement as to the astronomical results of his mission was included in the official report on the transit.
For the observation of the corresponding event of 6 Dec. 1882, he headed a party stationed at Nos Vey, a coral reef close to the south-west shore of Madagascar, where, favoured by good weather, he completely carried out his programme. Father Sid- greaves, his coadjutor here, as at Kerguelen, described the expedition in the 'Month' for April 1883. Father Perry next formed part of the Royal Society's expedition to the West Indies for the solar eclipse of 19 Aug. 1886. His spectroscopic observations, made in the island of Carriacou, were much impeded by mist. His report appeared in the 'Philo- sophical Transactions,' clxxx. 351. Again, as an emissary of the Royal Astronomical Society, he was stationed at Pogost on the Volga to observe the eclipse of 19 Aug. 1887 ; but this time the clouds never broke. His last journey was to the Salut Islands, a French convict settlement off Guiana. This time he was charged by the Royal Astro- nomical Society with the photography of the eclipsed sun on 22 Dec. 1889, for the purpose of deciding moot-points regarding the corona. In the zeal of his preparations, however, he disregarded danger from the pestilential night air, contracted dysentery, and was able, only by a supreme effort, to expose the designed series of plates during the critical two minutes. Then, in honour of their apparent success, he called for ' three cheers' from the officers of her majesty's ships Comus and Forward, in which the eclipse party had been conveyed from Barbados, adding, < I can't cheer, but I will wave my helmet.' But collapse ensued. He was taken on board the Comus, and Captain Atkinson put to sea in the hope of catching restora- tive breezes. But the patient died on the afternoon of 27 Dec. 1889, and was buried at Georgetown, Demerara, where he had been expected to deliver a lecture on the results of the eclipse. The photographs taken by him were brought home, necessarily undeveloped, by his devoted assistant, Mr. Rooney, but proved to have suffered
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damage from heat and damp. A drawing from the best preserved plate by Miss Violet Common was published as a frontispiece to the 'Observatory' for March 1890, with a note by Mr. W. H. Wesley on the character of the depicted corona.
Perry's character was remarkable for sim- plicity and earnestness. He had the trans- parent candour of a child ; his unassuming kindliness inspired universal affection. In conversation he was genial and humorous, and he enjoyed nothing more than a share in the Stonyhurst games, exulting with boyish glee over a top score at cricket. Yet his dedication to duty was absolute, his patience inexhaustible. Enthusiastic astronomer as he was, he was still before all things a priest. He preached well, and his last two sermons were delivered in French to the convicts of Salut. The astronomical efficiency of the Stonyhurst observatory was entirely due to him, his efforts in that direction being ren- dered possible by the acquisition in 1867 of an 8-inch equatorial by Troughton and Simms. Various other instruments were added, including the 5-inch Clark refractor used by Prebendary T. W. Webb [q. y.] Two small spectroscopes were purchased in 1870 ; a six-prism one by Browning was in constant use from October 1879 for the measurement of the solar chromosphere and prominences ; and a fine Rowland's grating, destined for systematically photographing the spectra of sun-spots, was mounted by Hilger in 1888. In 1880 Perry set on foot the regular de- lineation by projection of the solar surface, and the drawings, executed by Mr. McKeon on a scale of ten inches to the diameter, form a series of great value, extending over nineteen years. By their means Perry dis- covered in 1881, independently of Trouve- lot, the phenomenon of ' veiled spots ; ' and he made the Stonyhurst methods of investi- gating the solar surface the subject of a Friday evening discourse at the Royal Institution in May 1889, as well as of a paper read before the Royal Astronomical Society on 14 June 1889 (Memoirs, xlix. 273). But while his chief energies were directed to solar physics, his plan of work included also observations of Jupiter's satellites, comets, and occulta- tions, besides the maintenance of a regular watch for shooting stars. The magnetic and meteorological record was moreover extended and improved.
His popularity as a lecturer was great. He drew large audiences in Scotland and the nortli of England, discoursed in French to the scientific society of Brussels in 1876 and 1882 (Annales, tomes i., vi.), and to the Catholic scientific congress at Paris in 1888, delivered
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addresses at South Kensington in 1876, in Dublin in 1886, at Cambridge, and before the British Association at Montreal in 1884. His success was in part due to the extreme carefulness of his preparation. Thoroughness "and uncompromising industry were indeed conspicuous in every detail of his scientific work.
Perry served during his later years on the council of the Royal Astronomical Society, on the committee of solar physics, and on the committee of the British Association for the reduction of magnetic observations. He was a member of the Royal Meteorological Society, of the Physical Society of London, and delivered his inaugural address as presi- dent of the Liverpool Astronomical Society almost on the eve of his final departure from England. The Academia Pontificia dei Nuovi Lincei at Rome, the Societe Scientifique of Brussels, and the Society Geographique of Antwerp enrolled him among their members, and he received an honorary degree of D.Sc. from the Royal University of Ireland in 1886. He took part in the international photo- graphic congresses at Paris in 1887 and 1889. Numerous contributions from him were pub- lished in the ' Memoirs ' and l Notices ' of the Royal Astronomical Society, in the ' Pro- ceedings ' of the Royal Society, in the ' Ob- servatory,' f Copernicus,' f Nature,' and the ' British Journal of Photography.' He had some slight preparations for an extensive work on solar physics. A 15-inch refractor, purchased from Sir Howard Grubb with a fund raised by public subscript ion,was erected as a memorial to him in the Stonyhurst ob- servatory in November 1893.
[Father Perry, the Jesuit Astronomer, by the Rev. A. L. Cortie, S.J., 2nd ed. 1890 (with por- trait); Monthly Notices Royal Astron. Soc. 1. 168 ; Proc. Eoyal Soc. vol. xlviii. p. xii ; Nature, xli. 279 ; E. P. Thirion, Revue des Questions Scientifiques, Brussels, 20 Jan. 1890; The Ob- servatory, xiii. 62,81, 259; Sidereal Messenger, No. 85 (with portrait) ; Men of the Time, 12th ed. 1887; Times, 8 Jan. 1890; Tablet, 11 and 25 Jan. 1 and 22 Feb. 1890.] A. M. C.
PERRY, SIR THOMAS ERSKINE
(1806-1882), Indian judge, born at Wandle- bank House, Wimbledon, on 20 July 1806, was the second son of James Perry [q. v.], proprietor and editor of the ' Morning Chro- nicle,' by his wife Anne, daughter of John Hull of Wilson Street, Finsbury Square, London. He was baptised in AVimbledon church on 11 Oct. 1806, Lord Chancellor Erskine and Dr. Matthew Raine of the Charterhouse being two of his sponsors (BARTLETT, History and Antiquities of Wim- bledon, 1865, pp. 115-16), and was educated
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at Charterhouse and Trinity College, Cam- bridge, where he graduated B.A. in 1829. He was admitted a member of Lincoln's Inn on 3 Feb. 1827, and was for some time a pupil of John Patteson [q. v.], afterwards a justice of the king's bench; but, taking a "dislike to the law, he went in 1829 to Munich, where he resided with his friend, the second Lord Erskine, the British minister, and studied at the university. On his return to England, in the beginning of 1831, Perry took an active part in the reform agitation. He became honorary secretary of the Na- tional Political Union of London, and founded the Parliamentary Candidate Society, the object of which was, according to the pro- spectus, dated 21 March 1831, * to support reform by promoting the return of fit and proper members of parliament.' He was proposed as a candidate for Wells at the general election in the spring of 1831, but subsequently withdrew from the contest at the advice of his committee. At the general election in December 1832 he unsuccessfully contested Chatham in the advanced liberal interest against Colonel Maberly, the govern- ment candidate. Having left the society of Lincoln's Inn on 30 May 1832, he was ad- mitted to the Inner Temple on 2 June fol- lowing, and was called to the bar on 21 Nov. 1834. Though he joined the home circuit, Perry appears to have devoted himself to law reporting. In this work he collaborated with Sandford Nevile, and subsequently with Henry Davison. With Nevile he was the joint author of ' Reports of Cases relating to the Office of Magistrates determined in the Court of King's Bench,' &c. [from Michael- mas term 1836 to Michaelmas term 1837], London, 1837, 8vo, pts. i. and ii. (incom- plete), and ' Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of King's Bench, and upon Writs of Error from that Court to the Exchequer Chamber,' &c. [from Michael- mas term 1836 to Trinity term 1838], Lon- don, 1837-9, 1838, 8vo, 3 vols. He was associated with Davison in the production of * Reports of Cases argued and determined in the Court of King's Bench, and upon Writs of Error from that Court to the Exchequer Chamber,' &c. [from Michaelmas term 1838 to Hilary term 1841], London, 1839-42, 8vo, 4 vols.
Having lost the greater part of his fortune by the failure of a bank in 1840, Perry applied to the government for preferment, and was appointed a judge of the supreme court of Bombay. He was knighted at Buckingham Palace on 11 Feb. 1841 (Lon- don Gazette, 1841, pt. i. p. 400), and was sworn into his judicial office at Bombay on
10 April in the same year. In May 1847 he was promoted to the post of chief justice in ;he place of Sir David Pollock, and continued ;o preside over the court until his retirement lorn the bench in the autumn of 1852. Owing to his strict impartiality in the ad- ministration of justice and his untiring exertions on behalf of education, Perry was exceedingly popular among the native com- munity of Bombay. A sum of 5,000/. was subscribed as a testimonial of their regard for him on his leaving India in November 1852 ; this sum, at his request,