hens Ao? Lede aimed due ed, We irete W610 ae os Veaer wn, NON i ) noe CELA "s Vasa ee CR RAL i, 4 TOR Cin) 4k ead ye eae : ‘ ie As ae HEHE RCC TON a PB eh it REN AA HY NA) aa yi i ' CN RCA LE Pah Fe 4S GO Lew ee er CD at he | Pink’ 5 Me & +H} ’ Rete BARS x ? y TRIMS rye) YG 4 LTH \ J is vF4 ‘“¢ oe) one Pe Moe a“ dae! LJ + ey 4 MA EAT IG | Cae a OC, Aye pee bd Af A of OCR ow Hever en Hae ea ek 7 4 Feu CTL cy hate palates 9 Cun 4 OS ey OOOO AO te On CL ue ee) ane Ware iste an vie ade ala * wares . “Or 4 Ms et cr oe SC eee an) F if BAe aa haalee +h ew) Pe, ¥ NE ‘¢ ee aint { a a iA Neat N 0 i a) by DORE UY a Vadega 414 hy oat rey Me Aeon) BRST CRNA Ba aS ; wer te uA Aerty Wied VA eta ee yf DEC A ATG Cs yh eas a 4 Hh uy . me AA Ray *) wide ive Ota: fgue Ke ip ee COEKI ee AXA) ’ wake ‘y iY Cees) Hah as a 6 hy nO : av ny ae Mw Presa" whe ate e, Khe “ Fae, SETI Vow 4 ¥ CANE RYN aes s, LAA .) Bye 14 COCA PAG Ce Ue aha a ROR OY is y Ox aaa ; St 44 Pane i ae eid aa rey MC MPe eC Oe . ry hae fon hie iY if Cas AR Ge ah CN Rha eas Ph’ a is a Ne i at dw a Med DEO eC Rs ead ates Se . pe atets ‘&: aie wit woh be yi 4 Raita Ago @ 0, 4 BS a SFESe “ anu 9.0 8 ee wo iy ot) rf ahs ee yeah ete ONG At " 2 f2=—>5 $2 ¢ Sia , rhe vc ith oe ae ee Wider if ; Ty dd ee We STEED CL Hewat Ky COA Ny : Mtetwa 2s Bia! sd, 4 hee bet ha ty RSCADL) higky Ww Hh My apse ) a de Dif NC Ie ith - (. ah ‘ a ie wy val ie sin im, if etn a PMO patie Faia 'e he fascia ihe et + aay Le reat aee?: : tetas 2 4 rye A Ro BKO4 ¥ i motes ea gests matey Ped ) xe eile ee ytd Ai tata toe bor Ca eet rt fives onda we Sistiyweayine ieatipicietstennenoates mich ecu tadatet emai “pint of yer Wana Tonut ie ih icaat Ph vit ye) et nine i’ r fa aA ek ' aaa oige.. 7 7 i F 5 ' - : 4, . oa, : ‘ OF ok PROCEEDINGS OF THE CALIFORNIA AUADEMY UF SGLENGES. SECOND SERIES P| Le sag : SS! OC | 4A — aS ~ Yip : ed 2 FOP. Wha VOLUME. ITf. 1890-1892. Committee of Publication: JOHN R. SCUPHAM. GUSTAV EISEN. FRANK H. VASLIT. TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE ASHLEY, GrEORGE H. An Illustration of the Flexure of Rock........ 319 BATT. Levine News Calutormian: CariGes.5.. 2222.2.) sense cess oe 104 BER ct. HieASING weINOtOCOMtA ahr eiens cw ow clete Gaurd vs cubseeietn bse 206 BRANDEGEE, T. S. Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California.. .... 108 Additions to the Flora of the Cape Region of Baja California.. 218 Bryant, WALTER E. Preliminary Description of a New Species of uneiGenms sep ucenrom ex COM me ene eo alee va 2) CAMPBELL, DouGLas H. Prothallium and Embryo of Marsilia vestita. 183 CoGNtaux, A. Cucurbitacearum noyum Genus et Species. ..... . Be! Coorer, J. G. On Gand and Fresh Water Shells of Lower Gakiotan. 99, 207, 338 EIGENMANN, CARL H. and Rosa §. Additions to the Fauna of San IDTECOr 5: : SOS SURG te ALAR eCE 1 Description of a Now Syeaee of isonactadeee EIGENMANN, Rosa 8. Description of a New Species wi Euprotomicrus 35 Eisen, Gustav. Anatomical Studies ona New Species of Ocnerodrilus 228 On the Anatomical Structures of two Species of Kerria........ 291 LINDGREN, WAaLpEMAR. Notes on the Geology and Petrography of Baja California, Mexico...... Eruptive Rocks from Montana. SL Re TIO Eo eke ee 39 Merriam, C. Hart. Description of a New Kanearao Rat from Lower 92 California (Dipodomys merriami melanurus subsp. noy.) collectedmbya Walter sh, Bryantic cesses noe eee: 345 RayMonp, W. J. Notes on the Subalpine Mollusca of the Sierra Ne- VALCLRRING ATI tS Ss croy stra crashes adage MC Re ae aaa eee ae arnt AYE | 61 Rivers, J. J. Description of the Larva of Wee ies Davidsonii Lee., andrashecord Of its IhifesHuStOtya ce sacs ees. ee. 93 INGWe SD EClesuOmms CATa.b B10 aah seme antec ase bieasetae eo aciniaaeeetas 97 A New Volutoid Shell from Monterey Bay.................... 107 Voeprs, ANTHONY W. Geological Surveys in the State of California. , 325 WRIGHT WinGey Descriptioneot a New Copaodes:--.-2.55/..+.4..-. 34 ROCHE DINGS yxy eerie orci aieks Tati une Sarai BAe eet SNe ke-tige oe - 347 IGRTBIOSS 5.5 3) Greece Acbsrete eies evn nO Sars i ae ROR ETE Gy toe ate ar ret a eee 38: APPENDIX: Additions to Library, 1890. List oF PLATES. I. Subalpine Mollusca. Il. Daseyllus Davidsoni. IlI-IV. Marsilia vestita. V-X. Species of Ocnerodrilus. XI-XII. Structure of Kerria. XIJI-XIV. Lower Californian Mollusca. Pmn@ew DLT GS (0 W431 —— POINT OAC AD! MY —— oF —— SO tre NiCr S:. ADDITIONS TO THE FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. BY CARL H. EIGENMANN & ROSA S. EIGENMANN. Within the past five months the conditions for the study of the ichthyological fauna of San Diego have become very favorable. Before that time each fisherman dis- posed of his catch as best he could; now practically all the fish caught are brought into two markets where we are enabled to examine the catch of each day as it is un- loaded. ‘To these conditions we owe the ability to enu- merate many forms which are either new or have not be- fore been found near San Diego. We are under many obligations to the fishermen who always desire to preserve strange forms for us, and whose knowledge in certain cases even a professional ichthyologist might envy. The types here enumerated will be deposited in the U. S. National Museum, the Museum of the Calitornia Academy of Sciences, and in our private collections. The catalogue numbers given in this paper refer to the register of the California Academy of Sciences. We are indebted to Mr. S. Garman for tracings of va- rious figures of Scopeloids otherwise inaccessible to us. 2p Ser., Vol. ILI. March 24, 1890. i) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. CYPRINID. 1. Phoxinus (Tigoma) orcuttii sp. nov. Types, over one hundred specimens, the largest .062 m. in length. Te- mecula River and tributaries. C. R. Orcutt, collector. Oct. 22, 1889. Catalogue No. Iorr. While camping Mr. Orcutt discovered a large number of fishes in a river about fifteen miles southeast of Tem- ecula station. By using a blanket as a seine a number were secured. Leaving out of consideration the Gaster- osteus microcephalus which enters rivers, but is properly a brackish water species, P2. orcuttz is the second*’species of fresh-water fish recorded from the western slopes of San Diego county. Judging from its large sandy bed, the river in which this species was discovered is evidently of considerable size during the rainy season. At the time it was visited it was but three to five feet wide, and a few inches deep. In places it disappeared entirely under the sand. At Temecula station in the Temecula river this species is still more abundant than in the mountains. Related to Pz. egregius and lineatus Grd. Head, 3%-4; depth, 4-4%; D. 8%; A. 7%; lat. 1. 58; teeth 1 (rarely) or 2, 5-4, I or (rarely) 2. Moderately compressed; head sub-conical, scarcely wider than high, its depth equal to head, less snout; eye large, 3% (insmaller specimens) to 4% in the head, 1% in interorbital; maxillary reaching to front of eye. Lateral line complete; little decurved. Origin of dorsal fin equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and pupil; height of dorsal equal to length of head less snout, but little less than the head in smallest specimens. Caudal widely forked, the lobes equal, a lit- tle higher than the dorsal. Anal, 14-1 inhead. Ventrals * Salmo irideus is found in Pala Creek. ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 3 inserted slightly anterior to the dorsal fin, their tips reach- ing the vent, not to anal. Pectoral fins 1%-1% in head, not nearly reaching the ventrals. Upper teeth strongly hooked, the lower more conical; the tips of all the teeth black in fresh specimens. Peritoneum black; intestinal tract little longer than the total length. A conspicuous plumbeus lateral band nearly as wide as depth of eye extending from shoulder to base of cau- dal; a triangular blackish spot on base of caudal; top of head and back downward to lateral band dark gray; ven- tral surface below lateral band pinkish in life; sides and middle of head with black dots; caudal smutty, other fins plain. SCOPELIDAL. The members of this family seem to be quite abund- ant. They descend to deep water in stormy weather, and are then eaten in quantity by the rock-cods, from whose mouths all the members so far known from this region were taken. They are more restricted in their habitat than might be expected. None of the species taken within twenty miles of Point Loma, with one doubtful exception, were found on Cortes Banks, and the three species collected on those banks have not, as yet, been taken near Point Loma. DIAPHUS gen. nov. Type: Diaphus theta sp. nov. Characters of Myctophum,; phosphorescent spots di- vided into halves by a median black line. The phosphorescent spots being very important charac- ters in the family Scopelid@, their peculiar modification in the species described below seemed to us to be of gen- eric value. 4. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. To this genus should be referred Scopelus engraulis Giin- ther, Challenger Report, Deep Sea Fishes, 197. 2. Diaphus theta sp. nov. Types, eleven specimens, .033-.065 m. long: from the mouths of several species of Sedastodes. Off Point Loma. C. H. E., collector. Catalogue No. 1003. Head, 3-3%; depth, 3%-4; D. 11-13; A. 9-12; lat. 1. 34: General shape of the head as in JZ. miillert (see Goode, Hist. Aquat. Animals; pl. 203), the tail deeper; the pec- toral placed lower. Compressed, deepest at nape, tapering evenly above and below to the caudal peduncle, whose depth is equal to half the greatest depth. Head short and deep, its depth t!in its length; profile convex, not encroached upon by the low supraorbitals; nasal ridge inconspicuous. Orbit 3 in head, 34 in interorbital. Preopercle little more oblique than in JZ. ca/zforniense and miilleri; maxillary 1% in the head. Scales entire. Origin of dorsal fin little nearer tip of snout than to or- igin of caudal; base of dorsal 2-2% in distance from base of middle caudal rays to last dorsal ray, which is slightly in advance of the origin of the anal; adipose fin equidistant from base of middle caudal rays and last dorsal ray; ven- trals reaching little beyond origin of anal; pectorals mi- nute, not reaching ventrals in large specimens; placed very low, little higher than in W/Z. brachychir. A conspicuous phosphorescent spot on snout just in front of each eye (the remainder of those on head some- what obscured through digestion) ; five pairs of phospho- rescent spots on breast, five pairs on belly, fourteen pairs from origin of anal to caudal, none on base of middle caudal rays, the remaining spots as in californiense with ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 5 an additional one just above the fourth pair on the breast (some of those on shoulder probably obliterated); no white blotches or spines about caudal peduncle. Black, scales strikingly ccerulescent; fins light. STENOBRACHIUS subg. nov. Type, MWyctophum leucopsarum sp. nov. The comparatively small eye and enlarged scales of the lateral line would place this species in the genus Alysia Low. It does not appear to us that the differ- ences are of sufficient importance to warrant more than a subgeneric separation from A/yctophum. As the name Alysia is preoccupied, and we are not able to examine specimens of the type of dA/ysza, we propose Stenobrachius as a subgeneric or generic name for this species, in allu- sion to the very narrow pectorals. 3. Myctophum (Stenobrachius) leucopsarum sp. nov. Types, 23 specimens .035-.100 m. long: from the mouths of species of Sebastodes taken off Point Loma. C.H.E., collector. Catalogue No. 1007. Head 3%-3% ; depth 4%-5%; D. 12-15; A. 14 or 15; (atl 36. General form of MZyctophum townsendi Eigenm. & Eigenm. Deep forward, tapering evenly to the caudal peduncle, whose depth is one-half the greatest depth. Head long and pointed, its superior and inferior profiles nearly equally inclined. Mouth large, maxillary reaching edge of preopercle, considerably dilated behind, 13-1} in head. Eye comparatively small, orbit 3% in head, 1 in interorbital. Interorbital with a slight median ridge, a groove on either side of it. Nasal ridge comparatively small. Preopercular margin oblique. Origin of dorsal nearer tip of snout than to base otf caudal, behind the ventrals; last dorsal ray over third or 6 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fourth anal ray. Base of dorsal 2% in its distance from the middle caudal ray. Highest dorsal ray equals head minus opercle. Adipose fin nearer dorsal than caudal. A white area just in front of the caudal on the dorsal sur- face, another on the ventral surface. Phosphorescent spots arranged as in JV. californiense, the three about the pectoral forming a straight vertical line instead of a tri- angle. Scales very thin, silvery or but slightly ccerulescent, those of the lateral line much deeper than the others, twice as large as those on the tail, about % larger than those of the body. Light, dotted with black, appearing lighter than any other species of this family found about San Diego. Mr. Samuel Garman has kindly sent us tracings of Myctophum coruscans and hians. In leucopsarum the scales of the lateral line are not so deep, the snout sharper, the pectoral narrower and placed lower than in coruscans, which is identical with the type of Adysza. ‘TARLETONBEANIA gen. nov. Type: Zarletonbeania tenua sp. nov. Related to IZyctophum, diftering from related genera in having no externally developed lateral line. Anal basis much longer than dorsal. Pectoral placed high as in Jlyctophum. Caudal peduncle extremely slender. Myctophum crenulare Jordan & Gilbert probably belongs to this genus. Dr. Gilbert informs us that it has no lat- eral line. It seems to have been nearly simultaneously de- scribed by J. & G. and by Dr. Tarleton H. Bean, for whom this genus is named. ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 7 4. Tarletonbeania tenua sp. nov. Type: a single specimen .073 m. October 31st, 1889. C.H.E., collector. The single specimen was taken out of the mouth of Sedastodes miniatus. It probably came from near the Coronado Islands. eadssojasnaeptheate, Drier o: WA .1 7. Greatly compressed; highest at shoulders, tapering to the very slender caudal peduncle, whose depth is 4% in the greatest depth, its width a little more than half its height. Ventral and dorsal outlines equally arched. Head as in Iyctophum californiense; the preopercular margin little inclined. Scales of back and belly rather small, those of the sides much larger, the smaller scales strongly denticulate ; the larger ones crenulate, all thin, deciduous. Origin of dorsal equidistant from tip of snout and base of caudal; adipose fin nearer dorsal than caudal. Length of caudal equal to the base of the dorsal. Anal basis long, 4 in the length. Ventrals reaching half way to seventh anal ray; pectorals to ventrals. No spines above or below on the caudal peduncle. Five pairs of phosphorescent spots in front of the ven- trals; six pairs between ventrals and anal; sixteen be- tween the origin of the anal and caudal; one spot above the last of those along the base of the anal; three extend- ing in an oblique series from the last of the abdominal spots upward and backward; one above the first of the abdominal spots; one on the lower margin of the anal basis; another in front of the middle of the pectoral, be- low which is another near the ventral series. This specimen differs from the description of J/. crenu- /are in its equally arched dorsal and ventral outlines; in the absence of spines on the caudal peduncle above and below; in the position of the dorsal and size of the ventrals. 8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5. Euthynnus pelamys (L.) Thynnus pelamys C. & V. Hist. Nat. Poiss. VIII, 112, 1831 (Rio Janeiro). Orcynus pelamys Poey, Syn. Pisc. Cub. 362, 1868; id. Enum, Pise, Cub. (Cuba). Sarda pelamys Gill. Cat. Fish. East Coast N. A. 24, 1873 (Cape Cod to Florida). Euthynnus pelamys Jordan & Gilbert, Syn. Fish, N. Am. 430, 1883 (copied); Jordan, Cat. Fish. N. Am. 69, 16953 1d. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus: 1886, "574° This species has hitherto been known from the warm parts of the Atlantic Ocean, the Indian Ocean and Japan. A single specimen, .47 m., was brought into the San Diego market Oct. 31, 1889, another Dec. 15, 1889, by the Portuguese fishermen. It was pointed out as some- thing rare, and with the statement that it was common in Portugal. It was provisionally identified with Z. pelamys (L.), though it differs from the description of that species in having no teeth on the palate, and but seven dorsal finlets, and from the figure in Goode, History of Aquatic Animals, pl. 95 b., in having the lateral streaks of the side continued forward to the shoulder. Head, 35 to end of middle caudal rays; depth, 33; D. XV 14--V Ils As TW, 22s Vike Metallic blue above, sides white with four black stripes extending from the shoulder-girdle backward, the lower ones decurved. Somewhat heavier than Sarda chilensis. Head conical, mouth moderate, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the eye; no teeth on vomer or palate; jaws each with a series of fine, sharp, recurved teeth. Eye large, with anterior and posterior adipose lid, 12 in snout, 6 in head, about 2 in interocular. Dorsals and anal fal- cate. Pectorals reaching vertical from roth dorsal spine. ADDITIONS TO FAUNA OF SAN DIEGO. 9 Corselet well developed, the scales extending along the base of the dorsals and ventrals, and along the lateral line; otherwise naked. SCIAENIDAL. 6. Genyonemus lineatus (Ayres). This species, while it was known to be abundant on the coast of California, does not seem to have been re- corded from San Diego. It was common in the bay on December 27th, and spawns in February. DITREMID/E. According to modern rules of nomenclature the name Embiotocide is not tenable, the name Lmdiotoca being a synonym of the objectionable Dztrema. 7. Damalichthys argyrosomus Girard. This species, not before recorded from San Diego, 1s not uncommon on the ocean shore, and enters the bay. It was first observed December 8, 1889, and has been noticed at several different times during the remainder ot the month. 8. Amphistichus rhodoterus (Agassiz). One 4, -19 m. January 10, 1890. With Amphistichus argenteus Agassiz. Silvery, the body profusely covered from dorsal to anal and ventral fins, with squarish, bronze spots, the color being exactly like that which forms bars and spots on 4. argenteus, except that the brassy color in argenteus 1s modified only by black dots, while in rhodoterus the brassy color is modified by both black and scarlet dots, the scarlet making the sides appear to be strongly tinged with red. The brassy ground color of the spots is not resolved into dots by the aid of a pocket lens, but appears IO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. as 1f evenly applied, and the red and black dots sprinkled upon it. Dorsal surface backward to insertion of dorsal fin, olive; a blue metallic reflection above lat. line from nape backward. Ventral surface backward to base of ven- trals strongly scarlet-tinged, the red and black dots ag- gregated on the breast to form crescents parallel with the scale margins; premaxillary posteriorily, and maxil- lary, checks and opercles also strongly red-tinged, this re- gion and the breast appearing, at a glance, to be ‘‘ blood- shot” All the fins, except the pectoral, blackish at tips and reddish-tinged; an olive streak through the dorsals which is most conspicuous anteriorly. Pectorals reddish at base, otherwise plain amd slightly olivaceous. Di M4, 27; Asli 30; depth, 2; head; 427 larwle tose Ennichthys heermanni Girard is not a synonym of this species. It probably is identical. with a=c. In convergent light it is noticed that the angle of the optical axes is quite large, probably nearer 20° than 10°, and that the plane of the optical axes lies perpendicularly to the plane of symmetry, not as in biotite, parallel to it. The mineral, therefore, belongs to the micas of the ‘‘ first-class,’’ and is probably an A nomzte. Twins are common among the mica crystals, as evidenced by the fact that apparently single foils between crossed nicols prove to be made up of two or more, turned at a certain angle with reference to each other. A basalt very similar to this, and also containing ano- mite crystals in its cavities, has been described by L. Bucca from Italy.* As a rule micaceous feldspar basalts are very rare. *Tl monte de Roccamonfina, Bott. Com. Geol. Roma, 1886, Nos. 7 and 8. 2p SER., VOL. III. (4) April 16, 1890. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW COPAODES. BY W. G. WRIGHT. Copeodes candida. ¢, expanse .85 to 1.1 inch. Both wings honey-yellow, immaculate, edged by a fine black line; fringe yellow. Secondaries, blackish at base; a dark ray from base along costa. Under side a little paler yellow; primaries black at base and for a little way along inner margin. Types in author’s museum. Habitat, canons in the foothills of southwestern Cali- fornia. This species I first took in 1883, and nearly every year since then has added one or more examples to my collec- tion. From the first I recognized it to be a new species, but I have kept it in abeyance until I should get a fair series, as I do not approve of the establishment of a species upon a single example. Having now, however, a dozen specimens, and all without variation, the species is entitled to recognition, and I have named it candida, signifying spotless, as in that respect it is faultless. I judge that its nearest ally is C. Hunus, a northern mountain species with more black at base and rays toward margin; and that its nearest southern relative is C. Wrighti7, a desert form with black sexual bar on disk of primaries, and light golden rays on under side of sec- ondaries, by which marks they can readily be separated from C. candida. All these species of Copzodes appear to be very local, and are scarce even in their own habitat— C’. Hunus hav- ing been named from a single specimen, while of the others only a few examples are taken in a year. 2p Ser. VOL. III. April 16, 1890. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF EUPROTOMICRUS. BY ROSA SMITH EIGENMANN. Euprotomicrus hyalinus. Type: One specimen .16 m. Racine Ocean Very dark seal brown, the ventral surface definitely a little lighter, the margins of the caudal and of both dor- sal fins hyaline, the ventral fins wholly hyaline, the pec- toral mostly so, having the dorsal margin and a spot posteriorly black and a narrow, black basal band; the pectoral, ventral and caudal fins showing rays. Teeth of the outer series of the lower jaw 17. Base of first dorsal fin 5 in base of second, the dorsal fin interspace one-fifth greater than base of second fin. Least height of caudal peduncle equal to vertical diam- eter of orbit, 2 in horizontal diameter. Orbit 14 in snout, its posterior edge over the mouth. Vertical diameter of spiracle 1} in vertical diameter of orbit. Pectoral fin 2 in head, truncate, broader at tip than at base, which is about 2 in its length. Head 52 in the total length; depth 9. The specimen is in good condition, except that it has been badly shriveled by strong spirits. It belongs to the collection of the University of California, and was kindly loaned to me for description by Mr. J. J. Rivers, the Curator, who makes the following statement concerning it: ‘*The shark was given to me by Lieutenant F. A. Gardner of the Pacific Mail Steamship Gaelic that runs between San Francisco and China. It was stranded upon the deck of the steamer, having been carried there ina heavy sea. The locality was between Honolulu and San Francisco, but nearer to the former.’’ on SER, Von. TIL, May 28, 1890. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF SEBASTODES. BY CARL H. AND ROSA S. EIGENMANN. Sebastodes serranoides. Sebastichthys flavidus E. & E. Notes from San Diego Biol. Lab. i, 5, 1889. (Cortes Banks.) Types: No. 993, one specimen .24 m., Cortes Banks. No. 402, one specimen .47 m., San Francisco. No. 403, one specimen .36 m., San Francisco. No. 404, one specimen .36 m., San Francisco. Three specimens .38-.49 m., San Francisco. On May 16, 1890, we collected a large number of specimens of S‘ebastodes. Among these were specimens of what we previously supposed to be S. favidus. There were also other specimens identifiable with current de- scriptions of .S. favzdus which were however quite differ- ent from the others. The deeper ones with an elevated spinous dorsal and deep notch between the dorsals are evidently to be referred to the species figured by Ayres* as S. flavidus. The others represent an apparently un- described species. It is frequently brought into the San Diego market, while S. flav7dus is rare at that point. In general shape and color it greatly resembles Serranus clathratus, from which it is not distinguished by the fisher- men. Head 3; depth 3%-3%; D. xiii,15-16; A.ii,g. Lat. 60, (pores). Elongate slender, the dorsal profile but little more arched than the ventral. Head compressed, the anterior profile almost straight. Snout long, pointed; the lower jaw projecting, its tip entering the profile. Cranial ridges less developed than in any other species, * Proc. Cal Acad. Nat. Sci. ii, 219, fig. 64, 1862. 2p SrrR., VoL. III. May 28, 1290. A NEW SEBASTODES. 2397 none of them ending in spines. Nasal spines minute, not evident externally. Parietals meeting above. Pre- orbital without spines. Preopercular spines long, slen- der, the lower ones as well developed as the middle ones in the largest specimens. Opercular spines as in favidus. Gill-rakers long and slender, as in favidus. Scales large, those of the head greatly reduced. Snout, mandibles and even the lips closely scaled in the old. Palatine patches of teeth peculiar, a constriction near their middle, the anterior angle turned inward. Bye large, 4% in the head, 1% in snout, 1% in the strongly convex interorbital. Dorsal fin low, the highest spine about 3 in the head, notch between the two fins deep. Caudal notched. Anal spines slender, graduated. Pectorals not reaching tips of ventrals, not nearly to vent. Gray of varying shades, the back always darker; a series of large white blotches along the sides of the back much more marked in some examples than in others. Fins all more or less strongly tinged with yellow and edged with dusky. From SS. favidus and S’. melanops and S. goodei this species may be distinguished by the characters taken from fresh specimens of like size, as follows: a. Color dusky; no red. 4. Snout acuminate, the lower jaw strongly projecting, entering the profile. Anal truncate or subtruncate. c. Eye large, I in snout, 1 in interorbital, 4 in head. Tips of nasal spines free. Occipital ridges well developed. Highest dorsal spine 22~2# in head, Palatine band of teeth of nearly uniform width. Olivaceous, yel- lowish on sides, lighter below. Sides with rusty spots usually near the tips of scales. Base of spinous dorsal sometimes spotted. Second dor- sal, caudal and anal bright orange, margined with black. An orange streak down and back from eye, a broader one back from eye, a narrow one on maxillary. Pectorals and ventrals orange or brassy, blackish tipped. Head 3; depth about 3; D. xili,1q4; A. iii,8%. flavidus, 38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. cc. Eye conspicuously smaller, 14 in snout, 14-1} in interorbital, 4% in head. Tips of nasal spines concealed.* Occipital ridges low. Highest dorsal spine 24-3 in the head. Band of palatine teeth usually much nar- rower at the middle than at the ends. Gray, darker above, with a series of large light spots on the back. Fins colored like the body, the second dorsal, the caudal and anal yellowish. Head 3; depth 3%-3%. D. xiii, 15%; A. i11,9%. serranoides. 46. Snout blunt, lower jaw scarcely projecting. Anal rounded. Eye slightly more than 4 in the head. Highest dorsal spine 2%-3 in head. Pectorals rounded, not reaching tips of ventrals. Dark gray, with small darker spots. Black spots on base of spinous dorsal. Head 3; depth 3-3}; D.xili,13%4; A.i1,74%-8%. melanops. aa. Bright vermillion, lighter below. gooder. *Evident on one side of one of the types. S. goode? is not an uncommon fish in the market at San Francisco where specimens 23 inches long were ob- served. Sebastodes levis has also been observed in the San Francisco market, having been brought from Monterey. CITHARICHTHYS SORDIDUS. — We have recently pro- cured a large number of Crtharichthys stigmeus and also the young of C’. sord7dus. The material obtained proves the validity of both species. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. BY W. LINDGREN, U.S. GEOL. SURVEY. During the summer of 1883, while engaged in the geo- logical survey of the lands adjacent to the Northern Pacific Railroad (The Northern Transcontinental Survey ) under the direction of Mr. R. Pumpelly, I visited many parts of the Rocky Mountains in Montana, as a member of the reconnoitering party of Mr. W. M. Davis. I chiefly directed my observations to the occurrence and character of the eruptive rocks, and during the following winter ex- amined a number of them microscopically. The results of this examination were subsequently published by Mr. Pumpelly in Vol. xv, roth Census, p. 719, together with other investigations of the Northern Transcontinental Survey. Hoping to secure new points of view and perhaps cor- rections in the old determinations I have recently reviewed the evidence and the conclusions to which I had arrived, and the results of this review are embodied in this paper. Occasional changes in the nomenclature of the rocks de- scribed have been made and especially the analcite basalts subjected to a detailed re-examination. INTRODUCTION. The effusive volcanic rocks of later tertiary and recent date are conspicuously absent in the Belt Mountains or Front Ranges as well as in the Main Range of the Rocky Mountains in Montana. Eruptive rocks are, however, not wanting; indeed they form a prominent part of the geo- logical structure of the region mentioned. They do not appear as lava flows, as subaerial eruptions, but as intru- sive bodies forming dikes, necks, sheets or laccolites en- closed in sedimentary rocks, It is not to be doubted that 2p SER., Vou, III, July 9, 1890. O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. in many cases these eruptions have also turnished large amounts of effusive masses, but these subaerial flows have long ago been eroded, leaving exposed the vents and fis- sures through which they once poured forth. Incontinuing its action the erosion has produced a peculiar type of moun- tains, of which the Highwood and the Crazy Mountains are good examples. Both are isolated volcanic districts and consist of an intricate network of dikes and necks, in- truded in sandstones and shales of Cretaceous or Laramie age. The erosion removes the softer sedimentary strata much more rapidly than the eruptive rocks and the adjoin- ing, slightly metamorphosed sandstones. The result is an isolated group of mountains with extremely rugged and serrated crests and ridges, rising abruptly several thousand feet above the surrounding hilly or undulating country. A great deal of interest is attached to these volcanic masses. They expose to examination intra-telluric rocks, consolidated under conditions greatly diftering from those to which the subaerial flows were subjected; having at any rate cooled very slowly and under very consider- able pressure. The structure of the rocks is most gen- erally holocrystalline-porphyritic. Glass basis is not fre- quent, but may be noticed in a few instances. A certain number of rocks have a holocrystalline-granular structure in many cases connected with the porphyritic by transi- tions. Ina few cases the rocks are very coarse granular and this occurs both in basic (Theralites, Wolff) and acid members of the series. As to chemical composition these rocks appear to be more varied than the series usually found in the Great Basin; magmas rich in potassium are frequent, crystal- lizing as trachytes; often they are very basic and contain much sodium, resulting in the abundant separation of such minerals as nepheline, sodalite and analcite. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 41 It is not easy or even possible in a great many cases to establish the exact age of these eruptives; this is largely owing to the fact that no rocks of later age than Laramie, the disputed territory between the Cretaceous and the Tertiary, occur in the region referred to. The volcanics are intrusive in sedimentary rocks of very different age, from Cambrian to Laramie; nearly all of the types may, however, be found in Cretaceous or Laramie strata, and the evidence tends to show that the eruptions, beginning towards the close of the Cretaceous period, continued during part of the Tertiary. During the later part of the Tertiary and Quaternary the eruptions must have sub- sided in Northern and Central Montana, although further southward they still continued with undiminished force. The character of the subaerial masses accompanying these eruptions is not well known; only a few conglom- erates in the Laramie give some hints as to their nature. In the case of a volcanic conglomerate at the coal fields ot Bozeman the horizon could be determined to be 2200’ above strata in which fossils of the Fort Benton group were found; this conglomerate consists of pebbles of hornblende-andesites to which consequently no later age than Lower Laramie can be assigned. In a conglomerate in the Highwood Mts. (Laramie or Upper Cretaceous) dacites and andesites with brown, black-bordered hornblende and cryptocrystalline ground- mass are noticed. At Sixteen-Mile Creek (Belt Mts.) augiteandesite with glassy microlitic groundmass is found in a conglomerate, interbedded with Laramie strata. * The nomenclature of this Cretaceo-tertiary series of in- trusives offers a great many difficulties. I have in this paper used the names of the tertiary effusive rocks for the different porphyritic members of the series, and, for “roth Census, vol. xv, p. 736, e 42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the granular rocks of the same age, the names of diorite, syenite, etc. The latter have been employed simply as structural and mineralogical terms, and not as implying any certain age. Among the dacites and hornblende andesites are found many which, by other writers, doubtless would have been classed as porphyrites on account of their intrusive occur- rence and holocrystalline structure. . A briet reference should be made to the few igneous rocks in the district examined, which are not with any cer- tainty connected with this later Cretaceo-tertiary series. Well exposed at Mullan Pass and between there and Helena is an area of hornblende biotite granite which at its contact metamorphoses the adjoining carboniferous limestones; it is rich in plagioclase and may in places rather be considered as a quartz mica diorite. The series exposed at Mullan Pass extends from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous, and the possibility is not excluded, in- deed, that the granite is of very late Mesozoic age. Similar intrusive masses appear in the Big Belt Mount- ains and, connected with them, dikes of quartz-porphyrite in the Cambrian slates. Dikes of diabase have been observed in the red Cam- brian or Silurian slates at several places and only in these strata. It is partly a normal diabase, partly a quartz dia- base, the quartz being connected with the feldspar in granophyric structure.* I. Dacrres, HoRNBLENDE-ANDESITES, DIoRITES. In the Little Belt Mountains and at various points in i front of the Main Range, west of Fort Benton, are found tap) light-colored, mostly porphyritic, more or less acid rocks, principally composed of hornblende, feldspar (usually *roth Census, vol. xv, p. 735. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 43 plagioclase with a varying amount of orthoclase) and sometimes quartz. There may be two generations of quartz and feldspar but only one early generation of hornblende. ‘These rocks, although varying much in structure and composition, apparently form a natural group and occur in the Little Belt Mountains as large in- trusive masses—evidently laccolites—in Carboniferous and Jurassic strata; along Dearborn Creek on the east side of the Main Range on the trail to Cadottes’ Pass, rocks indistinguishable from the former occur as dikes in Cretaceous or Laramie sandstones. ‘The eruptives from both these localities are indeed so similar that they may be described together. The most prevalent habit is porphyritic, but there also appears to be a continuous series of transition trom por- phyritic to fine granular hyphidiomorphic rocks. The color of the rocks is usually yellowish or yellowish gray; in a groundmass of fine-grained structure are imbedded phenocrysts of a glassy, fresh feldspar, smaller, well de- fined, usually rectangular teldspar crystals of a yellowish color and small quartz grains, sparingly distributed; bio- tite foils occur in some specimens, but universally present are prisms of green hornblende, not more than 2-3 mm. in length. Under the microscope the rocks of this class present the following characteristics: Larger, not striated feldspar phenocrysts of sometimes irregular outlines: this is, accord- oments, Or- ing to extinctions obtained trom cleavage trag thoclase, and is present in varying quantities. There is indeed reason to believe that these rocks by gradual tran- sition go-over into trachytic and rhyolitic forms. Usually much more abundant are square or rectangular sections of a triclinic soda-lime-teldspar which, according to the extinctions of the twin lamellae should be referred to an- 44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. desine or labradorite. Quartz is sometimes present in rounded and corroded grains, occasionally with sharp crystallographic outlines; it contains inclusions of fluid gas and probably also of glass. Straight, brown biotite foils and greenish brown hornblende in well-defined long prisms of the usual section, often twinned and partly con- verted into chloritic products, close the list of porphyritic minerals. As accessories occur constantly zircon, apa- tite, titanite and sometimes malacolite in small greenish prisms. The groundmass is always holocrystalline, but may have several structural forms: 1, Allotriomorphic microcrys- talline, consisting of quartz and usually unstriated feld- spar. 2, Microcrystalline, with a structure somewhat re- lated to the granophyric: each quartz grain.contains many smaller feldspar grains with irregular orientation. Both these structural forms may occur together in the same specimen. In quite a number of specimens this structure is prominent. 3, Lathlike-granular, composed of lathlike plagioclase crystals, between which lie irregular grains of quartz and unstriated feldspar. From this latter form of hornblende-andesites, in which quartz and orthoclase are not present as phenocrysts, there is but a short step to a fine grained hyphidiomorphic granular hornblende plagi- oclase rock: if only one generation of lathlike or prismatic plagioclase crystals is developed the rock will be hyphi- diomorphic granular and a diorite. Both at Dearborn Creek and in the Little Belt Mountains, such granular rocks are represented and appear in so close connection with the normal porphyritic forms that their geological equivalence cannot be doubted. These diorites, appar- ently analogous to those which Stelzner has called ** An- dendiorite*’ are usually fine to medium grained rocks in 5 which hornblende needles and feldspar prisms may be ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 45 discovered with the naked eye. Microscopically, they consist of idiomorphic biotite and hornblende with abun- dant, lathlike, triclinic feldspar, some irregular grains of the same and of monoclinic feldspar; the interstices be- tween the latter are filled with quartz in smaller or larger quantities. * II. AuGirE SYENITEs. This small but interesting group is at present limited to three occurrences, all in the form of dikes. 1. In Silurian quartzites of Belt Creek, Little Belt Mountains. 2. In Jurassic (?) strata at the stage station near Dry Fork, road from Barker to Fort Benton, Little Belt Mountains. 3. In Cretaceous or Laramie strata at road, north side of Main Pass, Highwood Mountains. Mineralogically the augite syenites consist principally of orthoclase, plagioclase, biotite and a pyroxene, probably malacolite. As to structure they are hyphidiomorphic granular. The first contains small prisms of light green malacolite and small, sometimes hexagonal biotite foils imbedded in a coarser allotriomorphic granular mass of feldspar, ap- parently orthoclase, sometimes twinned according to the Carlsbad law, but more frequently in single grains. The interstices between the grains are sometimes filled with quartz. The second is a fine grained, light colored rock, in which without lens may be seen black biotite foils and lathlike feldspar crystals. Under the microscope straight long bi- otite foils and slender apatite prisms appear as products of “Similar rocks have also been described by Mr. E. Wolff in ‘‘ Notes on the Geology of the Crazy Mountains,” Northern Transcontinental Survey, 1885. 46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. first consolidation; the greenish augite is allotriomorphic and partly later than the plagioclase; associated with it and surrounding it is a dark green hornblende in small quantities. The principal mass consists of allotriomorphic or lathlike feldspar crystals; some prisms are plagioclase with very narrow striation; orthoclase occurs in Carlsbad twins but predominating is an intimate microperthitic mixture of orthoclase and plagioclase (albite?). The interstices between the lathlike feldspars, mostly triangu- lar spaces, are often filled with a colorless isotropic sub- stance which sometimes also fills the interior of the feld- spars in a curious manner. Faintly double refracting spots may occasionally be noticed in the isotropic mass. This interstitial mass has every appearance of glass, but it might also be a tesseral mineral, perhaps related to so- dalite. It dissolves easily in hydrochloric acid and gives a strong Na reaction. The rock contains 5.50% Ka,O and 4.14 4 Na,O, according to determinations made by Mir... Whitheld. This wock ais\described an pai72 301m Vol. xv, roth Census, and is there called a mica-augite trachyte. The third, from the Highwood Mountains, is a light colored coarse-granular rock in which larger feldspar crystals and small green augites may be noticed with the naked eye. Under the microscope: Partly idiomorphic green augite and irregular foils of biotite, both rather sparingly; the principal mass consists of feldspar in large thick prisms, not striated but often intergrown in micro- perthitic form with an exceedingly closely striated plagio- clase. Between these prisms lies an allotriomorphic mass of large, irregular and interlocking grains, mostly micro- 5 perthite. A partial analysis of the rock by Dr. F. A. Gooch gave Ka,O: 5.662, Na,O: 7.88, which would seem to in- dicate that the plagioclase is albite or oligoclase. This ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 4” rock was described in the paper mentioned as a ‘‘ crystal- line augite-trachyte.”’ There is every reason to believe that these three dikes are of the same age, presumably very late Cretaceous or Post-cretaceous. At the two first-mentioned places the rocks occur more isolated, while in the Highwood Mount- tains the augite syenite is surrounded by a great number of trachytic and basaltic dikes, also intrusive in the Cre- taceous or Laramie strata and which cannot be much, if any, younger than the former; in fact, a dike of the same character as the augite syenite just described was noticed by Mr. W. M. Davis cutting another dark green dike be- longing to the later to be described basaltic group. iy tRAchyvar ns. That normal porphyritic trachytic rocks of great variety of appearance are abundantly represented in the High- wood Mountains has been shown in my paper, frequently referred to elsewhere. The ferro-magnesian silicates, ac- companying the sanidine, are augite and biotite. While the latter usually is present, it mostly appears in smaller quantities and is less conspicuous. The augite on the other hand is always present and often very prominent; the dark green, octagonal, long and slender prisms, with terminal P.OP are under the microscope of a more or less intense green color, often somewhat pleochroitic and evi- dently contain an admixture of the egirine molecule. This very characteristic augite is a seldom failing constit- uent not only of the trachytes but also of the later to be described basaltic dike rocks of Northern Montana. In this series of augite trachytes the relative quantities of the two minerals—augite and orthoclase (sanidine )— varies very much. At one end of the series stands a rock composed nearly entirely of feldspar; at the other end a 48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. dark basaltic rock with porphyritic augites and a sanidine augite groundmass. The association of sanidine with large amounts of augite is certainly a very rare occurrence, although not altogether unknown. (Ponzatypus, Rosen- busch, Micr. Phys. der Mass. Gest., p. 597.) It is true that these rocks do not appear as extravasated masses, but as dikes; among them and associated with them are many holocrystalline and granular rocks: but among them are also glassy rocks and rocks with normal trachytic structure; and I feel confident that the name of trachyte applied to them is more proper and suitable than that of orthoclase porphyry. It should -be borne in mind that these trachytes, with their great difference in structure and composition, all occur within a quite limited district and that the pressure under which they consolidated must have been practically the same; the rate of cooling, however, might have been very different for the earlier and the later intrusions in the same volcano, as Mr. Iddings and others have recently pointed out. In the following pages .a few of the different types will be briefly described. a. Chiefly consisting of sanidine. This type is only represented by a 50’ wide dike cutting cretaceous shales in the southern foothills a little west of the road across the mountains to Fort Benton. A yellowish gray rock, some- what porous and rough. Contains large thick tabular phenocrysts of sanidine, 1 to 2 m. long, yellowish and cracked. An alkali determination of the rock, made by Dr. F. Gooch, gave Ka,O: 11.82%, Na,O: 2.54. Dhan section: arge, normal sanidine crystals in a trachytic groundmass of feldspar microlites ; much limonite ; isolated biotite foils. The rock, when fresh, probably contained more ferro-magnesian silicates. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 49 6. Porphyritic augite and sanidine; groundmass augite and sanidine. No. 40 of the original collection represents this type well. The rock shows a greenish-gray ground- mass in which are imbedded light flesh-colored feldspar crystals of a tabular habit, 2-3 mm. long and about 1 m. thick. Thin sectzon: Clear, typical sanidine crystals of normal form and often appearing as Carlsbad twins; the rough separation parallel to #Po is often seen; contains as inclusions round or hexagonal crystals, isotropic and possibly related to the sodalite group; this mineral dis- solves readily in HCl and gives abundant crystals of NaCl. Sparingly occur brown foils of apparently uniaxial biotite. Large prisms of a deep green, pleochroitic pyroxene with meatly icolorless center. Whe axis of elasticity, in the green shell, lying next to c is c, not a, as should be the the case if the mineral were egirine, and the angle Ba 6 is 30° in the same direction as the corresponding angle of the colorless center, that being nearly normal for augite or 38°. The pleochroismus is ¢ leek-green, b anda more yellowish-green. From this it would appear that an au- gite with admixture of the egirine-molecule is present. The groundmass consists of needles of the same deep green pyroxene, together with microlites of feldspar and possibly some glass. This type may also be developed much more crystal- line, as for example, in a heavy dike cutting the road to Fort Benton a few miles north of the divide. It is a greenish gray fine-grained rock, porphyritic by a great number of thin tabular white sanidine crystals (maximum size 5 mm. x 10 mm. X I mm.) arranged parallel to the walls of the dike; also containing augite prisms of the usual habit and color,up to 3mm. long. The groundmass contains augite, feldspar, and small biotite foils. The sanidine crystals were partly analyzed by Dr. F. A. Gooch, who obtained: [5] 50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Ka,O2 19.367, Na JO: 2:147. Phen -secizons The phene-= crysts mentioned above are imbedded in a holocrystalline groundmass, composed of sanidine crystals of varying size, augite prisms and small foils of biotite. No plagio- clase noted; there is in fact, a gradual transition from the phenocrysts down to the smallest individuals. Possibly some glass between the crystals of the groundmass. Ap- atite in clear, short prisms. In a series of dike rocks, closely allied to the one just described, the augite gradually increases in quantity. In a specimen from the southern slope, for instance, the san- idines are much smaller and thinner; there is at least as much augite as sanidine; the groundmass still contains sanidine predominantly, usually in form of short prisms with extinctions ranging from o° up to 5°. Besides there are a few plagioclase-microlites. c. Finally the porphyritic sanidine disappears and the augite in dark green, long prisms takes its place; the groundmass is dark gray or dark green; these rocks form the third type. No. 35 shows in thin-section large por- phyritic augites of prismatic habit and light green color, together with some partly idiomorphic olivine crystals im- bedded ina clear groundmass consisting of grains and microlites of feldspar, cemented by colorless glass. The feldspars when showing crystalline form have a short prismatic habit and are not striated, but sometimes form Carlsbad twins; the glass is colorless and easily dissolves in HCl. In this class of rocks the feldspars should be more investigated, by chemical analysis and by separa- tions. IV. Practocmase BASarT: There are a few rocks among the dikes of the High- wood Mountains which might be classed as plagioclase ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 51 basalts. West of Fort Benton, however, they are much more frequent and were noticed to be especially well de- veloped in the Sun River district and in the Birdtail Mountains. They occur as large dikes or necks, prob- ably also as intruded sheets and are wondertully well ex- posed by erosion. The basalt from Highwood Mountains isa dark green fine-grained rock, in which dark green pyroxenes and brown specks of olivine are visible with the naked eye. Thin section: dimorphic augite, light green and con- taining many glass inclusions; olivines, sharp-edged and decomposed; no porphyritic feldspar; groundmass hyalo- pilitic with long feldspar needles, seldom striated and ex- tinguishing about parallel to their longer axis; contains also small, irregular grains of augite. The basalts from Sun River and the Birdtail Mountains are characterized by the same long prismatic augite of a lighter or darker green color which is found in the High- wood dike rocks. Olivine is not always present. The groundmass is usually clearly basaltic, often holocrystal- line and quite coarse. In a rock from Table Mountain near Sun River, I thought that the presence of leucite was probable. Re-examination of the slide does not seem to confirm this. VW. SAWALCITE-BASALTS. The most interesting group of the rocks from the High- wood Mountains is doubtless that which is described in the paper in Vol. xv, roth Census, as Analcite (Nosean) Basalts. They occur as dikes of varying dimensions in the Cretaceous or Laramie sandstones of the Highwoods, probably also as volcanic necks, together with augite sy- enites, trachytes and plagioclase basalts; mineralogically they consist of augite, olivine, magnetite, and a mineral determined as analcite; biotite is sometimes present in 52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. small quantity; feldspar, nepheline and leucite are absent. Although the examination seemed to indicate that the analcite was primary, I hardly felt myself warranted, with the evidence in possession, to make an assertion so opposed to the dogmas of petrography, and upon finding that some of the rocks contained a trace of sulphuric acid expressed a surmise that the mineral in question might have been derived from noseane or a related mineral of the sodalite group,—at the same time, however, mention- ing the remarkably primary appearance of the analcite. After a thorough re-examination of the slides and the rocks with such scanty material as remained to me, this view no longer seems tenable, and I think the probability very great that the mineral is primary analcite, or pos- sibly a primary mineral very closely related to analcite. It does not, indeed, seem impossible to obtain a hydrous silicate from a magma in aqueous fusion, provided the process of solidification were carried on slowly and under sufficient pressure. That hydrous substances can solid- ify from a molten magma is already proved by the un- doubtedly primary water, which is so often found in old and recent volcanic glasses. Moreover, analcite is a mineral which may be formed and exist under high pres- sure and quite high temperature, as shown by Friedel and Sarasin, who produced artificial crystals of analcite at a temperature of 400° and high pressure.* The typical analcite basalts are dark green rocks, por- phyritic by dark green long augite prisms and abundant small round crystals of a whitish color. Occasionally the olivine is also visible. In thin section the augite appears as long octagonal prisms with good cleavage and normal extinction; the color is light green in transmitted light, usually darker green toward the periphery, or the crystals “Sur la reproduction de l’albite par voie aqueuse. C.R.1883, xcili, 5, p. 290. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 53 show zonar structure, indicated by color or inclusions of gas or groundmass. Twins (twinning plane «Po ) are quite frequent. This augite is identical with the variety occurring in the trachytes and described previously. The olivine is usually sharp-edged, clear and fresh, sometimes surrounded bya narrow border of biotite; when decomposing a-yellowish brown ferruginous serpentine results. A mineral of the spinell group is observed as in- clusion in the olivine. Magnetite is abundant and often enclosed in the augite. The order of solidification has evidently been magnetite, olivine, augite, the first being the oldest. Later than the augite is the mineral determined as analcite. Together with the other porphyritic crystals it is imbedded in the groundmass and appears as hexagonal, seldom octagonal, most frequently simply rounded sections. In size they do not exceed one millimeter but are frequently much smaller. Most of the crystals are perfectly isotropic but not quite clear, being somewhat clouded by minute interposi- tions which under large magnifying power prove to be largely gas, in part also glass inclusions. The former have often a very irregular form. Irregular spots showing a faint double refraction are sometimes noted, more so in some sections than in others. Under favorable circum- stances an imperfect cleavage in two directions, crossing each other perpendicularly, may also be noticed. Minute fragments from an exceptionally large crystal melt rather easily and quietly before the blowpipe to a white enamel. In one thin section a large crystal showing irregular oc- tagonal form with very distinct cleavage was selected for experiment. It was uncommonly clear and perfectly iso- tropic. Hydrochloric acid dissolves it easily upon very slight heating under abundant formation of chloride of sodium. Ignition does not make it opaque and does not 54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. produce double retraction. No microscopic reaction on Cl or SO, could be obtained. A quantity of this isotropic mineral had been previously isolated and analyzed (No. 1) giving almost exactly the composition and specific gravity of analcite. In order to test the accuracy of this analysis a piece of the same rock was again subjected to a separation by the Thoulet solu- tion. The powder obtained was pure and with few excep- tions composed of perfectly isotropic grains. The result of this second analysis (No. 2) which Dr. W. H. Melville of the U. S. Geol. Survey had the kindness to make for me, is given below. The total substance for this analysis only amounted to 0.3576 grm.; to bases and silica 0.2526 grm. was used, in which sulphur and chlorine were looked for quantitatively, thus increasing the ordinary errors of the separation of bases and silica. For water and alkalies 0.1050 grm. was used. Nore Nor 2, SiO, 54-90% 49.877. ALOs 523230 225 Fe,O, trace itp yet CaO 1.90 2:62 MgO 0.70 1.28 Na,O 10.40 EO.O2 Ka,O 1.60 2.66 H,O TO ERO 100.30 102.46 Sp. gravity: 2.20 Sp. gravity: 2.24 No chlorine. Trace of chlorine. No sulphur. No sulphur. The oxygen ratio of this last analysis is nearly R:R,: Si:H,—=1:3:7:2 whereas that of analcite would be 2 Sy ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. (Sal OL 1: 3:8:2. Considering, however, the exceedingly small quantity of substance used for this analysis, the result ev- dently points more closely to analcite than to any other other mineral. The first question in the interpretation of this mineral is naturally: Are not the crystals isolated and analyzed secondary products? It does not seem possible to me to regard them as such; the rock is often fresh and shows no trace of decomposition; even the olivines are usually clear and unattacked; the crystals are homogeneous and isotropic, the cleavage is often distinct. Nepheline could of course not be the mineral from which the analcite might be derived; the form of the crystals prohibits that suppo- sition. Very little choice then remains; sodalite, haiiyne nosean or leucite are the only possible minerals. A decom- position of either of these to analcite could of course take place, but that it could have occurred and left the rock in such a fresh condition, making each crystal a separate individual of analcite seems exceedingly improbable. Be- sides, the form of the crystal and the lack of inclusions of augite crystals militate strongly against the supposition that leucite could have been the primary mineral. The absence of chlorine and sulphur, except sometimes in traces, in the isolated mineral, speaks equally strongly against sodalite, noseane and haiiyne. The groundmass in these rocks, as in that section tor example, represented in fig. 1, consists of small, dark green prisms and irregular grains of augite, a second generation of small analcite crystals and magnetite. There is prob- ably no glass present, though if it were it would be diffi- cult to distinguish it from the isotropic analcite. The larger augite crystals are sometimes surrounded by a ring of smaller analcites. 56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Fig. 7. Analcite Basalt, magnified 25 Diameters. A. Olivine. Bb. Augite. C. Analcite. Groundmass: augite, analcite, magnetite, apatite. In some specimens faintly double-refracting spots are more frequent in the analcite crystals. I do not feel pos- itive whether this is a result of a physical or a chemical change in the isotropic substance. In the original paper in Vol. xv, roth Census, these phenomena were regarded as results of the anomalous double refraction so often observed in the analcite (more frequently, though, in free crystals, than in the mineral when enclosed in the rock mass). In some specimens of the rock in question, the larger part of the colorless mineral is faintly double-retracting, showing bluish gray colors, between crossed nicols; the crystals are then not so well defined, and often take the form of rounded spots separated by groundmass and small porphyritic augites and olivines; these rounded spots, be- tween crossed nicols, divide into irregular, sometimes also into regular triangular fields. I regarded this (see Vol. ERUPTIVE ROCKS FROM MONTANA. 57 xv, 10th Census) as double-refracting analcite. When isolated, it has the specific gravity of analcite, and, accord- ing to an analysis of impure material, a similar composi- tion, although the percentage of silica is too low. No chlorine or sulphur. Sp. gravity: 2.24. It should be noticed that the rocks in which this variety occurs are pertectly fresh, even more so than those con- taining the isotropic mineral; the olivine and the augite show no trace of decomposition. In the analcite basalts, as described here, there is no evidence of decomposition, except that the olivine is occa- sionally converted to yellowish-brown serpentine. In other specimens, however, it is seen that the analcite offers but slight resistance to decomposition; needles of a zeo- lite with vivid colors of interference, probably stilbite, pen- etrate the analcite in all directions and soon every crystal is transformed to an aggregate of zeolites. Large stilbite crystals are found in the decomposing rock. The augite is much more resistant and frequently remains intact when all the other constituents have been entirely decomposed. 2p SER., Vou. IIT. (6) May 28, 1890. CUCURBITACEARUM NOVUM GENUS ET SPECIES. AUCTORE A. COGNIAUX. BRANDEGEA gen. nov. Flores monoici. Masculi racemosi. Calycis tubus pa- teriformis; dentes 5, subulati, brevissimi. Corolla ro- tata, usque ad basim 5-partita, segmentis ovato-triangu- laribus, acutis. Stamina 3, filamentis in columnam cen- tralem coalitis; anther sublibera, loculis longitudinaliter replicatis. Pollen lave, humefactum globosum, trisulca- tum. Pistillodium nullum.—F lores feminei in eadem ax- illa cum masculis solitarii. Calyx et corolla maris. Stam- inodia nulla. Ovarium oblique obovoideo-oblongum, longe rostratum, uniloculare; stylus brevissimus, stigmate hemni- ispherico; ovulum unicum, erectum. Fructus oblique anguste obovoideus, siccus, indehiscens, lavis vel sparse echinatus, I-spermus, pericarpio tenuis. Semen anguste trianguluri-obovatum, argentatum, apice subtruncatum vel interdum bicornutum, testa crustacea tenuissime verrucu- losa. gracillime, radice ut videtur Herbe scandentes, glabre, perennante. Folia petiolata; profunde 3—5-partita, supra albo-punctata et scabra. Cirrhi capillares, simplices. Flores albescentes, masculi minutissimi; feminei paulo Affin. gen. Cyclanthera 5 majores. Fructus minutus. Schrad. B. BiceLovir; foliis mediocribus, breviuscule petiola- tis; racemis masculis apice 3-9-floris; floribus femineis longe pedunculatis; fructu levi, rostro quam fructu multo longiore.— JZelothria pendula Brew. et Wats. Bot. Cal. I, 240, excl. caract. (non Linn.).— Elaterium Bigelovit Wats. in Proc. Amer. Acad. xii, 252.—2Zchinocystis (? } Bigelovit Cogn. in DC. Monogr. Phan. iii, 804. 2p SER , VoL. III. July 9, 1890. CUCURBITACEARUM NOVUM GENUS ET SPECIES. 59 Ad Soledad.— Etiam in valle flum. Colorado (Bigelow etPalmen), B. MONOSPERMA; foliis parvis, brevissime petiolatis; racemis masculis usque ad medium 15-20-floris; floribus femineis breviter pedunculatis; fructu adpresse sparseque echinato, rostro quam fructu subbreviore.— Cyclanthera monosperma Brandegee in Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ii, 150. In California inferiore ad Agua Dulce et Las Huevitas. ECHINOCYSTIS: Sect. IV, Ps—Eupo-EcuINoPEPON. Radix fibrosa. Flores 5-meri. Fructus siccus, mature ut videtur bivalvis, multilocellatus, locello centrali 1-sper- mo rarissime 2-spermo, ceteris vacuis. Semen parvum, complanatum, creberrime minuteque granulosum. E. BRANDEGE!; foliis parvis, ambitu suborbicularibus, utrinque brevissime denseque hirtellis, usque ultra medi- um 5-lobatis; cirrhis bifidis vel superioribus simplicibus; paniculis parvis, paulo ramosis, plurifloris; calyce puber- ulo, pateriformi; fructu satis parvo, spherico, dense echi- nato, abrupte longeque rostrato, rostro caduco. Caulis humifusus, circiter 7 m. longus, ramis gracili- bus, leviter puberulis, profunde sulcatis. Petiolus gracilis, striatus, dense puberulus, 1%-3 cm. longus. Folia rigi- diuscula, pallide viridia, 2-4 cm. longa lataque, lobis an- guste obovatis, basi satis constrictis, apice subrotundatis apiculatisque, margine undulato-denticulatis; sinus inter lobos obtusissimi, basilaris rotundatus, %-1 cm. profun- dus. Cirrhi graciles, elongati, striati, leviter puberuli. Pedunculus communis masculus gracilis, sulcatus, brevis- sime hirtellus, 1%—-5 cm. longus; pedicelli capillares, 1-3 mm. longi. Calyx 2 mm. latus, minute denticulatus. Co- rolla albescens, furfuraceo-puberula, segmentis patulis, triangulari-oblongis, acutis, 2-2% mm. longis. Columna 60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. staminea brevissima; capitulum antherarum depressum, y mm. latum, loculis flexuosis. Flores feminei solitari, brevissime graciliterque pedicellati. Fructus fuscescens, glaber, 1% cm. crassus, rostro angusto, 6-8 mm. longo; aculei robusti, rigidi, 3-4 mm. longi. Semen cinereo- fulvum, obovato-oblongum, basi attenuatum, 1 cm. longum, ¥% cm. latum, 14%-2 mm. crassum. In California inferiore ad Todos Santos. NOTES ON THE SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA OF THE SIERRA NEVADA, NEAR LAT. 38°. [With Plate I.] BY W. J. RAYMOND. CATALOGUE OF SPECIES, WITH ALTITUDES OF CHIEF LOCALITIES. WEST SLOPE Coe efits . OF SIERRA NEVADA. HAST SLOPE. | = B ts > : een || eke : e 3 a 0) ra tw | Pe = =) D Salge) =| §] 8) ules] § S| 3 : afS) | Sa R=t | Coll Seal] Stst| Seyi & ta) oy Ss * aS aS }0 Gl GK S| S| ay [e} lg w Sere Bo ale lee lee leo |eelec ee lac ->5| 0 n| Quy as Old 2|S3| Su Sal SaleG/Solsales 2O|FO/SE|$o| +4] oslol|ag|o glo ow uv 0) 4 Wows x } u oe) nu wn o x ome) 0) = oO QO;mn| oO 4 ey [OS] wal fm cv) ule ~ sat) Z -| | | | I | Vitrina pfeifferi Newcomb... ... . .}| * | * ao i aS | 2 | Hyalina arborea Say(-+breweri Vewc.) * ea < | 3 | Conulus fulvus Draparnaud ..... * * 4 | Patula striatella Anthony....... * * 5 | Microphysa pygmea Drapfarnaud . . * | * 6 | Campylea mormonum Pfeffer . . . a * 7 | Vallonia pulchella J7i2/. (var. costata) | e 8 | Pupa corpulenta Morse... ..... .|| * 9 | Pupa (Vertigo) ovata Say?. ..... 3 Io | Succinea stretchiana Bland ..... * * | | * 11 | Physa gabbi 77yor (var.)....... * Tae ee y.caib la die/277aee ae ena ee lees . ate = | 13. | Planorbis var. disjectus 7. G. Cooper . |e |e * | oe | 14 | Gyranlus vermicularis Gould .... |. x = PS Gy ranitsS PaltaviilS aS zy eee renee tee | | | = 16 var. elevatus C. B. Adams | ee 17 | Ancylus vary. subalpinus /.G. Cooper . | 2 | = 18 | Spheerium raymondi /. G. Cooper 3. 2 * “ 19 | Pisidium abditum Prizme.......|| og CASA Oe 20 | Pisidium occidentale Newcomb... . si MEd ta tf 21 | Pisidium compressum Prime... . | | * | 22 | Limax campestris Binney (var.?) .. | * | 2p SER. VOL. III. August 8, 1890. 62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The shells mentioned in these notes were collected be- tween June 22d and August 4th, 1889, while making a vacation trip on foot across the Sierra Nevada, from Co- lumbia through the Hetch-Hetchy and the Yosemite val- leys, to Tuolumne Meadows and Mono Lake. It must be stated that the ground traversed was not all care- fully searched for shells, the main objects of the trip be- ing recreation and a sight of the sublime scenery of the high Sierra. Collections were made only as the accom- plishment of these objects permitted. The altitudes given by me were mainly determined with a small aneroid barometer, and unless given with exactness must be considered as only approximate, those most accurate being from Whitney’s Geological Survey. The route across the mountains ran nearly east, and within 18 miles of latitude 38°, which parallel passes close to Lake Eleanor and through Mono Lake. The summit of Mono Pass is 10,765 feet altitude, but the chief collec- tions were made near the two lakes mentioned, on the opposite slopes, as shown by the table. The following list describes more fully the localities and conditions in which each species was found, with other facts of inter- est: 1. VITRINA PFEIFFERI Newcomb. ‘This species, first described from the east slope of the Sierra, occurs at high elevations, or from 4,000 to 8,000 feet in this lati- tude, and south to Fresno County; also from 7,500 to 10,800 feet in the Rocky Mountains, and toward the north comes down to the sea level in Alaska. I found it in 1885 near Quincy, Plumas County, at about 3,400 feet, latitude 4o°. It is also reported from Vancouver’s Island. 2. HYALINA ARBOREASay.. These specimens approach the variety drewerz of Newcomb, but are much nearer the typical Eastern form. It is one of the most widely SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 63 spread nearctic species occurring on several ranges of mountains between 7,500 and 9,700 feet, as well as in the lower country, where moist enough, down to the sea level, in Ventura County, Cal., as far south as 34° 30’ near the coast. 3. CoNnuLUS FULVUS Draparnaud. Six specimens closely resembling European types were found at Reed’s River. East of Mono Pass, at 8,000 feet, 30 were col- lected, which are more depressed, lower and wider, with narrow umbilicus, thus resembling Dall’s C. chersznellus, a form found at the Calaveras Big Trees, 4,750 feet alti- tude. According to Binney (Amer. Land Shells, p. 69), a similar depressed form is found in Europe (C. mortonz Jeff.), and another very similar was called C. egena Say. The only character distinguishing Dall’s shell seems to be one less whorl, and still greater depression. The dimensions given by Dall are not as large as those of some varieties of C. fu/vus, but the scale given with his figure is a third larger and liable to mislead. This species is also said by Ingersoll to go to 10,000 feet high on the Rocky Mountains, and being circumpolar, de- scends to the sea-level north of latitude 42°. 4. PATULA STRIATELLA Anthony. A form approach- ing var. cronkhitet Newcomb, occurs at Lake Eleanor and also at Bloody Cafion, having also about the same dis- tribution across the continent as //yalina arborea, but reaching 1,000 feet higher in the Rocky Mountains and not descending to sea-level in California. It is, however, reported from Vancouver’s Island. 5. MicropHysA pyGM#A Draparnaud. Also a cir- cumpolar species found with the last, but not yet detect- ed so commonly in the central mountain ranges, perhaps on account of its minute size, as it occurs near sea-level and is said to be found in many distant parts of the world. 64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 6. HrELIx MORMONUM Pfeiffer. Found in the mount- ains near Lake Eleanor, between 4,500 and 4,800 feet altitude. It is also known to occur from the base of the mountains up to the Big Trees of Calaveras County, alti- tude 4,750 feet, and of Mariposa County, at 5,500 feet, becoming smaller with increase of elevation. A small specimen has also been found in Yosemite Valley by Mr. M. A. Knapp. ¥. WALLONIA PULCHELLA var. COSTATA Miller. But one specimen was found in Bloody Canon, at about 8,000 feet, and it has before occurred only on the same side of the Sierra down to 5,964 at Donner Lake. On the Rocky Mountains Ingersoll reports it only between 8,000 and 10,500 feet altitude, though it is distributed across the more northern parts of both continents at lower ele- vations. 8. PupA cCORPULENTA Morse. About 50 found also in Bloody Canon, some of which exhibit an undeveloped second tooth on the parietal wall, agreeing with some found by Hemphill in Utah. It is reported from as high as 10,000 feet altitude in Colorado, and from Vancouver's Island. g. VERTIGO OVATA Say.? This species has been re- ported before from southern California and Vancouver's Island. Some of the specimens unlike the Eastern form have been sent East for determination as to its being a distinct species. IO. SUCCINEA STRETCHIANA Bland. Only six were found in the three localities, that of Bloody Cafion being 1,500 feet higher than before reported on the east slope, while on the west it descends to 3,400 feet in Plumas County. it. PHYSA GABBI Tryon, var.:) “Ajfew) immature specimens only were found, some showing the pale SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 65 stripes often observed in specimens from alkaline or brackish water near the coast. 12. PHysA BLANDI Lea. This common Sierra spe- cles was obtained 12 miles east of Columbia at 3,000 feet, and also near Mono Lake on the east slope. The latter are large, but as usual with this species have the spire eroded, though perfect in the young. Ho. | PUANORBISi= s SceeD r-e@oopers notes: 14. GYRAULUS VERMICULARIS Gould. Common at the two localities, and everywhere from the east base of the Sierra to the coast of California north of latitude 37°, as far north as Vancouver’s Island. I5. GyYRAULUS PARVUS Say. Three specimens only were found, the first reported in Calitornia, and not known from Nevada except as a fossil, though found in Utah and Colorado up to 9,300 feet. 16.) GyRAuicl PARVUS BLEVATUS 1C, Bs) Adams. Thirty specimens found only on the west slope at Lake Eleanor differ constantly from Say’s species, agreeing with Adams’ shell, which has only been before reported from the Northeastern States. There seems to be no lo- cal cause for the variation. (See Binney’s Pulm. Lim- nophi, ps 345-1865 4) L7e) LuNeCwEUsHEoce Oc. Cooper's notes. 18. SPHARIUM. See Dr. Cooper’s notes. 1g. PrIsIDIUM ABDITUM Prime. This species was abun- dant, but only on the west slope below 5,300 feet, and was found also by Carlton at 6,240 feet in Truckee Riv- er on the east slope; also by Ingersoll up to 9,300 feet in Colorado, extending throughout the Eastern States north of 35° latitude, under several varieties. Prime has given fifteen names as synonyms of this polymorphous shell, all being connected by intermediate forms, and though he retained P. occidentale as distinct when first discovered, 66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. it is very doubtful whether it is not a mere variety. Spec- imens found on this route and in other parts of Cal- ifornia seem to connect them. 20. PISIDIUM OCCIDENTALE Newcomb. Numerous specimens so identified (and many of them compared with types of the Eastern species in the National Museum) were found only at the highest elevations where any mol- lusca occurred, and that of 9,700 feet on the east slope supplied no other species. Although first discovered near the sea-level, and common down to latitude 32° in the mountains east of San Diego, their place seems taken on the west slope along this route by the more Eastern form. Mr. Roper of Revere, Mass., who has studied these difficult shells closely, and has a large collection from both continents, considers this only a Western form of abditum. 21. PIsIDIUM COMPRESSUM Prime. This very distinct species was as common as the other two on the west slope, but only between 8,700 and 9,000 feet in the meadows near Summit. It had before been found only on the east slope between about 4,000 feet at Owens’ River and 6,000 feet at White Pine, Nev., as well as in most of the Northern States and Canada. It is reported also from Ventura County and Vancouver’s Island. 22. LImMAX CAMPESTRIS OCCIDENTALIS? J. G. Cooper. I found one slug in Yosemite Valley near Mirror Lake, but lost it by accident. It was small and dark-colored, like the form here named, which has been found at 3,625 feet on the west slope and 5,866 feet on the east slope near latitude 39°, also at 4,000 feet in Tehachapi Pass near lat- itude 35° by Dr. Cooper, as well as along the coast. It is now believed by Mr. Binney and others that this inter- grades toward the east with sub-species montanus Ing. of Colorado, found there up to 8,500 feet, and through that SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 67 with the typical eastern campestris, while northward it runs into the sub-species Ayperboreus of Westerlund from Vancouver’s Island to Alaska. In reviewing this list it will be noticed that the species collected are naturally grouped into two divisions; those found on the west slope, 19 species, and those from the eastern slope, 12 species, of which g also occurred on the west slope, while 10 were found only on the west and 3 only on the east slope. While fewer species occurred on the east, those found on both slopes reach higher eleva- tions there, amounting to 2,000 or 3,000 feet more with 6 species and 4,000 to 5,000 in the case of two others. One Pisidium attained 700 feet higher elevation than any other species, a fact noticed by Dr. Cooper of the same species in latitude 39°. And as it there lives about 2,000 feet be- low the line of perpetual snow, it seems to have the same relative elevation here, the snow-line in latitude 38° being given by the U. S. Geological Survey at 11,700 feet near Mono Pass. The distribution of the terrestrial species is influenced not only by the supply of moisture, but more strongly than that of the aquatic by temperature, presence of lime and suitable vegetation. Thus we found only aquatic shells above 4,800 feet on the west slope and 8,000 feet on the east. Lake Eleanor is bordered on its north-west shores by an extensive flat, covered with meadow plants, thickets of azalea and groves of pines. Ridges and boulders of ice- polished granite traverse it near the lake, and between these, parts of the meadow were still overflowed in June, leaving ponds and mudholes in August. From these damp groves and meadows the collections about the lake were made. In Yosemite the terrestrial species were found near 68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the lower end of the valley below El] Capitan, the spot being well shaded and always moist from a spring. Near here, the specimen of /7. mormonum was also found by Mr. Knapp. No land shells were found above 4,800 feet on the west slope, the soil being mostly granitic, and frosts frequent even in midsummer. The eastern slope is however cov- ered to some extent with metamorphic rocks in which limestone is found, crossing the summit between the high granitic peaks, and may have the effect of favoring the higher range of species in Bloody Canon. This bed of a former glacier has a little lake, formed by the moraine left by the ice, acting as a dam to the water running down toward the east. Near the head of this lake is a grove of poplars, where were found the land shells near 8,000 feet elevation. There were some ponds just at the summit, 10,765 feet altitude, which I examined carefully, but found nothing, from which it seems probable that there are none to be found above 9,700 feet in this latitude. The special climatic conditions at Soda Springs are of considerable interest. Situated at an altitude of 8,700 feet, near the lower end of Tuolumne Meadows, only eleven miles from Mono Pass and the Sierra crest, with snow lying perpetually near by at altitudes not much over 2,000 feet greater, the summer is of necessity short and the nights cold, with frequent frosts even in July and August. As is well known, the great Tuolumne glacier once swept over these meadows, evidence abounding on all sides in the form of polished and scored rock surfaces, and undulating, hollowed and rounded slopes of granite. In hollows thus formed, not far from Mr. Lembert’s cabin at Soda Springs, water collects from the melted snows, and having no outlet forms shallow ponds, half filled with sed- —— SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 69 iment and overgrown with rank aquatic grasses. The water is very shallow and must follow very closely all variations in the temperature of the air, which between night and day are large. On the twenty-first of July the temperature of the water at noon could not have been below 50° or 55° Fah. A few days before we had expe- rienced heavy frosts nightly; the ponds were no doubt correspondingly cold. As to the length of the season without ice I have no direct evidence, but in conversation with Mr. Lembert learned that he has been compelled to leave the mead- ows for his winter quarters in Yosemite Valley, on ac- count of deep snow, as early as October. The middle of May of this year finds him still waiting in Yosemite for the season to advance far enough to allow a retreat to his home at Soda Springs. Ice forms in these shallow ponds long before the heavy snow comes, and glazes them nightly after the snow has melted. The P/lanordis, No. 13, and the Spherium, No. 18, were collected in these ponds. The larger streams of the high Sierra are fed for the greater part of the year by melting snow. Their beds are hard granite or else are filled with bars of granitic sand. Only in meadows overflowed by the spring fresh- ets, or in shallow ponds, or in the warmer lakes and smaller streams did I find traces of molluscan life. For comparison I may state that only numbers 1, 4, 8, 12, 13, were found by me at Quincy, Plumas County, at near 4,000 feet elevation. See Bulletin II, Cal. Acad. Sci., p. 358, where three other land shells from there are named. I also obtained there Lemnophysa humilis Say. 7O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ADDITIONAL NOTES AND DESCRIPTION OF NEw SPECIES. BY J) Gs COORERS M.D. _——— = —- === — = = =— ; = =a —— | WeEsT SLOPE ; | OF SIERRA NEVADA. HAST SLOPE. | | | Ral tee ; all ‘a ie ° no Ohlingi es ali | iI ¢ Lol mild soe 5 | SiH BP] > [eo/e9Seled|-dise OlUO Pulse .JOGl/ool/S gla i|¥-leao | SiSOM ge gE ae (oS) ele ainG SPECIES. Ne Sess elSSlesiesiwalegiogius sea mB e/OS/S¥iEalQrigs OM los | aslo | So SSP Ola g SF OL lems! ce] Eo Sl eAl ty, ™m -| 72 > | ey ee | sean -Ulq : Wi hseect)l bees eesti es incernt pecan wl A) Sul 56 Nee ce \] Seles os OO) ip | Ole 5/8 So | SloMlo S/S" les) 22) oginal/S4iou | “8 JSP) [S*| Ss] ea) ge) eae | m | | Alo u}o mm v ie rare | ree > ae : - \] 1 | Amnicola turbiniformis 7xyon . . * || 2 | Vitrina pfeifferi Vewcomd . . | * | * I | 8 | Hyalina arborea Say (+ breweri Vew.) * | * * | 1 4 | Hyalina whitneyi Vewcomd. . * | % * : : 5 | Hyalina subrupicola Dad/. * | | | 6 | Arionta tudiculata Binney .« * | . | 7 | Campylea mormonum Pfeffer. . | * | 8 | Vallonia pulchella Adller . x | * 9g | Conulus fulvus Drafarnaud . | | | * | * 10 | Pupa corpulenta Morse . . | | | * | * 11 | Limax camipestris Binney (var.) . . .|| * | | | * | ee 5 ‘ = | 12 | Ariolimax californicus 7. G. Cooper ..|| * | || | 13 | Succinea stretchiana Bland. . Neeson) | cea | | | | | 14 | Physa gabbi 7vyon (var.)..... . . || | * | | * | | | | Lae hvsalblandi2e7y0- 0 semw ae | Vee | * 16 | Limnzea stagnalis Linneus . | * | | | 17 | Limnophysa bulimoides Zea... . . || | | * | 18 | Planorbis subcrenatus? (disjectus) | * J. G. Cooper | | 19 | Planorbis subcrenatus? horni? 77you! | lease | | | | 20 | Gyraulus vermicularis Gould. . | | a? | 2x ||| Pomipholyx: effusa) 2a =) esr | * F 2 | | | 22 | Ancyluscaurinus (subalpinus) /.G. C. * | | 23 | Spheerium raymondi /. G. Cooper... . | * 24 | Pisidium occidentale Mewcomd . . * | | 25 | Pisidium virginicum Gyvelim (var.?) . * | 26 | Margaritana margaritifera Lzn(var.) 3 27 Anodonta nuttaliana wahlamatensis | * Lea —ae SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. Fa! Mr. Raymond’s collection is of much interest, for sev- eral reasons. It fills a gap in our knowledge of the sub- alpine mollusca at a most important point, because the most southern at which any are likely to be found up to their highest limit, as determined by climate and favora- ble topography. The more southern mountains, though higher, are so much steeper and cut up by deeper canons, through which torrents rush without intervening tracts of meadow, or quiet lakes and ponds, that very few favor- able locations for them can exist. Still further south none but a few isolated peaks have snow upon them tor part of the summer, and the climate is so much drier that the species of mollusca become limited to the vicinity ot the summits, except those native to the lower country, and not subalpine. The only subalpine collections before made in the Sierra were by myself in 1869, and by Mr. H. P. Carlton in 1870, between 5,000 and 7,000 feet elevation, near lati- tude 39°, as published in these Proceedings Vols. III to V, and in Bulletin II, p. 358. In 1864 during a short visit to Lake Tahoe I also obtained some species near the south end of that lake, at the summit of Johnson’s Pass and at Strawberry Valley on the west slope, which were partly described in the Proceedings, Vol. III, 1868. As to vertical distribution, the highest elevations ob- served for land shells were about 6,500 feet, and three aquatic species were obtained at over 7,000 feet, or within 2,000 feet of perpetual snow, the ponds higher up con- taining none. The land shells, however, show a differ- ence of 3,200 feet greater elevation in latitude 39°, com- pared with the perpetual snow, than in 38°, four identical species being found on the east slope in both latitudes, the Prsedzum on the other hand reaching 2,700 feet higher toward the south. Sufficient facts on vertical range of 72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. species, as affected by local influences, have not yet been obtained to explain these discrepancies. That these were near the extreme altitudes at which they could exist in latitude 39°, is evident from facts obtained by Mr. Raymond in latitude 38°, the relative position of the snow line there being exactly in accord with the increased ele- vation attained by the same species of Prsedzum. Mr. Ray- mond’s collection also shows how much may be collected on a hasty trip made for other purposes, and with little spare time at most localities. Although many naturalists have before visited Yosemite Valley none has reported finding mollusca there, except Mr. F. A. Sampson, who obtained l7trin@, and I never saw any species from the upper Tuolumne Valley, except Physa bland?. It is true that the collection made in the Mariposa Big Tree grove, about 5,500 feet elevation, contained three or four land-shells not found on this trip, yet there may have been errors as to their exact locality. The local in- fluences of the groves are quite unlike those of the sur- rounding regions, as shown by two or three other species known to inhabit the Calaveras grove. The list of Mariposa grove species given in Bull. II, p. 359, shows that it is the upper limit of five helicoid spe- cies, three of which are dwarfed by the climate, but the subalpine species were found, on this trip, to extend 2,500 feet higher on the east slope without decrease of size, while the aquatic species also retained full size. Many of them being widely spread in the nearctic and circumboreal provinces, are well known to belong to cli- mates having as short summers and severe winters as the subalpine zone of the Sierra Nevada. If any of them in- habited this zone before the formation of the glaciers, which once covered most of it, they must have been quite exterminated, and also down the mountain slopes far be- SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 73 low, judging from their present distance from the snow. They have therefore extended their range upward 6,000 to 8,000 feet since the glaciers retreated, now occupying the very channel cut by the ice into the solid granite, between 4,500 and 9,700 feet elevation, for a distance of over 30 miles east and west. Such an extension must have been exceedingly slow, especially for the aquatic species moving up against the streams, unless aided by birds, which might have carried shells or their eggs adhering to their feet. The glaciers in this latitude ex- tended east to Mono Lake, giving them a total breadth of over 50 miles, and the highest peaks now rise over 13,000 feet above the sea. We see here the same difference in elevation of several species on opposite slopes as in latitude 38°, the land- shells especially going higher on the eastern slope. This difference may be caused by the greater amount of snow falling on the west slope, which must lie longer on the ground and shorten the active season for these animals, though the average temperature must be milder on the west slope and also moister, which may favor the exist- ence of some of the larger species, not found eastward, such as Campylea mormonum and Triodopsis loricata, up to Alta, 3,625 feet, and to Mariposa Big Trees, 5,500 feet. ‘There is also a marked absence of limestone be- tween 5,000 and 9,000 feet on the west slopes in both lat- itudes. The little lakes on the west slope in latitude 39° above 3,600 feet seem very destitute of mollusca as are the violently running streams. For comparison I give a list of the species so far col- lected in the subalpine region near latitude 39°, showing that although the number is about the same, the species found differ in a marked degree, chiefly from local Causes. 2p SerR., Vou. III. (ip) August 8, 1890, A: CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. In the first table, one species ( Campyl@a mormonum ) is merely a straggler from the mild Californian region into the subalpine, which indicates the lower limit of the sub- alpine on the west slope to be between 4,000 and 4,500 feet, near latitude 38°; and as the lowest level of the Great Basin on the east slope is not much, if at all, below 4,000 feet, the whole of the basin region north of that latitude is referable to the subalpine mollusc-fauna. In the last table, both this and Arzonta tudiculata are found on the west side, near the lower limit of the former glaciers, and the Zzmaw also near their limit on the east slope, but future collections may alter these ranges. As to the aquatic species the large supply of fresh wa- ter in the Lake Tahoe basin causes apparently a great increase of their numbers, and in both tables only the fol- lowing are unknown below the subalpine region in the same latitudes, viz., the planorbis, pompholyx, ancylus and spherium. It is also noticeable that seven land and ten water species have not been found in latitude 39° above 6,500 feet (near Lake Tahoe), leaving but three as yet known from the higher locations. Near latitude 38° there were sixteen species found between 6,500 and 9,700 feet altitude, partly on account of the nature of the country being more favorable for their existence. The glaciated region extended over the lake basin, having a total width of less than 40 miles, and the high- est peaks are now less than 9,500 feet high. ‘SPH#RIUM RAYMONDI, n. sp., Plate I, figs. 1-8. Sec. chars. Adult shell ovate trigonal, nearly equilateral, much inflated, the greatest convexity near the middle, fragile, translucent; beaks central, slightly turned for- ward, very strongly calyculate; margins forming a subo- vate outline, the anterior obtusely rounded, posterior usu- ally obliquely subtruncate; base curved equally with the SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 75 hinge-margin, the edges of valves meeting at an angle of about 80°, not flattened nor spreading laterally; the ante- rior very little lower than posterior, but slightly sharper. Divergence of upper margins from umbonal apex, 80° to 90°. Color pale pearl-gray, sometimes iridescent, often with a narrow yellowish marginal band; epidermis tinged olive, wearing off in adult, surface smooth, shining; growth-lines very faint, inside of shell white. Younger shell more oval, beaks less prominent, the calycles in shells not half grown being everted when seen from end of shell, instead of inverted (fig. 7). Fry oblong-oval, much compressed, its valves very distinctly seen in caly- cles of adult. Soft parts yellowish, tinted with red, the colors visible through shell. Length, 0.30 to 0.34 inch; height, 0.26 to 0.30; diameter, 0.16 to 0.21. Fry, 0.05 to 0.06 long; 0.04 to 0.05 high; 0.02% to 0.03% thick. Variettes. Specimens vary more or less in one or more of the dimensions, in the curves of the outline and in con- vexity, but not over 0.05 inch. The characters of young shells, as seen in the figures, are sometimes persistent in adults, altering the form more or less, but as the figures are three times the diameters of shells, those differences are not so perceptible to the eye as shown in the figures. Figures 9 and 10. We have included these two spec- imens for comparison, with some doubt whether they are not of a different species, They were collected in Kla- math Lake, Or., by Mr. A. Forrer, of Santa Cruz, Cal., and kindly sent to us by Mr. E. W. Roper, of Revere, Mass., who writes that in his opinion all found were im- mature. They differ from S. raymond? in having a thicker, brown epidermis and in higher beaks, but less prominent calycles. By comparison of the beaks with the young of the former (figs. 5 to 7), it will be seen, however, that they are nearly mature, and in their out- lines come nearer to figures 3 and 4 than to any others. 76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. It has been supposed by some that .S. raymondz is only the young form of some rhomboidal species, but the fry taken from shells like figs. 1, 3, 4 prove their maturity, and we also give figures to show forms of the young. To settle the relation between it and the only other al- lied species known on the West coast, as well as with some Eastern forms, we figure several more for compari- son. S. LENTICULA Gould, figs. 11, 18, 19. ‘This figure (11) is taken from a specimen I obtained near Visalia, and now in the State Museum, Berkeley. It differs from the shell figured by Prime in a much more rounded form, greater convexity and a little larger size, showing that the rhomboid outline and consequent truncation are not the constant effects of full growth. It is shown by the fol- lowing comparison that considerable variation exists in the dimensions and proportions of adult examples from various localities, the most northern being broader and flatter, a difference apparently existing also in some Eastern species. Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. Cro ouOM SAG wo 6 8 oo of oO 6 18 0.43 0.37 0.18 (Prime. ) Wiisaibenexennigles, 5 3 50 Go II, 19 0.44 0.38 0.24 Marin County examples. .... 0.46 0.38 0.20 The height and diameter are shown in diagram by figs. 18 and 19, by which it seems that the shell is sometimes very near in convexity to S. fartumetum Say, and in one of Prime’s latest writings, quoted by Dr. Yarrow in the quarto report of Capt. Wheeler’s Arizona Expedition, 1874, he mentions specimens of .S. /enticu/a from there, which were also intermediate between the type from Car- son River and partumeium, suggesting that this form (fig. 11) is merely an extremely inflated form of /enézcula. The description of ‘‘.S. partumeium’’ by Prime also includes three forms varying in size, in convexity, and in SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. rir) height, which had been first described as species, while the figure given is shorter than the type described, being, like that of .S. /enticula, a rare extreme. S. PARTUMEIUM Say. ‘The specimens nearest to this species that we have, are figured as Nos. 12, from Worces- ter, Mass. (showing hinge), and 13, 14, from Columbus, Ohio. Though smaller than Prime’s largest, as shown in the diagram, fig. 15, they have a similar relative con- vexity, and come nearer his description than his figure, no other calyculate species approaching this both in size and convexity. Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. IEE EOS 5 a oo 6 bo oS obneoue & 15 0.50 0.43 0.31 NWioreestemexaniple ee cmcnsl cine se 12 0.38 0.33 0.22 Columbusvexamiplesmuce ais cs 6 13, 14 0.37 0.33 0.21 The two latter, however, in outline much resemble S. truncatum, though not subangled at the upper margin as figured by Prime, and are perhaps nearer to the next mentioned species. S. sEcuris Prime, figs. 20 and 21. The shells we se- lect to represent this form are from Plattsbure.. Nee Y -, the largest being very closely like Prime’s type in out- line, while the convexity is proportionately the same, as shown by the diagram of Prime’s type, fig. 16. It is evident from a comparison of Prime’s descriptions, that figures 46 and 47 (S. contractum), on p. 49 of his Monograph, have been accidentally transposed by the printers, which is confirmed by inspecting his first figure of S. securzs in the Annals N. Y. Lyceum of N. H., Vol. V, Pl. vi, where a smaller one is figured. Fig. 46 being .S. securis, is represented as differing from SS. trancatum chiefly in greater convexity, and the variety cardissa was described by Prime as a still more rounded form, connected by gradations. As is shown by the diagram, the convexity of Prime’s type is relative- 78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ? ly the same as that of his ‘*.S. partumetum,’’ and from the connecting links shown by our figs. 12, 13, 14, as well as its limitation to the northern tier of States, it seems most probable that .S. secw77s is only a stunted va- riety of S. partumetum Say. The same error of using the figure of .S. contractum for that of .S’.. securzs is copied by Binney in his edition of Invert. of Massachusetts. Figure. Length. Height, Diameter. J sinhaokayoyieng NoaaRe RAO Gat stu cyl ie onrcmnin 16 0.37 0.31 0.25 Pilattshburs exam plesiee yee crest 20, 21 0.28 0.24 0.15 S. TRUNCATUM Linsley, figs. 22, 23, 24, 25. These are selected specimens having the least convexity of any, out of numerous similar forms from several Eastern States, these agreeing best with Prime’s description. They are, however, all smaller, less rhomboid and subangled, more convex and more rounded than his type which represents apparently a rare extreme in form, while many occur more or less intermediate. Diagram, fig. 17, represents the convexity given by Prime for ¢runcatum, a flatness not seen by us in any of numerous specimens, and closely agreeing with that he assigns to S. Jenticula (fig. 18), which he says is ‘‘ so similar in nearly every respect to S. ¢rwncatum that it is difficult to tell them apart.’’ It appears, however, from later specimens of |S. /enticula that it is quite as closely connected with S. partumeium (see notes, p. 76), and it follows that all four so-called species may yet be com- bined under the last name, or rank only as subspecies. It is possible that the flattest forms represent in all cases the most northern grown specimens. Figure. Length. Height. Diameter. Shy PESior oPrigies erect lel ene | 17 0.37 0.31 0.15 eka aula weg peo dG a 0 5 oo 6 22 0.29 0.24 0.14 Th wabareaUKGmAy iG b Geo go 6.5 0 6 23 0.03 0.0234 0.01% WGK onker NOVO) Gos 6 go 6 6 6 o OC 24 0.19 0.16 0.12 )teevehpubh WHI So 505 G 4 605,00 ¢ 25 0.32 0.25 0.15, SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 79 To show still further that Prime’s types are not the usual forms, but extreme varieties, it is noticeable that other authors give less different measurements, as follows: Length. Height. Diameter. S. partumeium Say (type)... . 0.55 0.45 Say does not give it. S: partumeium Govld...... 0.45 0.40 0.27 Suton iC DuUirs a6 66 bob e 0.33 0.25 Moll. of Mass. not given. S. truncatum Gould (type)... . 0.33 0.25 0.20 S. lenticula Gould (type)... .. 0.40 0.30 Not given. By drawing diagrams from these figures, the outlines of the four forms are found much more alike than those of Prime, the diameters also being closely like those in our plate. To show that young shells of the rhomboid group do not much resemble that of S. raymondz, figs. 5 and 24 are comparable. The variations of the latter species from age, etc., show how much should be allowed for variation in other species. In comparing our figures with those given of the same species in Prime’s Monograph of Corbiculade, it will be noticed that the latter give the impression that the shells are much more angled in outline and in the umbonal ex- pansion than the photograph shows them to be. While there can be no doubt of the accuracy of photographs, it may be said that ours do not represent fully adult shells. While admitting this as to some Eastern species, we show that the Western species (.S. /entzcula, fig. 11) is larger than Prime’s figured type, and yet it does not exhibit any better the angulation and truncation given in his figure more strongly than in any of the allied forms. His artist or engraver, making small wood cuts, apparently cut the distinctive features rather more strongly than they exist in nature. In many cases the figures and descriptions do not agree even as well as would be explained by allowing variations - So CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. of 15 to 20 per cent. in dimensions. The size of shell, combined with ‘‘other signs of maturity’’ and the finding of fry within them, have been considered the best proofs of an adult condition, but we find that the latter is not quite reliable. For instance, specimens like fig. 3 of S. raymond, and others smaller than figs. 21, 22 or 25 of the same Eastern species, contain fry, the shells being imma- ture. It appears probable that the shells may continue to grow for some time while the fry are forming, and only liberate them when quite mature. As to size, we have remarked that there seems good reason to believe that this may be much influenced by environment, and cannot be considered proof of distinctness, the same law being well known to apply to other fresh-water shells. The calycles, which form such a remarkable character of this division of Spherzum that Prime proposed to make a subgenus of it, give us great aid in determining ma- turity, especially in the more convex forms. It appears from the profile figures that the most marked external character distinguishing young from adult shells is the position of the calycles on the beaks, these being at first everted, and becoming more inverted as the shell grows larger, until they meet in the middle line. Thus it seems that the shell fig. 10 must be more mature than fig. 3, and the profile 14 has the beaks closer together than any other, leaving no room tor more inversion, and proving maturity. Fig. 21 seems less mature by this character than either 3 or 11, but illustrates most nearly the con- vexity of the form. Considering the variability of all fresh-water mollusca, and also the extent of variation ob- served in different examples of many marine bivalves, there is little doubt that Mr. Prime himself, if living, would now combine many more of his nominal species than he did in 1865. From the descriptions given by SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 8I most authors, it seems almost certain that the three forms nearest allied to S. ¢rwncatum are scarcely separable, as species, from the Eurasian .S. ca/yculata Drap. Other calyculate species.— Six other forms of this group are given by Prime, some having a little resem- blance to S. raymondi. |S. elevatum Hald. and SS. spher- zcum Anth. have the hinge margin even more curved, but are more rounded and the first flatter. S. rosaceum Prime, differs in smaller size, form nearly as in the Kla- math shell (figs. 9, 10), but longer and less high, with reddish-brown epidermis, and nearly straight hinge, like the other three. I have seen Californian specimens so labeled, but of a pale color, perhaps immature examples of S. raymond. A new species from the Uintah range in Wyoming, de- scribed in 1886 as SS. wzntahenszs Call, from an elevation of 10,500 feet in a snow-water lake, is nearly a perfect globe. Iowa seems the most prolific of the States in this genus, as twelve species are recorded by Prof. B. Shimek, six of them calyculate, but no proofs are given of their au- thenticity. S. coopertanum Prime, n. sp., is given as a name only in his last catalogue of Corbiculade (Amer. Jour. of Conch. VI, 1869). This was never described, because the specimens I sent him were believed to be immature, so small in fact that I supposed they were Prs¢d7ums, but .he wrote that the ligament was on the longer side as in Spherium. They were from the little lake over 7,000 feet elevation in Johnson’s Pass, south of Lake Tahoe. It is probable that they were young of SS’. raymond?, but their present location being unknown, the locality must be revisited to determine the species. From the preceding comparisons we conclude that the 82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. number of nominal species will bear still further reduc- tion, and that more study of different ages and variations will alone prove which are the leading types. Following Prime’s suggestion, it is desirable to give a name to the calyculate group, and certainly none can be more appropriate than PRIMELLA, which perpetuates the memory of the most thorough student of the genus. It is possible that it may even supersede that of SAherzum, as the genus Spherza among Fungi has nine years priority. ANCYLUS CAURINUS W. Cooper, subsp. SUBALPINUS. Apex about one-third the distance from posterior end, outline elliptic, sometimes widest at middle, sometimes about anterior third, apex slightly turned to the right; anterior surface somewhat convex, posterior a little con- cave or flat; breadth a little under one-half, height over one-third of length; fragile, horn-color, paler in thin specimens. Figure. Length. Breadth. Height. Oniginal'type ss ¢ ss... .'s 6 0.24 0.14 0.09 caurinus. Oreroulexanipleue scene 26 0.21 0.13 0.07 subalpinus. Yosemite example... ... 27 0.23 0.12 0.07 subalpinus. Bloody Cafion example.... 28 0.21 0.13 0.07 subalpinus Saushraneisco, ty:pels. sas ns 0.16 0.04% 0.04 fragilis. Ol Sat Hraneisco) Baya en hneecO 0.11 0.07 0.04 fragilis. The original A. cauwrénus was named in the report of Pac. R.R. Surveys, XII, ii, 1859 (Natural Hist. of Wash. Ter.), and a type figured by W. G. Binney in Land and Fresh-Water Shells, Part II, p. 144, 1865, without de- scription. In 1870, I published the description in our Proceedings, Vol. IV, p. 92, from which the above is copied with some changes, so as to include the Oregon and subalpine specimens. The dimensions of the type are given more accurately from Binney’s figure, and those of the others as figured, from the examples them- selves. It thus appears that the Oregon and subalpine forms are nearly of the same form as the original from aa SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 83 Black River, Wash. Ter., but each shows slight differ- ences, hardly specific. Fig. 26 has the sides less parallel, or straight, the pos- terior slope flatter; fig. 27 is wider before apex as is fig. 28, but less oval, both approaching the outline of fig. 29, but being much larger. The nearest approach to A. caurinus seems to be in A. ovalis Morse, from Maine, but that is less than half as large, pale yellow and wider in front. (See Binney’s L. anal NV oiie. Dh. 1565) A. FRAGILIS Tryon. Inthe synopsis in Vol. IV, I con- sidered fragzlis a small variety of caurimus, having ‘‘apex more posterior, lower, narrower, anteriorly wider,’’ and in those points the other three forms here figured are in- deed intermediate. But in size they are like caurinus, while the numerous specimens of fragz/zs since found in various portions of California, below 500 feet elevation, all have nearly the same size and form as the type. Those figured show that its variations in width are great, if the type is as narrow as stated by Tryon. I have, however, never seen any like it in that respect, and Try- on’s remark that its ‘‘sides are nearly parallel, or slightly incurved in the middle,’’ show that one of its characters most like caurznus is not constant. The usual oval form, more abrupt slope behind and small size, may be consid- ered proofs of specific distinctness, until more connecting links are discovered. Both fragz/7s and caurinus have been called similar to A. parallelus Hald., but are quite distinct, fragz/7s being much nearer to rzvularts Say. Another peculiarity of this small species is its close likeness in form to the first stage of growth in Gundlachia californica, the two being found together, and are possi- bly only one species at different ages. In Binney’s work, p. 139, he mentions in a foot note, $4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. “Dr. J. G. Cooper found Ancyli 7,100 feet above the sea in the Sierra Nevada.’’ This locality was near that of the Spherium in Johnson’s Pass, but by some mistake Mr. Binney seems to have referred the specimen to A. caurtnus, as he tabulates it on p. 145 as ‘‘No. 9,098 from California (Judge Cooper),’’ the type of A. caurinus be- ing really from Black River, as stated at top of the page. It was probably one of the forms here called swbalpinus. Another error on p. 144 is quoting No. 9,203 ‘‘A. pa- telloides Lea,’’ as from San Francisco, no species like it being known from near the bay, the nearest being from northern California. While the forms here figured are not very similar to any other American species, it is remarkable that a terti- ary fossil species of Western Europe (A. matheronz7 ) has almost exactly the form of A. fragz/is here given, with the size of A. caurinus, or larger. It is figured in Nich- olson’s Manual of Paleontology, Vol. Il, fig. 45. The only species yet found fossil in the United States are very different, but rather closely related to A. crassus and to Acroloxus nuttalli of Oregon. (See ‘‘Non-Marine Foss. Moll..of (North America, by Dr. C. Ax’ White; im 4d Ann. Rep.-ot U. S.Geoel.Sur:, 1881—2, p.. 455; and he= utes...) PLANORBIS SUBCRENATUS Carp., var. DISJECTUS, fig. 30. Characters. Differs from the typical form in having but four whorls, more rounded, smoother, and the outer ones more or less irregularly coiled, in a different plane from the inner. Length 0.70, height 0.50, breadth 0.30 inch. Varies considerably in height and breadth. This form has the same deformity on which E. Inger- soll founded his ‘‘ Helisoma plexata’’ (Report of the Geol. and Geog Survey “ot the “Merritories, 91376, ap: 402). Our upper figure shows the same style of disloca- SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 85 tion in the whorls as represented in his figure, but we find also every degree of variation in their irregularity that seems possible, while some are normal. The figures also show how much variation occurs in proportions of different specimens. Besides this, in examining any large number of specimens of any species, we find some in which more or less irregularity of one or more whorls exists. 7. plexata is stated to agree in every other re- spect with //. trzvolvis Say, and the figure shows no other differences. It is therefore evident that it is nothing more than a variety, and considering its occurrence chiefly in subalpine regions (his being found only at g,700 feet elevation in the Rocky Mountains), we may safely attribute it to debility in the animal, caused in these lofty localities by insufficient heat of the water, at some time during the animal’s growth. In the irregular growths found in lowland examples, a deficiency of food or some impurity of the water may be a probable cause. It must be remembered that the animal crawls with the shell vertically supported on its back, and thus a condition of debility will allow the weight of the shell to incline it to one side, and its growth, by additions at the mouth, becomes changed in direction, thus altering the plane. In several species we observe this deflection of the mouth taking place just before the maturity of the shell, when it is probably weakened by age, and so constant is this in some of them that it is called a specific character. Mr. Ingersoll found //. ¢rzvolvis normally developed up to 8,000 feet elevation, and Mr. Raymond also found that the number of deformed shells was least near Hetch- Hetchy Valley, 4,100 feet, more at Lake Eleanor, 4,600 feet, and constant at Soda Springs, 8,700 feet. In all cases they inhabited only shallow weedy ponds, none being in the lake or rivers. These being fed from melt- 86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ing snow are much colder than the ponds, which reach a heat of 50° or more in summer. In referring this form to P. subcrenatus Carpenter, we have considered it as an alpine variety of the most similar and first described species of its group from the west coast. Taking P. corneus as type of the genus Planorbis we find it to be a nearly perfect cylinder, coiled however in a plane inclined to the left, so that its two sides are dis- similar, unlike some species which have them nearly or quite alike. Variations from this type in large American species consist chiefly in the coarser growth lines, not concealed by a thick epidermis, and in more or less lat- eral narrowing or angulation of whorls. Carpenter in describing P. swbcrenatus evidently com- pared it with P. corneus, being little acquainted with American species, and gives undue importance to the coarse growth-lines which he calls ‘‘occasionally minute- ly crenulated ridges,’’ also quoting from Cuming’s man- uscript that it ‘‘ differs from ¢77vo/v7s in the acuteness of the ribs, and in their being more distant.’’ These char- acters would not be considered of much specific value by American authors, but they show some difference from P. glabratus, often considered a variety of ¢révolvis, and which otherwise comes nearest to Carpenter’s species. It will be observed that he makes no mention of any carina nor angle on the side or mouth of the shell, no such character being shown in the figure by Binney, said to be from the type. Seven years later he states that ‘‘it is quite possible that this may prove a very finely grown specimen of P. /entus. Dr. Kennerly’s shells are intermediate.’’ (See ‘*Mollusks of Western North Amer.,’’ Smithsonian Re- print, p. 675 (161), which gives his latest known opin- ions, in 1872.) He does not give reasons for this belief, SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 87 and we must suppose he had not compared it with P. glabratus. inthe Proc Cal cad. “Sciences, Vol TV5 1870, p- 100, I followed Binney’s Land and Fresh-Water Shells in giving swbcrenatus as a good species, but stated that ‘*specimens common inland closely resemble P. g/abra- tus,’ giving the distinctions between them. I still think there are sufficient of these to retain the Western form, as a subspecies at least, larger and rougher, with more cylindrical whorls. If, as Ingersoll states, P. o/abratus issa) Teverse@ucuell thes ditterence 1s: still) sreaters | But Say’s description only calls it sinistral, just as he did ev- ery other Planorbis he described, except P. corpulentus, and the latter, if any, would be a reversed shell. The similarity of the sides in e/abratus would allow of either conclusion, but the form of mouth in Binney’s figure seems like that of other dextral species. Pe HORND Egyvon.) Inpan article by Ma. EP. Carlton, published also in Vol. IV of our Proceedings, this name is given to young shells from the head of Truckee River, in Lake Tahoe, Placer County, also said to be ‘‘found larger by Mr. S. Brannan at about 3,600 feet elevation on the west slope.’’ The latter I understand to have been determined by Tryon himself, and I was thus in- duced to agree with Mr. Carlton, but not having speci- mens to compare, he left the name as P. hornzz with a (?). Mr. Raymond also obtained some at Quincy, Plumas County, which seem to show the characters of var. disjectus, but are a little larger and with whorls a little more convex, also showing more or less irregularity. It is therefore probable that this form inhabits the whole range of mountains, descending at least to 3,383 feet in Plumas County. We had considered this as P. hornzz, but Mr. Dall, 88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eee} ‘‘by comparison with types,’’ says that the latter is not so flat a species, and inclines to call the variety P. ¢u- midus Pfeiffer (1839), described as from tropical Amer- ica. There are differences in his description, however, besides the doubt whether a flatter subalpine shell can be allied to a tumid tropical species, while we have some as near like it farther north. P. hornii was described as from the coast, at the south- ern boundary of Alaska, latitude 54° 40’, and seems more like a small form of P. corneus than of any North Ameri- can shell. It would not be strange if that Eurasian spe- cies could have been transported across the Pacific by birds, and formed a varietal colony on this side. But its alliance is perhaps as close with P. subcrenatus, and since it may prove only a small form of the latter, we prefer to use the prior specific name for our flatter irregular vari- ety. If, as Carpenter suggests, there are specimens con- necting P. swbcrenatus with P. lentus, they may be sup- posed to be still nearer to his P. ¢wmens, but the former name has a year’s priority. We have not, however, seen shells from Oregon with the sharp carina and subtriangu- lar mouth of the latter, which, he also suggests, may con- nect with P. /entus. It is evident, however, that he only described the young, or a small race, of P. tumens, for while we find them near San Francisco Bay exactly like his Mazatlan types, we also find much larger ones in warmer localities. P. rumEens Carpenter. In studying large numbers of the west coast species from many localities since 1870, it has become necessary to make another change in the Synopsis of Fresh-Water Shells, given in Vol. IV. The first section of Planorbis there given has ‘‘only three whorls visible above,’’ a character common to many spe- cies, including P. corneus, and therefore not at all pe- SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. 89 cuhar to P. trivolvis. Then, adopting the subgenus Hlelisoma Swainson, a new species is given as P. (//.) occidentalis J. G. Cooper, with ‘‘whorls five or six, nearly all visible-above, much narrowed and subangled below, nearly smooth, mouth little higher than wide, di- ameter 0.80 to 1.12, altitude 0.50 to 0.70.’’ While this was unlike any described form, and had the somewhat enlarged outer whorl of //e/zsoma, many intermediate specimens now prove that it is only the mature form of P. tumens. Its last whorl is not really more dispropor- tioned than that of a very large P. corneus, and, together with some other species, it shows that subg. Hle//soma is untenable. Its nearest Eastern analogue is P. lentus Say, and that has been by many considered only a vari- ety of //elisoma trivolvis. The figures given show ours to have the form of a non-carinate species. We consider the carination, first used by Say as a specific character, more important for the grouping than the later subgeneric divisions, and it also serves in many cases to determine young shells, which have been often described as new species. It is used also as an important character in the differ- entiation of AZenetus, Gyraulus, etc., being in them mar- ginal instead of lateral, and while such forms are of very ancient date geologically, the lateral carina seem to ap- pear only in the recent period. The maximum of cari- nation is reached in the allied genus Carznifex, only known in late tertiary and recent epochs. A rounded or blunt angle is not intended by the word carina, which must be sharp. One reason given for supposing immature shells to be good species is that they are found in springs and ponds without larger ones. It is yet to be determined 2p SER., Vou. III. (8) August 8, 1890. gO CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. whether they reproduce in these cases, or whether ova brought on the feet of water birds merely hatch and die when the drying up or stagnation of the water stops their growth. There are, however, many dwarfed races or subspecies of fresh water mollusca produced by untavor- able environments more or less permanent. As tending to prove that the species here mentioned are not merely local races of one 3-whorled P/lanordis, it may be stated that P. swbcrenatus has been identified from Honey Lake, Cal., and Nevada, by R. E. Call in 1884, and P. horni? was received by Tryon from Grant’s Lake, on the Oregon-California boundary, in 1866 (col- lected by W. M. Gabb), both localities near the Sierra Nevada. Going back to the earliest known fossil Planorbes, we find that P. veternus M. & H. of the Jurassic of Nebraska was (like P. vermicularis) only 0.16 inch in length, and its section shows also four whorls of the simplest cylinder form. About fourteen other species have been found in the Laramie, Eocene and Miocene strata, all quite unlike living American forms. One of late tertiary age has been found in California, which is more like them, and the great extinct lakes of the Cen- tral Basin contained only species now living near them. SUBALPINE MOLLUSCA. OI EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 1-8—Spherium raymondi. ta, section profile of figure r. 9-10—S, ——_—, Klamath Lake, Oregon. 11—S. lenticula, from near Visalia, Cal. 12—S. partumeium, Worcester, Mass. 13, 14—S. partumeium, var.?, Columbus, Ohio. I5—S. partumeium, 16—S. securis, Section profiles from Prime’s dimensions of his I7—S. truncatum. types. 18—S. lenticula, 19—Profile of figure 11. 20, 21S. securis var., Plattsburg, N. Y. 22-25—S. truncatum, Massachusetts and Michigan. 26—Ancylus caurinus var., Oregon. 27—A. caurinus subalpinus, Yosemite Valley. 28—A. caurinus subalpinus, Bloody Canon, Cal. 29—A. fragilis, near Oakland, Cal. 30—Planorbis subcrenatus disjectus, Tuolumne Meadows, Cal. Figure 30 is of natural size; all the others are magnified three diameters, and were drawn from photographs, except the diagrams. In this way some of the specific characters are better developed, without sacrificing the accuracy of the photographic outlines. PRELIMINARY DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS LEPUS FROM MEXICO. BY WALTER Eo BRYANT. Lepus insularis, sp. nov. Briack Hare. About the size of Lepus californicus. Gen- eral color of upper surfaces of body, head and tail, black; under surface of body pale vinaceous-cinnamon, becom- ing decidedly darker towards the sides where it blends with black from dorsal surface. Ears gray, tipped with black; a narrow, well-defined line of white along the inferior margin of ear. Chin and orbital region, grayish white. Cheeks gray. Throat cinnamon-rufous. Under surface of tail nearly the same color as throat. Sp. char. Upper surface of fore feet and legs cinnamon-rufous, nearly obscured by black-tipped hairs. Upper surface of hind feet grayish white; toes brownish; black be- tween digits. A black line extending along inner sides of hind feet from toes to and a little above the heel. Soles of feet heavily padded. Type, No. $28, dad. California Academy of Sciences. From Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, November 2, 1890. Collected by Walter E. Bryant: (Original number, 508.) Type, No. $23, ad. California Academy of Sciences. From Espiritu Santo Island, Gulf of California, Mexico, November 2, 1890. Collected by Walter E. Bryant. (Original number, 509.) Two other specimens collected at the same place and time and two from the U. S. National Museum, collected by Mr. L. Belding in 1882 have been examined. Cranial characters and measurements are unavoidably deferred to a later paper. 2D SER. Vou. III. April 23, 1891. DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF DASCYLLUS DAVIDSONII LEC., AND A RECORD OF ITS LIFE HISTORY. BW Jito]inn RIVERS: Form large, robust, elongate, attenuate ventrally, eyeless, hexapod; segments 12,exclusive of head; color testaceous; texture corneus; length 1%-134 inches. Head wider than long, convex; gene strongly round- ed; sides gently rounded; front margin truncate with slight sinuations; from the front angles arise four jointed antenne, the second joint being as long as the other three, the basal joint connate with the head, and the apical joint can only be. seen peeping out from the third by being highly magnified; a large trapezoidal lab- rum projects from the front margin; the front margin of the labrum is deflexed and fringed with bristles. Man- dibles robust; articulating with the front edge of the head; apex bifid (plate I, fig. V, upper side); the cutting sur- faces are broad, bearing both crushing and tearing teeth (fig. Va); the large dark character at the base is boldly raised above the general line of the cutting edge. The masticating surface is sunken except at the basal inner angle, but it has a reflexed margin (fig. Va, d); the space marked (Va, e) is a sunken hollow bearing a transparent film, which alone separates the outer from the interior walls; near the middle of the mandible occur two needle- like teeth, one of which is very aciculate (fig. Va, f). Maxilla (fig. III), bears a bidentate lacinia (A), a robust galea (B), and a three jointed palpus (C); labium bearing its two jointed palpi,(fig. VI). Leg showing peculiar joint; (fg. VII). Interior of labrum showing epipharynx, (fig. Il). At the entrance under the front margin is a tuft or boss of stiff bristles (fig. II, g); immediately behind 2p SER. VOL. III. April 23, 1891. 94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. this is a character shaped like a horse shoe, and consist- ing of a series of horny teeth, shining black in color. The lateral series may be described as containing nine well formed, conical teeth, and the middle series con- sisting of three horny pieces, the one in front conical, the two behind elongate; there are also two independent pieces on either side. These four pieces last referred to are all black and horny in texture but are not in high relief like the teeth. Fig. IV represents the hypo- pharynx and basal joints of the labium. The char- acters here are almost a repetition of those found in the epipharynx but they are more robust. They present a great resemblance to the upper and lower jaws of the vertebrata, the vertical movement of the labrum and labium makes the likeness complete, the single tooth in each of these parts standing in the position of an in- cisior tooth, and no doubt performing incisors work, while the lateral series most certainly carry on the functions of molars. The interior organization of the mouth is surely of a high order, for though the mandibles are the true incisors, yet in the interior more dividing is to be done, and if this insect could only be classed with the Urodele, these teeth would bear the names of vomerine and pala- tine, which they more resemble than ligula and para- glosse. THORACIC SEGMENTS. Ist seg. more than twice as wide as long, front and hind margins parallel; sides boldly rounded in front, ob- tusely behind; sides of the thoracic segments deflexed. 2nd seg. the narrowest; just behind the front margin is a raised line not parallel. 3rd seg. wider than the second; has a fine parallel raised line in front and a divided line, not parallel near the hind margin. LARVA OF DASCYLLUS. 95 ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS. 4th—8th inclusive: all of the same character, but de- creasing in width; the sides are deflexed, then inflexed and wrinkled, forming a lateral margin; on the dorsal region there are two raised lines, one parallel to the front and the other to the hind margin of each segment; that near the hind margins is formed of pointed tubercles. Q-II segs. are much alike, each possessing a parallel raised line just behind the front margins. 12th seg. front margin truncate; sides and hind mar- gins rounded. Sides of the head and of the thoracic segments, and the surface of the 11th and 12th all over are beset with short bristles. On each of the abdominal segments except the ventral, is a spiracular opening upon the deflexed portions. HABITS. This larva lives a solitary subterranean life, burrowing into heavy, loamy soil and dwelling a long period in the same tunnel of half an inch in diameter and more than a foot deep. It grows to a large size when cgmpared to the dimensions of the perfect insect. The period of ex- istence appears to be more than a year, as larve are found at the same time, which, by the size, color and texture, would suggest a three years larval condition. In former attempts to rear this insect two years elapsed without change in the larval condition, and it may fairly be as- sumed the cause of failure to get it, through its changes arose from the prolonged stages; it becoming difficult to preserve full natural conditions, particularly for such long periods. Its usual habitat is among the rootlets of heavily foliaged trees where the ground does not dry nor bake. In 1887 they were numerous under an oak tree at Berkeley. The exact place had been filled up with heavy loam that was but one remove from clay; it had 96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. been carted to the place two years before and covered a deposit of grass and leaveS. As the leaves and grass decayed, a narrow space or crevice was formed, and in this was found numerous collections of clay pellets that appeared like the excrement of mice. The tunnels were plentiful, some above and some below this crevice, but many had an outlet into this fissure and some ended therein. A number of these larve or grubs were removed from their habitat and placed in a box with earth and roots from a garden; the box let into the ground, and though all care and attention was given them and though many were large and robust the new conditions did not suit them. Some continued living for a whole year but they all finally died, not one reaching the perfect state. Dur- ing examination pellets were found in the box and this fact explained the nature of them; they were noticed to be of a different color, which suggested another fact— that their food had been improper. The next experiment was made with the clay and materials found in their hab- itat and they passed their metamorphoses in regular order. It appears that this insect when in the grub state requires clay as part of its diet. 14 pellets, (fig. VIII), air dry, weighed.....0.354 grams Weight alter being nurnt:.. toe. oa oa see oe OF 300 AG Ikess by 1S nIMON,. Aysaw. Geet oot. Onder ai ies What nutriment this insect can extract from clay can only be conjectured, as the qualificative admixtures are unknown; the mycelium of fungi may constitute a portion of the material for tissue building; but as this is also doubttul the explanation is not forthcoming. If the pro- portion of refuse be taken as a criterion the earthy mat- ter is exactly two-thirds of the whole food. NEW SPECIES OF SCARABAIDA. BNe)ee Joo REVERS: Lygirus Bryanti, n. sp. Form elongate, oval, strongly convex, shining; color above dark chocolate to black; below, rich dark chest- nut, but ventrally darker. Male.—Head sub-triangular; sides oblique, faintly emarginate; clypeus armed with two flattened reflexed spines near the apex; two rather prominent tubercles on the frontis, one on either side of the center; on the ver- tex a transverse, smooth elevation; all the other surface closely rugose-punctate. Prothorax wider than long, narrow in front; front margin deeply emarginate with angles prominent; sides gently rounded, increasing backwards till nearing the hinder angles which are gently rounded; all round there is a clean cut edge except at the the base where the feeble bisinuations interfere; disc very convex, highly polished: the usual central tubercle just behind the front margin and rising in front of the usual dorsal depression having a rugulose surface; a twin depression or indent a little in from the hinder an- gles; remainder having the shallowest kind of punctures, strongest at the front angles and along the sides near the margins, but nearly obsolete on the central area and at the base near the hind margin. Elytra rather wider than the thorax at their juncture; sides nearly straight; a slight sinuation behind the humeral angle; base emar- ginate; humeral angles prominent, impunctate, shining; margin extending to the apex where it becomes very nar- row, but boldly encircling the humeral angles; a broken sutural stria defined at apex, but not reaching the scutel- lum; the basal, scutella and sutural area reaching to and including the apical umbones highly polished, represent- 2p Ser., Vor. IIL. April 23, 1891, 98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ing a third of the entire discal space; geminate series of striae, faintly impressed with quadrate punctures. Py- gidum much wider than long; obscurely punctate, each puncture bearing a short hair. Abdomen with reddish hair on the outer ends of segments; the anal segment bearing a complete fringe of stout reddish bristle-like hair. Legs short and robust; anterior tibie strongly tridentate, the teeth being deep black: spines of the legs dusky, otherwise chestnut. Length, 24 mm.; width, 7 mm. Occurs at San José del Cabo, Lower California. This fine insect belongs to the Pentodontes group of the tribe Dynastine, and was taken with several others by Mr. Walter Bryant during one of the tours of exploration sent out annually by the California Academy of Sciences for the purpose of bringing to light the faunal and floral riches of Lower California. Among the collection are many of the fine and well known species of Coleoptera. Besides this one there are three others that are new to science, and Mr. Chas. Fuchs who is arranging them suspects there are more that will turn out to be new. This new species, Z. Lryantz, is easily separated from the others of the genus by bearing a higher polish, by being longer and more convex. ON LAND AND FRESH WATER SHELLS OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. | BY J. G. COOPER, M. D. The long, mostly arid and barren peninsula lying chiefly between the latitudes of 23° and 32° 30’ resembles Florida in barely reaching into the tropics, though, on account of the mountainous character of its interior, only a very narrow strip around the southern and eastern shores may be supposed to be entirely free from frosts. It differs, however, from all the States of the Union, and also of tropical America in the comparatively scanty rainfall which only approaches abundance to the south of latitude 28° as summer rains, and from 28° to 33° as winter rains, most abundant on the highest and most northern regions. Some of the mountains northward are said to rise to over 10,000 feet elevation. Those of the southern half do not rise above 8,000 as far as known. The influence of these climatic conditions on the mol- lusca is shown by the fact that in Florida more than 50 species of terrestrial mollusca occur; in the intermediate State of Texas are over 40, while on the peninsula not more than 24 have been discovered. It is probable, how- ever, that several Californian species will yet be found to extend along the mountain summits farther south than yet known, only three species being so far discovered to inhabit the regions on both sides of the boundary line. The remaining species are of more tropical groups and mostly peculiar to the peninsula. Only two or three occur also on the main land of Mexico, but what is most remarkable, two species occur also in the similar arid re- gions of western South America and nowhere in the in- tervening moist tropical regions. Their supposed migra- 2p SeR., Vou. III. April 23, 1891. IO0O CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. tion or transportation from one region to the other has not been explained, but the aid of birds as carriers of their eggs attached to their feet seems the most probable explanation. For full lists and remarks on these regional groups of species I must refer to W. G. Binney’s works. My object now is merely to refer to them as showing that although many novelties cannot be expected, the most productive regions near the south coast having been much explored, still there is a large field yet to be visited which may contain new forms. The scarcity of lime seems to be one reason for absence of mollusca in many places. Mr. Bryant on former collecting trips obtained many of the more northern species. The present small col- lection picked up as they accidentally occurred between Cape St. Lucas and La Paz, in the extreme south end of the peninsula, shows both the narrow range of some species and how they may be overlooked unless specially searched for. At Cape St. Lucas and for 100 miles north, the large and important collection of Mr. J. Xantus was made in 1860-61, which furnished four new species of Bu- /imulus, besides the two South American forms. Two others from towards La Paz are also contained in the Academy collection. The Xantus’ collection was made during about two years’ residence, and extended to Mag- dalena Bay, but he gives also B. proteus Brod., B. arte- mista and B. xantust Binn., as trom Cape St. Lucas. Mr. J. Xantus (de Vesey) was employed by the U. S. Coast Survey for 18 months, ending July, 1861, as tidal observer at the Cape in 1859-1861, and from the nature of his duties was not permitted to go a day’s journey from his post. He claimed in his letters to have gone 350 miles up the west coast, and also to have visited the high mountains about 100 miles inland, besides La Paz, Mag- LOWER CALIFORNIAN SHELLS. IOI dalena Bay, etc. The large collections he obtained were all credited to Lower California and Socorro Islands, but there is a strong suspicion among naturalists that many of them were brought there from the coast of Mexico by vessels and sold to him as being from the peninsula. In this way only can the absence of many of his species from later collections be accounted for. He afterwards collected on the Mexican coast,and may have mixed localities. SPECIES COLLECTED. Butimutus (MESEMBRINUS) PALLIDIOR Sowerby.— Chile hicmreheex. collz or ii. Cuming. ~* Lower Cal- ifornia for 350 miles north,’’ W. G. Binney, from Xantus coll. and fide P. P. Carpenter, who however quotes it from San Diego also. It is not confirmed as found for 300 miles south of the boundary. The occurrence of this and #&. froteus, also reported from Lower California as well as Peru or Chili, is made more interesting by the similar occurrence of several plants in both regions which are not found anywhere between. B. (M:) =xcensus Gould. “‘LaPaz” Xantus. ~ Also found in that vicinity by L. Belding. B. (M.) InscENDENS W. G. Binney, subsp. BRYANTI J.(G. Cy Onmtdry mountains’ 800 to 1,000: ft: high, be- tween Cape St. Lucas and Margarita Bay, also for three hundred and fifty miles farther north, climbing high Copal trees, never found on the low-lands or table- lands ** Yantus. Mouth very obliquely expanded, so that the last whorl seems from above to diverge 45° from the axis. of shell. Near San José del Cabo, twelve miles east of the Cape, Bryant. There seems to be no other difference from Binney’s figure and descrip- tion of this well-marked form. This variation is evidently a more developed growth than that of the typical form, 102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. as the largest examples show it most, the projection be- yond the outline of shell being in some 0.45 of an inch. It may be analogous to the deflection of upper lip seen in many helicoid shells at maturity, and caused by the weight of shell becoming too great for the animal to sup- port as it did before. This species, in climbing trees has to carry the shell constantly growing spirally, until unable to do so, when the last half inch takes a nearly straight growth. It-may be a form limited to the warmer eastern side of the peninsula. Mr. Bryant obtained twelve examples of this form, two of them living and of a pale brown color, thus prov- ing that it is a permanent local variation instead of being only an individual deformity. B. (Mormus) PILULA W. G. Binney. ‘‘ Todos Santos and Margarita Island’’ antus, or 120 miles up the west coast. San José del Cabo, Bryant. A. (Morus) suFFLATUS Gould. ‘* Lower Cal.’’ San José del Cabo to La Paz, Bryant. Not found by Xantus. RHODEA CALIFORNICA Pfeiffer, subsp. ? RAMENTOSA J. G. C. The only specimen found is a dead one, which has unfortunately lost some whorls, though there are eight remaining. These are flattened cylindrical, very slightly tapering, imperforate, sculptured by about twelve fine revolving striz cutting obliquely across close-set riblets, not parallel to lines of growth, producing a file-like sur- face. Length .60, diam. 1.15 inch. It is most probable that better specimens will prove this to be a distinct spe- cies. The mouth is apparently not fully developed. It is very unlike Cy/¢ndrella, etc. This is an interesting discovery as probably showing the origin of the specific name, though first described as from Monterey, Cal., and not lately found north of Bo- gota, New Grenada. It only differs from figures and LOWER CALIFORNIAN SHELLS. 103 deseription in’ Bimney-s IL.é FY W-) Shells, p: roo, in more slender form and sculpture. The figures there given have 10 to 13 whorls. PHYSA DIAPHANA Tryon. This common Californian species inhabits also a small creek at San José del Cabo, Bryant. NERITINA PICTA Sowerby. Withthe preceding, and also at Todos Santos creek (L. Belding). (Not place of same name, now generally called Ensenada, near lat. 32°.) Extends to Panama. Neither of these fresh-water shells is given in Carpenter’s Catal. of Cape St. Lucas shells. The marine species collected by Xantus numbered 361, and included all those brought up by the Academy’s col- lectors. NEW CALIFORNIAN CARICES. (Notes on Carex, xv.) BY, 2. Ho BATE. The following new carices are decribed from collec- tions submitted by the California Academy of Sciences: CAREX OBNUPTA, 0. sp. Intermediate between C. /aciniata, Boott, and C. cryptocarpa, Meyer. ‘Tall and slender, 3-4 feet high, the culm stiff and sharply rough-angled; pistillate spikes about 3, scattered, the lower one or two long-peduncled and drooping, the upper short-peduncled or sessile, all 3 to 5 inches long, evenly and narrowly cylindrical, some- what loose at the base, mostly prominently staminate at the apex; staminate spikes 2 or 3, considerably or much elevated; perigynium flat and orbicular-obovate, ridged on the edges, nerveless, usually minutely speckled with colored dots, the beak very small and short and minutely erose or entire, about the length of and twice or more broader than the thin and black-purple white-nerved sharp or bluntish scale.—San Mateo Co., Ae/logg; Sierra Ne- vada (Donner), Aellogg & Brannan; Fort Point, San Francisco, Bolander. This species lacks the stiff habit of growth of C. daci- niata, as wellas the laciniate scale and toothed, tapering perigynium, while the perigynium and short scale are wholly different from those of C. cryptocarpa. With the exception of the short scales the spikes of C. obnupta are very like those of C. crzuzta in appearance. CAREX QUADRIFIDA, N. sp. C. atrata, Vainn.,; van. erecta,* W. Beott, “Bot. Cali, li, 239, at least mostly. *(, erecta has been before used in the genus. 2p SeR., VoL. III, July 3, 191, NEW CALIFORNIAN CARICES. 105 llicd sto. Caw fusca. Ml allt Bod “stitti, 2: to 3>feet high, the culm smooth or nearly so; spikes usually 5, % to 1% inches long, compact, the lowest one 2 to 4 inches, remote and short peduncled, the others usually shorter or more or less aggregated into a somewhat quad- rifid head and sessile, or very nearly so, some of them often nearly globular, the terminal one staminate below for a-half or third its length; perigynium flat, obovate, splashed with purple, but the edges usually hght-colored, nerveless, very abruptly rounded into a short and very slender erose beak, mostly longer and always broader than the purple and white-nerved sharp scale.—Mt. Dana, Bolander, 5046; Brewer, 1773. Var. LENIS, n. var. Usually lower, more slender, the leaves softer and more grass-like; perigynium white or nearly so through- out, usually minutely pitted, and the spikes shorter, often all nearly globular.—olander, 5046; Kellogg & Har- ford, 1080; Donner, Kellogg. CAREX MONILES buckmi., var: PACIFICA, n. var. G. vestcana,, We boot. Bot. Calit., 11,252. Leaves broad; spikes thick and short, 1% inches or less long; perigynium very thin, strongly few-nerved, tapering, shining at maturity, 3 or more times longer than the thin and brownish obtuse or muticous scale.—Arewer, 1654; Donner, Brandegee. A careful study of the American and European plants convinces me that they are distinct, and that C, vesecarza, Linn., does not occur in this country.. C. monzle var. Pacifica, to which | have referred all that has been called C. vestcarza in this country, differs from C’. ves¢carza, among other things, in its much stronger nerved perigy- nium which is more tapering in shape, and by its much 2p Ser., Vou. III. (9) July 3, 1891. 106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. shorter and blunt scales. This disposition greatly sim- plifies the study of our American Vestcarie. C. monile is to America what C.. Ves¢carza is to Europe, but prob- ably varying into more forms in its great range. Boeckeler (Linnea xli, 319) unites C’. monzle with C. veszcarza, but there are differences enough to separate them, and their union would lead to great confusion. I am unable to determine positively from the material I have examined if C. monz/e itself occurs in California. The Comonzde ot Bot. Calif, 1) 257,48 certainly var, colorata Bailey (Bolander, 6211, v. s. Hb. Gray.) Inthe collection of the California Academy of Sciences are specimens referable to this variety. olander, 6200, from the Yosemite, referred by W. Boott. to C. veszcaria in Bot. Calif. is somewhat intermediate, but is evidently the variety colorata. A NEW VOLUTOID SHELL FROM MONTEREY BAY. BY jis Ja RIVERS. SCAPHELLA (VOLUTA) ARNHEIMI. Shell regularly formed, elongate-ovate; body whorl more than two-thirds as long as the spire; the spire an inch long, and made up of six whorls, the terminal nu- cleus being very small, pointed and oblique, which latter character places this species in the section Scaphella ot Dall. Ground color obscure yellow, covered by a layer of chalk-like deposit. The body whorl has some coarse longitudinal elevations and depressions, remnants of for- mer lip extensions, and there are two large patches of dark rusty red at a wide interval which do not appear to form an interrupted band. The aperture is elegantly formed and measures 17g inches long by 7 inch wide; the inner lip is regularly outlined on the columella; columella plaits four, sharply oblique, the last one strongest, forming a prominent ridge parallel to the canal. The upper out- lines of the mouth meet ina sharp angie, but the base has ‘a well defined bifurcation. The whole of the aperture and the edge of the outer lip are heavily coated with en- amel of a yellowish tint, and rust stained. Size 3% inches long and 1% wide. Animal without operculum. Dredged in Monterey Bay, California. 2p SrEr., Vou. III. July 14, 1891. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION OF BAJA CALIFORNIA. BY T. S. BRANDEGEE. By the ‘‘Cape Region ”’ is meant that part of the pen- insula south of a line drawn along the northern base of the mountains from Todos Santos to La Paz. This re- gion 1s mostly hilly or mountainous, with few broad val- leys or level areas. The highest peaks are in the central portion, and most of them have the appearance of isolated cones rising sharply from the rough elevated region sur- rounding them. The largest valley is that of the Rio San José, which empties into the ocean at San José del Cabo. This valley supports several villages, and some of its tributary canons are occupied by cattle ranches. In fact throughout this region the valleys and cafions, however small, are occupied, wherever unfailing water is found, by one or more families who irrigate small patches of ground, and look after their flocks of goats and their cattle. The mountain peaks, according to the maps of the Coast Survey, reach a height of six thousand feet above sea level. Their tops during the rainy season (June—_ October) are enveloped in clouds, and thunder storms are of frequent occurrence. Running water can be found in the larger canons throughout the year, but it usually disappears in the sand soon after reaching the foothills. The Rio San José contains water during the whole year and several species of fresh water fish inhabit it, but in most of the water courses, even when twenty or thirty miles long, no running water excepting near their sources was seen at the close of the rainy season. The Tropic of Cancer runs through Todos Santos and the climate is necessarily a warm one, but tempered by 2p SER. VoL. III. July 14, 1891. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 109 the sea and the high mountains the heat is not so great or so enervating as might be expected. Even in midsum- mer the nights are moderately cool, and in the winter light frosts occasionally occur in the high mountains. This mountainous region of the Cape is separated from the nearest mountain to the north by a wide extent of level country, and the trail from Todos Santos to La Paz passes over a district apparently seldom if ever more than a hun- dred and fifty feet above the level of the sea. The most northern peak of the Cape Region, La Aguja (The Needle), 5.900 feet in height, is separated by a distance of more than a hundred miles from the nearest of the northern high mountains. The Cape Region is, therefore, an isolated region of mountains of considerable elevation, separated from those of the north by nearly two degrees of intervening low- land, and from the nearest mainland coast by a hundred miles of sea, and the flora of a region thus situated may be expected to, and does, show marked differences in forms from its nearest neighbors. The list of plants given below is mainly the result of two trips made by the writer in 1890; the first was in January and February from the landing at Magdalena Bay, down the coast on horseback to Todos Santos, from there making an excursion to the Sierra de la Laguna and returning, and thence to La Paz. This trip was undertaken at an unfavorable season of the year, nearly all the annual plants excepting in irrigated fields, or high mountain valleys, having dried up and dis- appeared, after the September rains. The second trip made in company with Walter E. Bry- ant, sent out by the California Academy of Sciences to examine the fauna of the region, occupied the months of September and October, with San José del Cabo asa TO) CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.. base of operations. The plants about that place were thoroughly collected during September and part of Octo- ber, at a season when abundant rains had produced lux- uriant growth. From San José a collecting trip was made along the eastern base of the mountains and across their western spur, through the mining town of Triumfo to La Paz. Very little rain had fallen in the region between these last places and few additions were, in consequence, made to those already found, but during the journey a short ‘‘side trip’’ into the higher mountains was made from Agua Caliente, and in a few days time the most in- teresting portion of the collection was obtained. Few and scanty collections of plants from the Cape Region have been made previous to these trips, and nearly all the species formerly obtained have been re-collected. The Cape St. Lucas collection of the Sulphur contained less than twenty species; one hundred and twenty-one are enumerated by Dr. Gray in the Xantus collection made in 1859-60; and a few were collected by W. J. Fisher and others connected with the Coast Survey. Mr. L. Belding, while engaged in studying the avi- fauna in 1885, made a small collection including Vo/zna Beldingit and the type of a new Scrophulariaceous ge- nus, Clevelandia; and Dr. Palmer during the time of the writer’s Todos Santos trip made a collection of a hundred and fifty species at La Paz. The Flora of the coast is subtropical, and a consider- able proportion West Indian, many of the plants perhaps introduced; that of the elevated regions is largely So- noran. ; 1. CLEMATIS, sp. Common in the hedges of irrigated fields and damp localities, between Miraflores and Tri- umfo. One plant only was found in bloom and that bore staminate flowers. It may be Clematzs Drummondi T. a 1G. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. VW ibai 2. THALICTRUM, sp. Found with remains of mature fruit which somewhat resembles that of 7. /lernandezz7. Common in wet places about the mountain tops. It is probably an undescribed species. 3. Ranuncutus, sp. Past flowering and with only a single mature seed. The radical leaves are long-petioled, entire, round-reniform and doubly serrate, the heads ap- parently small.—Damp places on the summits of the high mountains. 4. ARGEMONE Mexicana L.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 5. NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE R. Br.—Streams of the Sierra de la Laguna. 6. SISYMBRIUM CRENATUM.—Annual, glabrous, %-1 m. high, branching above: lower leaves triangular-acu- minate, entire or sinuate-dentate, cuneate at base, 2-4 cm. long on petioles of nearly the same length, upper leaves linear-lanceolate, entire or sparingly dentate; ra- cemes T4edm-= lone; sepals greenish, the outer ones convex and saccate at base; petals white 5-6 mm. long, spatulate in outline, about 9-lobed, shortly clawed and twice exceeding the sepals; filaments subulate, tomentose at base much shorter than the petals; stigma capitate; pod cylindrical, short stipitate, very slender, about ro mm. long, equaling the pedicel, 8-14 seeded; valves in- distinctly 1-nerved, seeds in one row, oblong, cylindrical; cotyledons broad, incumbent somewhat enfolding the radicle. : This plant differs from the genus in which it is placed by having lobed petals, a peculiarity not common in Cruciferee. Although the genus Dryopetalum rests mainly upon its lobed petals and this character is a dis- tinguishing one of Schizopetalon it does not seem best to make a new genus for this plant, even though slght T12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. characters have great weight in the order.—Common at low elevations of the Sierra de la Laguna. 7. CARDAMINE PALMERI Watson. Collected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 8. LyrocarpA XaAntTr Brandegee.—Throughout the whole Cape Region at low elevations. g., Leripium niTipumM Nutt. Sierra de San Francis- quito. 10. Lerpipium Vireinicum L. Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 11. ATAMISQUEA EMARGINATA Miers. Not so abun- dant as in the region about San Gregorio. Some specimens have recently been received from Dr. Be Kurtz, Cordoba, Arsentine” Republic.) Ele: writes: ‘‘T enclose two specimens of our A/amzsguea—the most detestable shrub I know —brittle like glass and ill-smell- ing.’ The differences in floral structure noted in Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ii, 128, may to some appear sufficient to justify the separation of the North American forms as a variety or even a distinct species. 12. CLEOME (PHYSOSTEMON) EPHEMERA. — Annual, glabrous, erect, branching from the base, 2-3 dm. high; leaves simple, linear, acuminate, 2-3 cm. long; flowers solitary from the upper axils, yellow, 5 mm. long; petals oval, tapering to the base, crenate-dentate, twice longer than the linear-lanceolate sepals; stamens 8, four perfect, four with golden yellow inflations below the sterile anthers; ovary very shortly stipitate, 20-ovuled; style short, stigma capitate; capsule 2 mm. wide, 2-2% cm. long, on a filiform pedicel of nearly the same length; 5? seeds muricate. Very abundant about San José del Cabo during the rainy season and soon disappearing when the soil becomes dry. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. It 1023 13. CLEOME TENUIS Watson. The leaves, differing from the five-leaved forms of Guaymas, are usually near- ly all trifoliolate.—San José del Cabo. 14. WISLIZENIA REFRACTA Engelm. Very abundant on the saline flats about La Paz. 15. HrLIANTHEMUM GLOMERATUM Lag. High mount- ains of the Sierra de la Laguna. 16. LeEcHEA Drummonpi T. & G.?—Summits of the high mountains of the interior. Stamens 3; outer sepals longer than the capsule. 17. IONIDIUM FRUTICULOSUM Benth. Perennial.—To- dos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 18. lIonipIuM RIPARIUM HBK. Annual, puberulent; flowers solitary, ochroleucous; petals nearly equal.— Common about San José del Cabo. 19. AMOREUXIA WriGHTII Gray. Single specimen 3% dm. high with perfectly ripe fruit. Capsules 50-55 cm. long, pubescent with many longitudital veins, which are prominent internally; the whole plant marked by minute red often linear puncte. Capsule much more acuminate than in the published plate, pl. Wright 3. The stout somewhat sigmoid peduncle is deflexed; the ovules, of which very many are abortive, are in several rows in each cell; the seeds exactly globular, about 5 mm. in diameter, dark brown, the arillitorm outer covering minutely wrinkled, closely conformed, sparsely covered with white hairs, and marked by a linear elevated raphe which extends from the micropyle to the chalaza, % the cir- cumference of the seed; the testa is smooth and shining, thick and hard, perforated at the micropyle, the opening filled by a conical obturator, brown tipped with white, nearly r mm. long, visible as a white spot on the surface ; teomen light brown, not separable from the endosperm. I14 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 20. PoLtyGALA BERLANDIERI Watson.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 21. | PoLYGaADA —anar Gray.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. Zoe i, 271. 2 WN PoLYGALA PUBERULA Gray.—Collected by Xan- bse. Proc, Am, Acad.iv, t54- 23. PoLyGALA ApopETALA Brandegee.—San Barto- lomé Canon, Sierra de la Laguna. Zoe i, 4. 24. IKRAMERIA CANESCENS Gray, var. pauciflora Rose. Contr. U. S. Herb. iii, 66.—Abundant between Todos Santos and La Paz. 25. KRAMERIA PARviFOLIA Benth.—San José del Cabo. 26. SILENE LACINIATA Cay. ‘A form with broad ob- lanceolate lower leaves and the outer divisions ot the limb much smaller than the inner. The scales are broad and more or less lobed.—Sierra de la Laguna, Sierra de San Francisquito. 27. STELLARIA CusPIDATA Willd.—At high altitudes along streams of the Sierra de la Laguna. Considered a synonym of S. xemorum L. in Biolog. Central. Mex. 68. 28. ARENARIA ALSINOIDES Willd. Forms with and without petals.—High altitudes of the mountains. 29. Sacina Linn Presl.—Sierra de la Laguna. 30. DRYMARIA ARENARIOIDES Willd. mentioned by Dr. Gray under D. frankeniotdes,* was collected by Xantus at the Cape. 31. DryMarIA HOLOsTEOIDESt Benth. San José del Cabo. * Proc. Am. Acad. v, 154. + Zoe 1i, 68-70. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. ELS 32. DRyYMARIA CRASSIFOLIAT Benth.—San José del Gabo, a, Paz. 33. DryMarRIA FENDLERI Watson.— Sierra de la Laguna. 34. DRYMARIA CARINATA Brandegee, Zoe il, 70.— Sierra de la Laguna. 35. DRYMARIA POLYSTACHYA Brandegee, Zoe ii, 70. San José del Cabo. 36. PARONYCHIA MONANDRA. Perennial, prostrate; branches 3-5 mm. long, with short lateral crowded branch- lets: leaves opposite linear, pubescent, narrowed at base and setosely acuminate; stipules ovate-acuminate, ciliate, nearly as long as the leaves: perianth pedicellate, pubes- cent, segments oblong linear, somewhat cucullate, with a minute dorsal spine: stamen solitary; filament very short, subulate; staminodia none: stigma very short, minutely 2-lobed; seed globose, large; testa smooth; fu- nicle long; radicle lateral. This plant bears a very considerable resemblance to the familiar Pentacena ramosissima. In the number of stamens it does not agree generically with Paronychia and the position of the radicle is unusual, but it seems better to place it here than on such slight grounds make anew genus. 37. PORTULACA OLERACEA L.—growing in the gar- dens about San José del Cabo and in the gulches during the rainy season. 38. PorRTULACA LANCEOLATA Engelm.—Not uncom- mon on the mesas and hills about San José del Cabo during the rainy season. It is usually erect and the color and size of the flowers are variable. The petals are t+Zoe ii, 68-70. Dr. Sereno Watson has since written me that a part of the type in the Harvard Herbarium is as pubescent as the preceding species. 116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. usually brick red at their edges, becoming yellow in the Center 39. PorTULACA STELLIFORMIS, Mocino & Sesse. The size of the flowers is very variable, they are commonly about three-quarters of an inch in diameter.—San José del Cabo and La Paz, growing upon hillsides. 40. PORTULACA PILOSA, L.—Petals small, purple and mucronate, not retuse as described by Dr. Gray, other- wise it seems to agree with the descriptions and speci- mens of this species. This plant is very abundant in sandy soil throughout the Cape Region. 41. PORTULACA PARVULA, Gray. Petals small, yel- low.—Common in the region about Agua Caliente. 42. ‘TALINUM TRIANGULARE W.? In the shade of cliffs near Miraflores. 43. TaLtinum PATENS Willd.? Flowers purple with yellow center, in ample paniculate racemes; the root is tuberiform, 2-3 cm. thick and 8-10 cm. long.—Com- mon in the hills about San José del Cabo. 44. FouquiERiA spinosa Torr. Throughout the whole region excepting the high mountains. 45. HYPERICUM ANAGALLOIDES Cham. & Schlecht.— Sierra de la Laguna. 46. Hypericum, sp. A perennial species common in the high mountains. 47. ANODA ACERIFOLIA DC.—Miraflores. 48. ANODA LANCEOLATA H. & A. Agreeing suffi- ciently well with this species. Flowers yellow with purple centers.—Sierras of the interior. 49. ANODA CRENATIFLORA Ort.? This seems to be the same as the plant collected at Comondu and doubt- fully referred to A. crenatifora. The pubescence and FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. JE 0Y/ structure of the fruit is exactly that of the northern forms, but the plants are much larger and afford great varia- tions in the leaves, some of which are cordate at base, to cm. long and 8 cm. wide, irregularly dentate, more or less 3-5 lobed. The upper ones are divided nearly to the base and the uppermost narrowly linear. — Common about San José del Cabo. 50. SIDA HEDERACEA Torr.—San José del Cabo. 51. SipA Xantr Gray.—Common, Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 52. SiIpA pbiIFFUSA HBK. _ Entirely without pilose hairs, but apparently otherwise the same.—Miraflores. 53. SIDA RHOMBIFOLIA L.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. Common in cultivated fields. 54. ABUTILON INCANUM Don.—San José del Cabo, La Paz, Todos Santos. 55. AsuTILON PaLMERI Gray.—La Paz, Todos San- tos. 56. ABuTILON CALIFORNICUM Benth.—San José del Cabo. 57. ABUTILON XANTI Gray. Proc. Am. Acad. xxii, 301. A fine large species abundant between San José del Cabo and Triumfo. The color of the flowers in the living plants is so light a yellow as to appear almost white, but in the dried specimens it changes to a decided yellow. The stems are simple and in some locations become 10- 12 feet tall, with leaves six inches wide and eight inches long on petioles half a foot in length. The seeds are scabrous. 58. ABUTILON CRIsPUM Don. Fine large plants grow- ing about the cultivated fields of San José del Cabo. 59. SPHA4SRALCEA INCANA Torr.’ In flower only and 118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. doubtless the same as the one referred to this species by Dr. Gray in the list of the Xantus collection. 60. SPHARALCEA CALIFORNICA Rose. Contribution U.S. Herb. iii, 66.—La Paz. Except in damp soil and low lands the plants are small and soon disappear. 61. KosTELETZKYA CoULTERI Gray. San José del Cabo. Only a single plant seen, the flowers become green in drying, seeds pubescent with simple hooked hairs. The species are apparently all very nearly related. 62. Hrsiscus CouLTEerR1I Gray.—San José del Cabo, La Paz. 63. Hrpiscus rR1ipiroLtius Gray. This species grows to a height of eight feet; the flowers larger than those of Hf, Coulter? are sulphur yellow in color; the leaves and stems are either glabrous or pubescent; the petals are sparingly stellate-pubescent, and variable in form.—To- dos Santos, San José del Cabo. 64. Gossypium Davipsoni Kellogg. Cabo. 65. GOSSYPIUM, sp. from cultivation at San José del Cabo. San José del A cultivated species escaped 66. HorsrorpiA PALMERI Watson.—La Paz, San Pedro. 67. HoRSFORDIA ROTUNDIFOLIA Watson. AH. Purz- seme Brandegee, is probably the same. Zoe i, 253.—La Paz. 68. HERMANNIA PALMERI Rose.—Common. La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 69. MELocHIA TOMENTOSA L. Common everywhere except in the mountains. 70. MELOCHIA PYRAMIDATA L.—Triumfo. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 11g 71. ~WALTHERIA DETONSA Gray.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 72. SAVENTA PUSILLA Ler" San José del'Cabo. ~ The same as the plant collected about Magdalena Bay. 73. AYENIA BERLANDIERI Watson. San José del Cabo. 74. TRIUMFETTA SEMITRILOLA L.—Santa Catarina, Miraflores. 75. MavpigHiA GALEOTTIANA Ad. Juss.? ‘‘ Manza- nita.”” A bush common about San José del Cabo. 76. GALPHIMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Beth var.—San José del Cabo, La Paz. 77. JANUSIA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del Cabo, lavage: 78. "TRIBULUS GRANDIFLORUS Benth. & Hook.—Com- mon about San José del Cabo. 79. . TRrBuLUS MAxImus L. Rancho Colorado, San José del Cabo. 80. TRisuLus CALIFoRNICUS Watson.—Very abun- dant about San José del Cabo. 81. FacontiA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del Cabo. Not common. 82. LARREA MeErxicANaA Moric.—Todos Santos, La Raz. 83. Guaicum sAncTuM L.? A small bush, its leaves having only one or two pairs of oblique, mucronate leaf- lets. The flowers are blue and the fruit usually mucro- nate.—Not common. San José del Cabo. 84. VISCAINOA GENICULATA (Kell.) Not so abun- dant as in the region about San Ignacio and no pinnate- leaved forms like those in the central, have been seen in the Cape Region.—La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. I20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Engler in Pflanzenfamilien ii Teil, Abt. 4, 88, de- scribes Viscainoa as 5-merous. In this. he is certainly in error, or misled by an unusual example. The notices im Proc. Cal. Acad., ser, 2,1, 228 and, 137, drawn irom abundant material, have apparently been overlooked. The flowers though varying from 3-6 are ordinarily 4— merous, the stamens nearly always 8. The leaves vary ~ from 1 to 5-foliolate. 85. GERANIUM CAROLINIANUM L.—Sierra de la La- guna. 86. OXALIS CORNICULITA L.—Common in the high mountain regions. 87. XANTHOXYLUM Facara (L.) Miraflores, Sierra de la Laguna. 88. XMANTHOXYLUM CaARIB&uUM Lam.? Some of the specimens are spinose. The young growth is pubes- cent.—Not uncommon. San José del Cabo, San Barthol- omé, Sierra de la Laguna. 89. ESENBECKIA FLAVA Brandegee. Zoe 1, 378, pl. xe go. CASTELA TORTUOSA Liebm. Very abundant near the coast throughout the whole region. The male flowers are not sessile, but are more shortly pedicellate than the female; the anthers are 6—10, usually 8. The style falls as a whole, and the branches are united at the base—at least in most cases. gt. BURSERA FAGARIOIDES Engler. £&. odorata, Bran- degee. Common throughout the whole region. Speci- mens from San José del Cabo have leaves with either crenate or entire margins. 92. BuRSERA MICROPHYLLA Gray. Very abundant between Santiago and Buena Vista near the sea shore, and more or less abundant everywhere except on the high FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I21 mountains. About Buena Vista the bark has been cut from the trunks and larger limbs of the trees and exported for tanning purposes. The trees do not die, for the cut- ting is not deep enough and the bark is not completely removed. 93. Bursera HinpsiAna (Benth.)— San José del Cabo. Forms with simple leaves only. 94. BuRSERA LAXIFLORA Watson. This seems to be one of the most variable species in regard to its foliage and but for the forms from San José del Cabo that ap- proach so closely &. laxiflora collected at Guaymas by Dr. Palmer, it would be considered a distinct species. The bushes near La Paz growing upon the low sand beach opposite the town bear simply pinnate, densely white-pubescent small leaves; trees from the interior and Todos Santos have large, sometimes very pubescent leaves, with the larger ones more or less doubly pinnate. The Cape specimens have longer and narrower leaves, with the leaflets more distant and appear to be the same as Dr. Palmer’s Guaymas specimens; they are not as handsome as the more northern forms with pubescent fern-like leaves. An acquaintance with this tree through- out a large extent of country convinces me that the forms belong to one species. It is found as far northward the low region opposite Santa Margarita Island. 95. BuRSERA CERASIFOLIA. A bush or small tree, 4-5 m. high, branched from the base, glabrous; leaves simple, sessile, crowded at the ends of the branchlets, ovate- lanceolate, 4-6 cm. long, 1-2 cm. wide, slightly crenate, thin in texture, with numerous veins nearly at right an- eles with the midrib; peduncles apparently terminal but really from the axils of the leaves, slender and exceeding them, 1-3 flowered; sepals 4, unequal, subulate or del- 2p SErR., VOL. III. (10 ) July 17, 1891. 122 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. toid, 1 mm. long, % the length of the petals; stamens 8; fruit obovate, narrowed at base, 6 mm. long; seed black at top covered below with an orange colored arillus.—San José del Cabo. 96. Scua@priA CALiFoRNICA Brandegee. Not so abundant as about San Gregorio. 97. MAyYTENUS PHYLLANTHOIDES Benth.—La Paz, San José del Cabo. 98. Karwinskid HuMBoLpTIANA Zucc. Common. La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 99. COLUBRINA GLABRA Watson.—San José del Cabo. 100. ConpALIA MExIcANnA Schl.—Not uncommon. I0o1. GOUANIA TOMENTOSA Jacq.? Probably this species. The specimens vary much in their pubescence and the leaves are cordate or cuneate at base, acuminate or emarginate. The fruit is densely villous-pubescent and its wing hardly equals the cell in width, but it is somewhat immature and they might increase in size. —San José del Cabo. 102. Viris, sp. Leaves only of a species common in the mountains. The fruit is used for making a native wine. 103. Viris (Czssus) Aactpa.? Todos Santos: 104. VuiTis (Czssus) sp. Miraflores. 105. CARDIOSPERMUM HaxuicacaBum L. Common at low elevations, and running into many diversities of foli- age, pubescence and trivial differences of petal scales and glands. 105%. CARDIOSPERMUM PALMERI Rose. La Paz, and also from Socorro Island.* C’. Loxense to which it is said Seroc Ua se Nat. wlus epsxciueel aye FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 10g: to be allied was reduced by Grisebachft along with C. molle and others to C. Halicacabum. 106. PAULLINIA TORTUOSA (Benth., under Cardzosper- mum). Zoe, ii, 74. This plant is a Paullinia, having 5 sepals, four glands and a septicidal capsule, nearly filled by the large seed; arillus deeply crescentic; leaves deep- ly impressed over the veinlets on the under surface, and minutely papillose on the upper. The two anterior glands are conical, lobes of the stigma elongated. 107. PauiuiniA, sp. A much stiffer plant with ter- nate leaves more or less punctate and impressed in lines; terminal leaflet much the larger, all 3-lobed and more or less crenate-dentate; arillus lunate; fruit nearly as in the last. The flowers are somewhat smaller and the glands much less conspicuous, but fuller material is needed to determine whether it is specifically distinct.—La Paz, also collected (No. 23) by Dr. Palmer at the same place. 108. PauLiiIntA SonorENsIS Watson? Fruit some- what larger than described. The leaves are in texture and pubescence much like P. fortuosa, the glands are ob- long and rather prominent, seed usually solitary, aril cir- cular.—San José del Cabo. tog. Pauxiinta, sp. More than one species may be embraced in the specimens, which vary from pinnately 5-foliolate forms with very large leaflets, oval or ovate, crenate-dentate, 4-5 dm. long, to others with the lower pair 3-parted, and all deeply incised, the pubescence not very dense, and the upper surface somewhat punctate- scabrous. The capsule is large and pyriform 20-25 mm. in diameter rather densely pubescent; seeds usually 2, 8-13 mm. in diameter, basal area bilobed; peduncles as long as the leaves 5-8 dm. long: flowers numerous; glands tFlora of the British West Indian Islands, 122. 124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rather small ovate; style stout with 3, minutely bi-lobed stigmas.—Miraflores, Agua Caliente, San José del Cabo. Possibly an undescribed species but it requires consider- able temerity in the present state of the genus to venture on naming new species. A single imperfect specimen from the seashore at San José del Cabo has smaller, some- what coriaceous, almost glabrous leaves. 110. Dopona viscosA L. Notuncommon. Broader leaved than the Chihuahua specimens. IIz. RHUS SEMPERVIRENS Scheele. Engler’s Ana- cardiacee, 390. A spreading bush, eight feet high.— Sierra de la Laguna in fruit. Sierra de San Francis- quito in flower. 112. RHus LAURINA Nutt.—Sierra de San Francis- quito. A very small bush and not abundant. II3. CYRTOCARPA PROCERA Engler. A small tree, common throughout the region, bearing gray-pubescent pinnate leaves and a yellow, acid fruit. On some trees the fruit is pleasant to the taste and on others bitter and disagreeable. The fruit, known as ‘‘ciruela’’ (plum) was ripe in August and no young flowers could be found but the sepals, petals and stamens persist at the base and these agree with. Engler’s figure. The leaves are half the size of those described, otherwise there seems to be no difference. 114. CROTALARIA INCANA L. Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo. I15. CROTALARIA PUMILA Ortega.—San José del Cabo. 116. CROTALARIA SAGITTALIS L.—San José del Cabo in the sand of stream beds and common in the Sierra de San Francisquito. 117. Lupinus, sp. A handsome species, the same as FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I25 one common in the central part of the peninsula. Abun- dant in the high mountains. It may be a form of LZ. Av7- ZOntCUS. 118. Mer.itorus PARvVIFOLIA Desf. San José del Cabo. I19. TRIFOLIUM INVOLUCRATUM Willd.—Sierra de la Laguna. 120. HosAcKIA GLABRA Torrey.—Sierra de la La- guna. 121. HosackIA RIGIDA Benth. Often prostrate. Ap- parently a reduced form of this species. Sierra de la Laguna under the pines and oaks. 122. PsoRALEA RHOMBIFOLIA T. & G. Teeth of the calyx more nearly equal than those of Texas specimens but otherwise the same.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 123. Davtrea Emoryr Gray.—Abundant near La Paz. 124. DALEA MARITIMA. Perennial, branching, nearly prostrate, silky pubescent: heads 2-3 cm. long terminat- ing the branches or apparently lateral: leaves 2% cm. long; leaflets 8-11 pairs, sparingly glandular, 3 mm. long, oblong-ovate, stipellate; stipules small subulate: calyx 2 mm. long, furnished with large glands, promi- nently ribbed, equaling the linear-lanceolate bracts, gla- brous excepting the silky-ciliate teeth which are shorter than the tube: corolla purple, twice the length of the calyx: anthers glandless: ovary and pod glabrous, beset by four rows of glands; ovules two. Growing in the sand of the ocean beach, just above high water mark, at Todos Santos and La Paz. The stems and branches of the Todos Santos specimens are densely white silky and the numerous black glands so conspicuous on the La Paz plants are completely hidden. Collected also by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125. DALEA DIVARICATA Benth.—Sierra de la La- guna. 126. DALEA CHRYSORHIZA Gray. Common.—Todos Santos, Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 127. DALEA RAMOSISSIMA Benth. — Sierra de la La- guna. 128. DALEA CANESCENS Benth. Much less pubes- cent than the Magdalena Bay specimens, glands minute and sparse, flowers smaller, the vexillum much broader than long and somewhat 3-lobed with the middle lobe triangular.—La Paz. 129. Davea, sp. Frutescent, spreading, with stems 2-3 feet long.—San José del Cabo. 130. INDIGOFERA AniL L.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 131. INDIGOFERA, sp. Frutescent, four feet tall with racemes much longer than the leaves.—San José del Cabo. 132. TEPHROSIA PALMERI Watson.—About San José del Cabo the flowers are ochroleucous. 7. Purisieme Brandegee, described from more northern forms having purple flowers, is probably this species. 133. TEPHROSIA TENELLA Gray.—La Paz, San José del Cabo. 134. ‘TEPHROSIA CONSTRICTA Watson.—San José del Cabo. 135. ‘TEPHROSIA CANA. Herbaceous trom a woody base, 6-9 dm. high, whole plant appressed silvery pubes- cent: leaves 8-15 cm. long; stipules deflexed, rigid but not spinescent; leaflets 5-8 pairs, 3-8 cm. long, oblong elliptic, veins parallel, petiolules bent angularly: racemes elongated, naked below terminal or axillary: pedicels FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. EZ ~I shorter than the flowers, bracteate at base, and with two broad bracteoles at summit: calyx broadly campanulate 6-8 mm. long, the broad acuminate lobes twice the length of the tube, the two upper high-connate: corolla more than twice the length of the ochroleucous or sometimes purplish corolla: vexillary stamen tree for its whole length even in the bud, with a prominent angular callosity near the base; anthers uniform: style flattened bearded on the upper side, penicillate at apex: pod flattened 6-8 cm. long, 4 mm. wide: seeds oblong, flattened, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; cotyledons of the solitary perfect one deeply constricted at the middle; radicle incurved, half their length. High Sierras—Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de San Francisquito. 136. COURSETIA GLANDULOSA Gray. — Miraflores, LaPaz. 137. _CraccaA Epwarpsir Gray.— Miraflores, San Pedro, Sierra de la Laguna. The mountain plants are about a foot high, and bear small very silky pubescent leaves: the Miraflores plants are three feet high, with the old leaves nearly glabrous, almost an inch long and pods two to three inches long, 24-seeded. 138. SESBANIA MACROCARPA Muhl.—Rancho Salado, and very abundant about San José del Cabo. 139. AsTRALAGUS, sp. Differing from A. odscurus, Watson, very slightly; the habit is more prostrate, the stipules more foliaceous and the keel a little more beaked. As it seems to grow only about the two deserted ranches of the high mountains it is probably an introduced plant. Sierra de la Laguna, Sierra de San Francisquito. 140. NissoLia sETosA. A branching vine, 3-4 mm. high, supported or twining on small trees, sparingly hir- sute: leaflets 5, orbicular, obtuse or retuse, mucronate, 128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1-2 cm. long, on petiolules 2 mm. long, glabrous; stipules linear 3-4 mm. long, persistent: flowers 4 mm. long, dark yellow; calyx teeth longer than the tube, 3 mm. in length including the terminal, long, yellowish, bristly awn: fruit 1-2 jointed, pubescent and sparingly beset with long yellow bristles which are brown and glanduli- form at base, the wing slightly curved, 1 cm. long; ped- icels 5 mm. long.—Triumfo to San Pedro. 141. A®SCHYNOMENE NIVEA Brandegee.—Todos San- tos, La Paz. 142. ASCHYNOMENE VIGIL. Shrubby, about 1 m. high with white branching stems, whole plant appressed- pubescent: leaves not sensitive; pinnz 5-7 pairs, oblong, mucronate, 8-12 mm. long, rather rigid; stipules per- sistent, lanceolate-acuminate, striate: flowers purple, soli- tary or few in the axils; pedicels 7-10 mm. long, sparingly covered with hair bearing glands: calyx 2-bracteolate, the lower sepal much longer, the other four about equal- ing the tube: corolla purple, more than twice the length of the calyx: ovary pubescent; legume 2—3-articulate.— San José del Cabo. 143. STYLOSANTHES viscosA Lee.— Common about San José del Cabo. 144. ZORNIA DIPHYLLA Pers. Perennial.—Agua Cal- lente, Sierra de San Francisquito. 145. DeErsmopium Nero-MExicanum Gray. Various forms, some with nearly all the leaves simple and broadly deltoid. Common.—San José del Cabo, Miraflores. 146. DESMODIUM SCOPULORUM Watson. —San_ José del Cabo. 147. DEsmMopiuM (HETEROLOMA) PROSTRATUM. Herb- aceous, perennial, prostrate; stems 1 m. long covered with uncinate hairs: leaves on petioles 5-8 cm. long, FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 129 pubescent with long white silky hairs; leaflets 3, orbicu- lar, mucronate, 3-6 cm. broad, 3%-6% cm. long, the lateral one truncate at base, the terminal one somewhat larger and cuneate at base: stipules persistent, large, overlapping at base, acuminate, 10-18 mm. long, 5-8 mm. wide at base; stipels lanceolate, 8 mm. long: ra- cemes axillary and terminal: calyx lobes deltoid -lanceo- late: corolla purple, 10-12 mm. long: bracts soon decid- uous, broadly ovate, rather abruptly acuminate, 5-6 mm. long: pod 2% cm. long, 5-6 jointed, lobed slightly upon the ventral side and to the center on the dorsal, thickly beset with short uncinate yellowish hairs. A common species at high elevations in the mountains. The prostrate stems spread in all directions from a per- ennial root; the leaflets are crowded at the end of the petiole, the stipe of the terminal one being only 1 cm. long. It somewhat resembles D. strodbzlaceum. 148. DeEsmMopiuM scorPiuRUS Desv.— Probably in- troduced.—San José del Cabo. 149. Desmopium WIsLizENI Engelm. Old specimens without fruit from the Sierra de la Laguna. 150. DErEsSMODIUM SPIRALE DC.—Miraflores. 151. DeEsmMopiuM, sp. Santa Catarina. 152. DEsmMopiIuM, sp. Sierra de San Francisquito. 153. DeEsmopiuM, sp. Sierra de San Francisquito. 154. DeEsmopium, sp. Miraflores. 55. DeEsmopium, sp. Miraflores. 156. CriroriA Mariana L.—Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 157. ERYTHRINA CORALLODENDRON L. In fruit only and the species uncertain. A small tree common about San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. Known as ‘* co- ralina.”’ ‘The boys play with the large red seeds in the 130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. same manner that the boys of Alta California do with the seeds of Megarrhiza, and they call them by the same name: ‘*chilacayote.”’ 158. GALACTIA TENUIFLORA Willd.—Muiraflores. 159. PHASEOLUS, sp.—Fields at Miraflores. 160. PHASEOLUS FILIFORMIS Benth.—San José del Cabo. 161. PHASEOLUS ATROPURPUREUS DC. Common. 162. PHASEOLUS MONTANUS. Annual, twining; stems ¥% m. long, minutely retrorsely scabrous: petiole shorter than the leaflets; leaflets linear-lanceolate, rugosely vein- ed, scabrous, the terminal one 6 cm. long or less, 4 mm. wide, the lateral ones somewhat smaller; stipules lanceo- late, striate, 2 mm. long: peduncles little shorter than the leaves, 1-2 flowered: flowers yellow or ochroleucous, small: calyx 4-toothed, tube 2 mm. long; teeth deltoid 17 as long excepting the linear lower one which is nearly as long as the tube; bractlets linear, striate, as long as the tube: banner broader than long with a short claw: wings equalling the banner: free stamen much thickened at base and the scales prominent: pod 3-4 cm. long, compressed, 5—7 seeded, slightly curved, long-pointed; seed flattened, brown, marked with black spots.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 163. RuHyYNCHOSIA MINIMA DC.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 164. Cajanus Inpicus Spreng.? ‘Todos Santos. 165. CSALPINIA PANNOSA Brandegee. Described from small plants collected near Comondu. In the south- ern part of the peninsula it is sometimes ten or fifteen feet high, and is C. Mexicana var. Californica otf the Xantus Collection. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 1A yr 166. CASSALPINIA PULCHERRIMA Sw. ‘‘ Tabachin.’’ In cultivation at San José del Cabo. 167. CSALPINIA (POMARIA) PLACIDA. Shrubby, 1-2 m. high, branching trom the base: bark dark brown glabrous: pinne a single pair and an odd one; petiole I cm. or more long, glandular: leaflets 4-6 pairs, nar- rowly oblong, obtuse, crenulate, about 7 mm. long; racemes 6-12 cm. long: flowers 10-15 on pedicels 1% cm. long or less, jointed above the middle: calyx lobes 6 mm. long, ovate-obtuse, imbricated in the bud, glandular, dark red; petals exceeding the calyx, bright yellow, bearing numerous yellow glands upon their lower half: stamens 10, hairy below: ovary densely glandular; ovules 4: pod 4 cm. long, 1 cm. wide, somewhat falcate, bear- ing numerous reddish stipitate glands. The dark red stipitate glands abound on all parts of the inflorescence excepting the petals. It is a very handsome species, the bright yellow colored petals contrasting strik- ingly with the dark red of the sepals, pedicels and pe- duncles. It blossoms in February. Common about La Paz and also collected there by Dr. Palmer. 168. HatMATOXYLON BOREALE Watson.—La Paz, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 169. PARKINSONIA. 'TORREYANA Watson.—San José del Cabo. 170. CASSIA BICAPSULARIS L. Introduced.—Todos Santos. t7P, CASSIA. (EMARGINATA [L.. ‘* Palo de .Zorillo.”’ A small tree common along the base of the mountains. 172. Cassta vILLosA Mill.—San José del Cabo to San Bartolomé. 173. Cassta Tora L.—Miraflores. 132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 174. CASSIA OCCIDENTALIS L.—San José del Cabo, San Bartolomé. 175. CAssiIaA NicTIcANS L. Very abundant about San José del Cabo. 176. CasstaA Axssus L.—Muiraflores. 177. BAUHINIA PORRECTA Sw. Var.? A large bush growing abundantly between Santiago and Buena Vista. Very near, if not identical with, this West Indian species. 178. TAamarinous Inpica L.—Common in cultivation about San José del Cabo. 179. PROSOPIS JULIFLORA DC.—La Paz. 180. NeEpTuUNIA PLENA Benth.—San José del Cabo. 181. DESMANTHUS FRUTICOSUS Rose. A bush ten feet high.—San José del Cabo. This must be D. vrgatus of Bot. Sulph. as well as of the writer’s previous list, from Magdalena Bay. 182. DESMANTHUS OLIGOSPERMUS. A prostrate spread- ing shrub; stems branching, 2 dm. long; leaves 1% cm. long; pinnae 2-4 pairs, a small gland between the lower pair; leaflets 8-12 pairs, sparingly pubescent especially upon the margins, oblique, linear-oblong, I-nerved, 4mm. long; stipules semisagittate, rigid; flowers in small heads on axillary peduncles, 1% cm. long, 5-toothed, 1 mm. long; petals 5, 1% mm. long, stamens nearly white; calyx 5, three times longer; bracts of the head stipitate, pel- tate, cordate-acuminate, caducous; pod 7 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, ovate-acuminate, 1-2 seeded, indehiscent:; seeds oblique, flat, marked on the sides, smooth; cotyle- dons oval-oblong, sagittate at base, the space filled by the short radicle. Common about San José del Cabo, growing in exposed situations. The legumes are nearly always one-seeded and the number in the head varies from five to ten. PLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. it 2) 24 183. Mimosa Xanti Gray. A bush 6-10 feet high. The leaves are three nerved at base; the legumes are an inch or more long, with an elongated linear tip, usually 3-4 seeded and setose upon the margins, sparingly so upon the sides. Very abundant.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos, Sierra de la Laguna. 184, Mrmosa pistacHya Cav.? A spreading bush 2-3 mm. high, glabrous; thorns scattered, curved: pinne 4 pairs, the lowest a third the length of the upper one; leaflets on lower pair 1-2, on the upper 3-4, obovate, obtuse, apiculate, oblique, 2-3 nerved at base; petaloid stamens numerous; legume 3-4 cm. long, setose-hispid on the margins and both sides, the valves breaking into 3-5 joints. It differs from the description and figure of JZ. distachya in being entirely glabrous and in the out- line of the leaf, and from J/. /avzflora in its setose-hispid fruit.—San Jose del Cabo, Todos Santos, La Paz. 185. Mimosa LAXIFLORA Benth.—Comondu and prob- ably at La Paz in flower, the species from the latter place uncertain on account of the lack of fruit. 186. Lruc#NA RETUSA Benth.? A slender shrub 10-15 feet*high; stems in clusters of several with short ascending branches, the flowers borne at the top. In the specimens the petiolar gland is just below the lower pin- ne; these last are however often absent, but their places of attachment are always represented by scars as is the case in Dr. Watson’s ZL. /anceolata where, they appear to have been small and soon deciduous. 187. ACACIA FILICINA Willd.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 188. ACACIA AMENTACEA Benth. Differing from Pringle’s 2526 of 1889 in having puberulent leaves and CA pods.—San Gregorio, Comondu.. At. Todos Santos a 134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. glabrous form but with narrower leaves than those of Pringle’s specimens. 189. Acacia, sp. Without fruit; stipular spines few and minute, leaves small.—Todos Santos to La Paz. neo. “Acacra, esp. Ia Baz Acacia FARNESIANA Willd—San José del Cabo. t9ot. Acacia WricutTir Benth. ‘Collected at La Paz by Dr. Palmer. Contr. Nat. ‘Elerb.,. 111,60: 192. LystLoMaA CANDIDA Brandegee.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 193. LystLloMA MICROPHYLLA Benth. — Mountains near San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. 194. CALLIANDRA CALIFORNICA Benth,— Common about San José del Cabo. 195. CALLIANDRA ERIOPHYLLA Benth. Reported by Mr. Rose from La Paz. 196. CALLIANDRA CouLTERI Watson.—A_ loosely branched bush. The long stamens are always drooping giving a wilted appearance to the flowers.— Common about San José del Cabo. 197. PiTHECOLOBIUM DULCE Benth.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 198. PiTHECOLOBIUM TOoRTUM Mart.? A very hand- some small tree with horizontal dark green leaves grow- ing at low elevations at San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. 199. PITHECOLOBIUM FLEXICAULE (Benth.) Contr. Was. Herb.,; voliins 202.) Dhisis feqetrep ae se alo iciorro. of the” Proc: Caleicad... i arsoee le ice ery abundant and may have been the Acacza flexicaulis of the Xantus Collection. 200. ALBIZZIA LEBBEK Benth.? This is undoubt- FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 135 edly the plant of the Xantus Collection noted in Proc. Am. Acad., v, 158, as Leucena macrophylla? with the remark ‘‘ that from the pod and look of the foliage it may be an Albizzia.’’ It was not in bloom at the time of my trips to the Cape Region, but very young pods were found with remnants of flowers about their base. By these old blossoms, it is made certain that the calyx is small, the corolla long tubular, the stamens numerous, exserted and monadelphous beyond the lobes of the - corolla. Mr. Bentham writes, ‘‘In this genus, one to three of the central flowers of a head differ from the others in having elongated tubular corollas and the stam- ineal tube long exserted.”” These elongated flowers may be the fertile ones of the head and therefore the ones re- maining about the base of the pod. The mature pod is exactly that of A. Leddek in Icones Carpologica, and the descriptions of the species agree with my specimens. Albizzia is not an American genus, but this species has been introduced into the West Indies, from which place, if this tree is really A. Lebdek, it perhaps came. Several old large trees grow on the main street of San José del Cabo and their position and arrangement is such that they must have been planted. In the broad sandy mouths of canons along the base of the mountains at San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Agua Caliente and Todos Santos, this small tree abounds and seems to be a native, but it may have spread from introduced or cultivated trees. 2042, ERUNUS sAmieInOLIA lib K.) “Proc, Am: Acad, xxil, 411. A tree blossoming in January on the Sierra de la Laguna. i) 02. Rusus, sp. Glabrous, stems trailing, leaves often 5-digitate. In bloom on the Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de San Francisquito. 203. FRAGARIA Mexicana Schl.—Sierra de la La- guna, in blossom. 136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 204. ALCHEMILLA HIRSUTA HBK. Flowers often reddish, ovule solitary.—Sierra de la Laguna. 205. HETEROMELES ARBUTIFOLIA Roemer. A shrub six to ten feet high.—Sierra de la Laguna, flowering in January; Sierra de San Francisquito, fruit in October. 206. RIBES SANGUINEUM Pursh. Flowers dull purple, fruit glabrous. Growing along streams near the summit of the Sierra de la Laguna and blooming in January. 207. COTYLEDON NUBIGENA. Glaucous; outer leaves broadly spatulate, abruptly acute, 6-8 cm. long, the inner narrower and acuminate: flowering stems several, 4-5 dm. high, divided near the top into 2-3, secund, ascending racemes: lower leaves or bracts cordate-lanceolate, I cm. long; floral bracts minute, much shorter than the 1-2 cm. long pedicels: calyx slightly pentagonal, divided nearly to the base into deltoid-lanceolate segments, 3-5 mm. long, equaling the corolla tube: corolla 1 cm. long, divided to the middle into linear erect petals, red above shading into yellow below: carpels 8 mm. long; styles erect.—Growing upon rocks of the summits of the Sierra de la Laguna. 208. COTYLEDON FARINOSA B. & H. Reported by Dr. Gray from the Xantus Collection. 209. RHIZOPHORA MANGLE L. ‘‘ Mangle dulce.’’— Salt water marshes about La Paz. 210. LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA Gzertn.—La Paz and the Magdalena Bay lagoons. 211. PsrtpruMmM POMIFERUM L. Escaped from cultiva- tion near San José del Cabo, Miraflores, Todos Santos, 212. AMMANNIA LATIFOLIA L.—San José del Cabo. 213. CUPHEA, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 137 214. NersaA SALICIFOLIA HBK.—San José del Cabo, Sierra de la Laguna. 215. Eprmiopium Parisui Trelease.—Zoe, 1, 210. 216. JUSSIH@A REPENS L. var. CALIFORNICA Watson. Common in damp soil about Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 217. JUSSL4#A OCTONERVIA Lam.—San Jose del Cabo. 218. QCENOTHERA DrumMonpit Hook. var.—No. 35, Xantus; Broceam Acad -, vii, 501. - Phis must be the plant of Xantus although the ovary and calyx lobes are nearly as densely pubescent as the leaves.—A littoral plant common between Rancho Tomate and Todos San- tos, and also seen on the Gulf shore. 2. ERA SEA Ait.—Sierra de la Laguna. 2% CENOTHERA ROSEA Ait.—S de la Laguna 220. CENOTHERA SINUATA L.— Tops of the high mountains, generally distributed. 221. Loprzia cLAvaTaA Brandegee.—Very abundant on the high mountains. 222. GAURA PARVIFLORA Dougl.—San José del Cabo. 223. MENTZELIA ADHERENS Benth.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 224. MENTZELIA ASPERA L. Leaves often not all lobed; corolla more than twice the length of the calyx, the segments united at base; filaments irregular in length and indefinite, 5-10 of the outer ones dilated; the upper part of the calyx promptly circumscissile trom the ovary ; seeds few, lobed, very rough and oblique.—San José del Cabo. It is possible that there are two species confused under the name. The form here described, represented also by Palmer’s No. ror from Southwestern Chihuahua, is apparently nearest the West Indian original. Pringle’s 2p) SER. VOL. LIL GL) July 24, 1891. 138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. No. 633, also from Chihuahua, has persistent calyx-lobes, longer stamens, and the more numerous seeds are thin- ner and less rough. 225. EucnimpE corpATA Kell.—La Paz, San José del Cabo. 226. TuRNERA PumILEA L.—Common about San José del Cabo. 227. TURNERA DIFFUSA Willd. var. APHRODISIACA Urban, ‘‘Damiana.’’ Formerly exported in quantity for medicinal purposes. Common at low elevations. 228. PasstFLORA Fa@TIDA L.—San José del Cabo. 229. MomorpicA CHARANTIA L.—Climbing over dwellings and garden fences and sparingly escaped.—San Jose del Cabo. 230. EcuinocysTis BrRanpEGEI Cogn. Proc. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, iii, 59.—Along the seashore. Todos San- tos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 231. EcHINOCYSTIS MINIMA (Kell.)—San José del Cabo. 232. BRANDEGEA MONOSPERMA Cogn. Cal. Acad., ser. 2, ili, 59: Barely entering the Cape Region near Todos Santos. The leaves are as variable as those of Echinocystis minima, running from nearly entire to very deeply lobed. 233. CYCLANTHERA (EUCYCLANTHERA) TESTUDINEA. Annual, glabrous; stems angular, sparingly branched, %-1 m. high, climbing in bushes: petioles sulcate, 6-10 mm. long; leaves punctate-scabrous, triangularly 3-lobed; the middle lobe prolonged, the lateral ones sometimes quadrate or lobed, all acute or acuminate; base reniform with a sessile gland on the upper surface at each side; nerves prominent beneath: 4-flowers in small clusters, FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 139 few-flowered: common peduncle 3-6 mm. long; pedicels capillary: calyx-teeth obsolete: corolla rotate, 2-3 mm. broad, equaling the 2-flower. Calyx-teeth of & -flower very short: peduncle stout, equaling the petiole: fruit compressed, strongly gibbous, 12-15 mm. long, shortly rostrate, strongly aculeate with numerous stout flattened spines 2-4 mm. long; sides thin, membranaceous; ventral segment linear, thick and elastic; placenta thick, % as long as the capsule, three lobed at the free end and bear- ing 2—3 seeds, in as many cells, recurved with respect to the placenta, but erect in the capsule: seeds brown, scurfy and muricate, oblong, strongly compressed, 5 mm. long, with two marginal projections on each side—bear- ing a strong likeness to some species of turtle. Sierra de San Francisquito, high mountain tops, Oct., 1891. The dehiscence in this species is strongly elastic and quite regular, the placental column is attached near the center of the straight margin—and to the apex of the strong border which extends around the curved side. In dehiscence this thick broad band straightens itself and curves the contrary way separating from the thin sides, and drawing the seeds completely out of the cell. 234. Srcyos Dreppr: G. Don.—Very abundant in the region about Miraflores, often completely covering the hedges and small trees about the fields. 235. MELOTHRIA PENDULA L.?—Miraflores. 236. WVASEYANTHUS RosEI Cogn., Zoe, 1, 368, PI. xi.—La Paz. 237. MaximowicziA Sonor Watson.—San José del Cabo. This is apparently the same as the Guaymas plant, but the leaves are less dissected. The specimens from Magda- I40 CALIFORNIA: ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lena Bay are of different habit, less glaucous and more punctate-scabrous. The stamens are four—one bilocu- lar, the remainder unilocular. It may possibly be a dis- tinct species. 238. Brconta (KNESEBECKIA) CALIFORNICA.—Herb- aceous from a tuberous root, % m. high, glabrous, pur- ple-tinged: lower leaves cordate, somewhat unsymmetri- cal, sparingly pilose at the top of the petiole and on the veins, equaling the petiole, 5-7 nerved and lobed, dentate -serrate and setiferous, 6 cm. wide, 4 cm. long; upper leaves very unsymmetrical, 2-3 nerved and lobed, dentate-serrate and setiferous; stipules 6-7 mm. long, 3 mm. wide, broadly lanceolate setiferous, persistent, those of the lower leaves unsymmetrical: cymes few flowered: bracts broadly acuminate setiferous: pedicels 3-4 cm. long, bibracteolate at the middle with very set- iferous deciduous bracteole: flowers pink or purple: the male perianth 4-lobed, the two outer lobes broadly ovate, 7 mm. long, denticulate, the inner smaller; anthers obpy- riform, emarginate: female perianth 5-lobed, the outer ones sparingly denticulate, 5 mm. long, the inner smaller ; capsule 2 cm. long or more, 2—3 winged, the largest wing roundish-deltoid, to-12 mm. in greatest width, the oppo- site wing 3 mm. wide, the dorsal small.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 239. MAMILLARIA sp. found only in flower from San José del Cabo to the sum- A nearly globular species mit of the mountains. 240. MAMILLARIA GoopripeGi1 Scheer. —San José del Cabo. 241. MAMILLARIA RosEANnaA Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 19.— Common at low elevations. 242. CEREUS PRINGLEI Watson.— Common in the low country. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I41 243. CEREUS STRIATUS Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 19. 244. CEREUS PECTEN-ABORIGINUM Engelm.—Todos Santos, La Paz; San.José del Cabo. 245. CEREUS (ECHINOCEREUS) sp.—Todos Santos, ay Paz: 246. CEREUS sp.—A species with numerous stems, six or eight feet long, hanging from the rocks of the Sierra de la Laguna, bearing at the time of collection neither flowers nor fruit. 247. CEREUS GUMMOsUS Engelm.—Abundant in the Cape Region.* 248. CEREUS ScHoTtTit Engelm.—Common. 249. CEREUS THURBERI Engelm.—Common. 250.) CERBUSS HE RUCA Brandegee, Zoe, 1, -20.5 Per= haps extra limital. 251. OpunTiA (PLATOPUNTIA) sp.—Common. 252. OPUNTIA ROTUNDIFOLIA Brandegee, Zoe, ii, 20.4 ~Vodosmoamtios.. ary Paz. 253. SESUVIUM PoRTULACASTRUM L.—Growing about the borders of salt water marshes. 254. TRIANTHEMA MONOGYNA L.—Very abundant at San José del Cabo. 255. MoLuuGo VERTICILLATA L.— Juncal and very common about San José del Cabo. 256. Moxriuco CERVIANA Seringe.—San José del Cabo, Agua Caliente; growing in sand or cultivated fields. 257. HypROCOTYLE UMBELLATA L.— Growing in streams and irrigating ditches at Todos Santos and San José del Cabo. PERS Wy Or I42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. At 258. ArRrRAcAcIA BRANDEGEI Coulter and Rose. high elevations in the mountains. 259. GARRYA WRIGHTII Torr.—Sierra de la Laguna. 260. HouUSTONIA BREVIPES Rose. Common in the mountains. 261. HousTONIA ASPERULOIDES (Benth. ) — Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 262. HousTronriA BRANDEGEANA Rose.—La Paz. 263. HousTONIA ARENARIA Rose. Collected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz and by the writer at San José del Cabo. Annual, flowers white, ovary containing eight ovules. Young specimens. 264. RANDIA ARMATA DC.?—San José del Cabo. 265. CHiococcA RACEMOSA Jacq.— Foothills of the Sierra de San Francisquito. 266. DioprA TERES Walt., var. ANGUSTATA Gray.— San José del Cabo. 267. SPERMACOCE TENUIOR L.—San José del Cabo. 268. MirrACARPUS LINEARIS Benth.—San José del Cabo, Innocente. 269. MrirraAcarpus vitLosus Ch. & Sch.—San José del Cabo. 270. MiTrRACARPUS SCHIZANGIUS DC.— Growing in clumps from a woody base. Specimens variable in de- gree of pubescence, length of style, etc.—Hills about San José del Cabo and in the Sierra de San Francis- quito. 271. RICHARDIA SCABRA L.—San José del Cabo. 272. GALIUM MICROPHYLLUM Gray.— Sierra de San Francisquito and Sierra de la Laguna. The plants are FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 143 sparingly long-pubescent. /relbunzum polyplocum Wemsl. Gray, Synoptical Flora, 41. | 273. GALIUM UNCINULATUM DC. ?—Sierra de la Laguna. 274. VALERIANA sp.— Common in the high mount- ains. 275. HoOFMEISTERIA FASCICULATA Walp.—La Paz, San José del Cabo. 275%. STEVIA sp. White flowered.— Sierra de la Laguna and de San Francisquito. 276. CARMINATIA TENUIFLORA DC. Common at high elevations in the mountains. 277. EUPATORIUM QUADRANGULARE DC.?—Sierra de San Francisquito. 278. EUPATORIUM GRANDIDENTATUM DC. var. LAXI- FLORUM Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 279. EupATORIUM sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 280. Euparorium sp.—San Bartolomé, Sierra de San Francisquito. 281. BRICKELLIA COoULTERI Gray.—San José del Cabo. 282. BRricKELLIA CAVANILLEsIL Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 283. BricKELLiA sp.—Miraflores. 284. BRICKELLIA sp.—San Bartolomé. 285. BRrICKELLIA sp.—La Paz. 286. APLOPAPPUS ARENARIUS Benth. Low, densely glandular pubescent, with thick leaves and large heads of yellow flowers; growing on the seashore and covered by adhering particles of sand.—San José del Cabo. 287. APpLOPAPPUS SPINULOSUS DC. . Growing onhills, LAA CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. in rounded clumps, branching freely, 3-4 feet high.— Todos Santos. To this species, rather than to the preceding, I think Palmer’s No. 17, from La Paz, should be referred. 288. CoOULTERELLA CAPITATA Rose.— Sand beach near La Paz. 289. BiGELOvIA DIFFUSA (Benth.) San José del Cabo, ia az. 290. ASTER spiINosus Benth. San José del Cabo. 291. ASTER ExiLis Ell. San José del Cabo. 292. ASTER sp. San José del Cabo. 293. ConyzaA CouLTERI Gray.—Mountains of the interior. 294. ERIGERON CANADENSIS L. San José del Cabo, Sierra de la Laguna. 295. BACCHARIS CA4RULESCENS DC.— Proc. Am. Acad, V5 L060. 296. BAcCHARIS VIMINEA DC.—San José del Cabo. 297. Baccuaris sp. Male flowers only, of an un- identified species from the high mountains. 298. PLUCHEA SUBDECURRENS DC.—San José del Cabo. 299. ANAPHALIS MARGARITACEA Benth. & Hook.— Sierra de la Laguna. 300. GNAPHALIUM LEPTOPHYLLUM DC.—Sierra de la Laguna. 301. MErLAMPODIUM DIVARICATUM DC.— San José del Cabo, in fields. 302. MELAMPODIUM SINUATUM. Perennial, 2-4 dm. high, with many branching stems from a somewhat woody base, grayish rough-pubescent all over: leaves 3-4 cm. long, elliptic-oblong, obtuse, narrowed but connate at base, FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 145 sinuate or somewhat lobed on the margin: peduncles several times exceeding the leaves, in fruit often 1 dm. long: heads small; lobes of the involucres about five, rounded and ciliate, united to the middle, penninerved: rays bright yellow, 6-10 mm. long, much exceeding the involucre: fruiting bracts without hoods, clavate-oblong, rough and pubescent, with the lateral edges spinose- tubercular at the point of attachment, the inner basal angle sharply projecting, the akene exposed somewhat by the falling ray: disk strongly convex, the flowers shorter than the plicate-truncate, crenate-dentate yellow-tipped bracts, only the few central ones antheriferous, the very numerous others reduced to linear-clavate rudiments, nearly as long as the bracts and ciliate at the summit.— San José del Cabo. 303. PARTHENICE MOLLIS Gray.—La Paz to Todos Santos. 304. HymrENoOcCLEA MoNoGyRA T. & G.—San José del Cabo to La Paz. 305. FRANSERIA FLEXUOSA Gray. San Pedro. Small tree fifteen feet high. 306. FRANSERIA MacGpALeNa@ Brandegee.—San José del Cabo. 307. FRANSERIA AMBROSIOIDES DC.—San José del Cabo. 308. XNANTHIUM STRUMARIUM L.—San José del Cabo. 309. HELIOPSIS PARVIFLORA Gray. Akenes either smooth or papillose.—High mountains. 309%. Ecuipra aLBa Hasskarl.—San José del Cabo. 310. SCLEROCARPUS DIVARICATUS (Benth.)? This must be the plant mentioned, under S. wz7serzalzs, by Dr. Gray in the list of Xantus’ plants. It agrees better 146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. with the plant of Bentham, but may not be the same. The broad foliaceous bracts of the involucre are 5 ina single series, many times surpassing the bracts of the re- ceptacle. The fructiferous bracts are setose at the sum- mit, and more or less on the dorsal tuberculations. The outer rows in age have a sharply tuberculate dorsal angle and scattered tuberculations over the upper third. The apex of the curved pyriform akene projects slightly at the summit, and is very slightly (in the outer rows) surpass- ed by the peak of the bract; pappus crown nearly obso- lete: 311. ALvoRDIA GLOMERATA Brandegee. Specimens from Todos Santos and San José del Cabo are much taller and decidedly frutescent. The flowers are smaller, solitary or rarely 2-3 in the involucres, always rayless. The pappus scales are divided into numerous acuminate narrow palee of irregular length. 312. VIGUIERA DELTOIDEA Gray. The leaves are often somewhat irregularly dentate or crenate.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 313. VIGUIERA TOMENTOSA Gray.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo and the summits of the high- est mountains. 314. EnceiiaA Patmert Vasey & Rose.—La Paz. 315. ENCELIA FARINOSA Gray.—La Paz. 316. VERBESINA EROSA. Herbaceous and many stem- med from a woody root, scabrous and hirsute, I-1/z m. high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, opposite, 1 dm. long on short; margined petioles, not decurrent, scabrous above, hirsute below, serrate: heads loosely corymbose, 15 mm. high, either with rays or rayless: bracts of the involucre ovate-acuminate, in 2-3 series, hirsute: rays when pres- ent oblong, ro mm. long, fertile: akenes obovate, usually FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 147 smooth, margined with a wing of variable width that is generally broader than the akene, irregularly lacerate and ciliate: awns two, as long as the akene and spreading. This plant is common on the high mountains of the cape region and sometimes grows in deep canons at lower elevations. The leaves are often coarsely and doubly serrate and white hirsute below. The wing of the akene is sometimes entire, and often narrow. Some of the marginal ones may be wingless, and are then tubercu- late. 317. HETEROSPERMUM XANTI Gray.— La Paz, San José del Cabo and in the mountains. 318. BipENS NUDATA Brandegee, Zoe,i, 309. Mount- ains of the interior. 319. BIDENS REFRACTA Brandegee, Zoe, i, 310. Mi- raflores. 320. BripENS TENUISECTA Gray.— Foothills of the mountains near Agua Caliente. 21. Brpens LemMmoni Gray.—High mountains. 3 322. BipEens prtosa L.—Mountains of the Cape Re- 0 323. BipENS HETEROPHYLLA Ort.—High mountains. 324. GALINSOGA PARVIFLORA Cav. Plants small and destitute of pappus.— Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de San Francisquito. 325. PERITYLE CRASSIFOLIA. Annual, stems ribbed, branching % m. high, densely arachnoid-tomentose, the glands masked by the pubescence, but causing the thick leaves to glisten in the sun much like J/esembryantheum equilaterale: leaves thick, reniform or cordate-ovate, crenate, on petioles of the same length: heads large, many flowered, rays white, conspicuous; akenes curved, pubescent on the sides, at least the outer ones ciliate on 148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the margins, with one slender, retrorsely barbed awn and a short crown of lacerate scales. Very few akenes seem to mature, especially among those of the disk. The plant hasa very different appear- ance from the other white-flowered species of the genus. It grows along the seashore at San José del Cabo. 226, PERITYLE “CUNEATA “Brandesee: ""Zoenz. 54. Sierra de la Laguna and a single specimen in the wash of the San José River. 327. PERITYLE MINUTISSIMA Rose zued.—San José del Cabo. 328. PrErRITYLE Emory Torr.—La Paz, San José del Cabo. 329. PERITYLE MICROGLOSSA Benth.—La Paz, San é 330. PALAFOXIA ARENARIA Brandegee.—Sand beach at La Paz. 331. PoRoPpHYLLUM GRACILE Benth.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo.* 332. PoropHYLLUM FILIFOLIUM DC.f—San José del Cabo. 333. Dysopia spEciosA Gray.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 334. TAGETES LACERA Brandegee, Zoe 1, 314.— Sierra de la Laguna. 335. TAGETES MICRANTHA Cav.—Sierra de la La- guna, Sierra de San Francisquito. 336. TaGETES SUBULATA Llave & Lex.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 337. LEPTOSYNE PARTHENIOIDES (Benth.) San José del Cabo. *Zoe a, 312% FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 149 338. LEpPTOSYNE DISSECTA (Benth.) Bot. Sulph. 29. Said to have been collected at Cape St. Lucas. 339. LEPTOSYNE HETEROCARPA Gray. Zoe i, 308.— San José del Cabo, Sierra de la Laguna. 340. PrEctTis PALMERI Watson.—La Paz. 341. PrcTis puNCTATA Jacq.—Near Santiago. 342. PECTIS MULTISETA Benth.—San José del Cabo, a. Paz: 343. PECTIS PROSTRATA Cav.—Agua Caliente. 344. BEBBIA ATRIPLICIPOLIA (Benth. )—Common. 345. HELENIUM THURBERI Gray. Growing along the banks of the stream at Rancho Colorado and perhaps not really within the Cape Region. 346. PEREZIA MICROCEPHALA Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 347. ‘[RIXIS ANGUSTIFOLIA DC.—San José del Cabo. Sierra de la La- 348. HreRacitum FENDLERI, Gray. _guna. 349. HrerRAcrum, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 350. MALaAcoTHRIxX XANTI Gray.—San José del Cabo. 351. ScasvoLA PLumriert Vahl.—Abundant upon the Todos Santos beach and also found at San José del Cabo. 352. LoBELIA LAXIFLORA HBK. var. ANGUSTIFOLIA DC.—Common along the streams of the Sierra de la La- guna. 353- HETEROTOMA AURITA. Annual, branching, slightly hirsute, 1-3 dm. high: lower leaves variable in form, round-cordate or ovate, crenate to laciniate-serrate, obtuse or acute, 3-4 cm. long on petioles of nearly the same length; upper leaves narrower, laciniate-serrate: flowers 10-15 mm. long, blue, on leafless racemes 10-15 cm. in length: posterior lobes of the corolla deeply 150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. divided, ovate; anterior lobes narrowly linear: calyx spurred; posterior lobes erect, linear lanceolate; anterior lobes similar to and distinct from the others, standing out at right angles to the upper ones. Compared with //. arabidordes, the spur is much longer, the posterior lobes of the corolla much more deeply divided and of a different shape. The two anterior calyx lobes are situated near the end of the spur, distant from the upper ones. A handsome species common in the high mountains. 354. ArsBuTus Menziesi1 Pursh. Leaves large, to- mentose below. A medium sized tree, blooming in Jan- uary.—Common on the summits of the high mountains. 355. SAMOLUS VALERANDI L. var. REPENS. Stems creeping and rooting at the joints, forming entangled mats often many feet in extent.—Sierra de la Laguna on moist rocks.— Sierra de San Francisquito on stream banks. This plant differs strikingly in habit from typical S. Valerand?, but some forms collected by J. G. Lemmon (No. 2645) in the Huachuca mountains in Arizona are intermediate between them. 356. MACREIGHTIA INTRICATA Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. v, 163.. The leaves are described as ‘‘ leviter triplinervis,’’ but the lateral nerves are short, given off above the base and usually hardly visible; the reflexed pedicels of the hermaphrodite flowers are from. about one-half to the full length of the leaves, thickened above and with a small bract at the lower third; they are ap- parently always solitary, though from the approximation of the axils they frequently appear clustered: calyx lobes ovate, apiculate-replicate, the lobes at flowering longer than the basal part: corolla 5-7 mm. cylindrical-urceo- FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. ieee late, conical in the bud, the inner surface glabrous, dark- brown, the outer, excepting the base, densely gray-villous ; the tube twice longer than the spreading dextrorsely con- volute lobes: stamens 3-5, distinct; filaments filiform, at- tached to the base of the corolla, twice as long as the anthers which are glabrous and long-apiculate by the produced connective; the hairy rudiment of a stamen occupies the middle of one lobe between the two cor- responding sinuses: ovary densely villous, 6-celled, 6-seeded; style 3-lobed half way to the base, the lobes similar to but much smaller than those of the corolla: fruit slightly pubescent, globose, 15 mm. in diameter; seeds twice as long as broad, rounded and thick on the back, straight and thin on the inner margin, the sides con- cave; embryo half as long as the smooth corneous albu- men; the subulate radicle half as long as the cotyledons which are sometimes three. From the description of J/Zaba Caribea (DC) Prodr:; Vili, 222, this plant appears to be too closely related to it.. 357. VALLESIA DICHOTOMA Ruiz & Pavon. San José del (Cabo, LavPazlodos Santos. 358. PLUMERIA ACUTIFOLIA Poir.? ‘‘ Cacaloxochitl ”’ Very nearly agreeing with the descriptions and drawing of this species. The leaves are glandular tipped; the lobes of the corolla are twice longer than the tube; the mature follicles, 15-20 cm. long, are divergent and re- curyed. This striking tree is twenty feet high, sparingly branched near the top with the branches terminated by large leaves and showy white flowers. Not uncommon from San José del Cabo to Triumfo and San Pedro. 359. PuHitiBpeRTIA Pavont Hemsley.—San José del Cabo. 360. PHILIBERTIA LINEARIS, var. HETEROPHYLLA Gray.—San José del Cabo. 152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 361. PHILIBERTIA PALMERI Gray. Agrees with Palmer’s flowering specimens, excepting that the top of the stigma is slightly more umbonate. The specimens vary from very pubescent to glabrous. The follicles when young are pubescent, and finally become 4—5 cm. long, 1-1% cm. thick, and taper from near the end toa point. The ‘‘anterior 5 scales” in the diving. plantvare white, globular and prominent. Common climbing over the hedges at San José del Cabo and Todos Santos. 362. ASCLEPIAS SUBULATA Decaisne.—San José del Cabo, La Paz. 363. MrTASTELMA CALIFORNICUM Benth.—San José del Cabo. 364. PATTALIAS, sp.—San Jose del Cabo, Todos Santos. 365. GonoLosus, sp.? In fruit only.—Near La Paz. 366. HIMANTOSTEMMA PRINGLEI Gray. Common near the seashore and in sandy gulches about San José del Cabo. A specimen from Buena Vista has very much larger and thinner leaves, and few trichomes in the throat. Dr. Gray says these trichomes are ‘‘ apparently flat,”’ but in our specimens they are clavate. 367. ROoTHROCKIA CORDIFOLIA Gray. The tube of the corolla, which is plicate at the sinuses, is % as long as the limb. The stigma is bilobed at the summit and irregularly muricate, usually in two divisions, a short dis- tance below. The anthers are broad and inappendicu- late, and the lobes of the thick corona are two-pointed. The rather slender follicles are either smooth or tuber- culate, narrowed a short distance above the base, and when young are eaten raw by the inhabitants.—San José del Cabo, Miraflores. Known as ‘‘ Talayote.”’ Dr. Gray compares Rothrockia to Enslenia or Roul FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. rye linia, but it would probably be better placed among the Gonolobee. 368. PoLyPREMUM PROCUMBENS L.—San José del Cabo. 369. BuDDLEIA CROTONOIDES Gray. Proc. Am. Acad., v, 165. Collected by Xantus at Cape San Lucas. 370. EusToMA EXALTATUM Griseb.—San José del Cabo. 371. GILIA FLORIBUNDA Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna. 372. LeasELiaveiniarTa LL Cells either‘one or two seeded, tube of the corolla slightly exserted, cilize very short and inconspicuous.—Sierra de la Laguna. Common about the base of the mountains. 373. CorpiA PaLMEeRI Watson?—San José del Cabo. 374. BourRERIA Sonor Watson.—San José del Cabo. La Paz. 375. ‘FouRNEFORTIA VELUTINA HBK. Proc. Am. mcad., v, 164.0 Collected by Xantus. 376. HELIoTROPIUM CuRASSAVvICUM L.—San José del Cabo. 377. HELIOTROPIUM PARVIFOLIUM L.—San José del Cabo. 378. HELIOTROPIUM INNUNDATUM.—San José del Cabo. 379. HELIOTROPIUM FRUTICOSUM L.—San José del Cabo. 380. HELIOTROPIUM PHYLLOSTACHYUM ‘Torr.— San José del Cabo. , 381. HELIoTROPIUM, sp. San José del Cabo. 382. KRYNITZKIA HELIOTROPIOIDES Gray. Collected by Xantus at Cabo San Lucas. Proc. Am. Acad. v, 164. 2p SER., VOL. III. (12) August 11, 1891. 154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 383. KRYNITZKIA MICROMERES Gray? La Paz. Contrib. U2 >. Elerb.,. amy 73. 384. KRYNITZKIA LEIOCARPA F. & M.—La Paz, l.c. 385. KRYNITZKIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Gray in Coll. Xan- tus, under Arztrichium. 386. Ipoma:A PES-cAPR& Sweet. Calyx lobes slightly mucronate; stems sixty feet in length, prostrate along the sand. Ocean beach at Todos Santos, San José del Capos iba Paz. 387. IPpoM4A ACETOSZFOLIA Reem. & Sch.—Sea- shore at Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 388. Ipomaa MExiIcANA Gray.—San José del Cabo. 389. Ipomaa TRIFIDA Don. var. TORREYANA Gray. Todos Santos. 390. IpoM4#A BRACTEATA Cav.—Common about the base of the mountains. 391. IpomasaA cocciINEA L.—Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo. 392. IpomMa#A AuUREA Kell.—Common at low eleva- tions. 393. Irom#a Quamoc iit L.—San José del Cabo. 394. Troma#a muricaTa Cav.—Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 395. Ieom#a JaLapaA Pursh.—San José del Cabo. 396. IPoM#A COSTELLATA Torr.—Miraflores. 397. Ipoma#a Bona-nox L.—Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 398. IpomaA, sp.—Miraflores. 399. Ipomaa, sp. Low and prostrate-twining. Flow- ers small, bright yellow.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 400. JACQUEMONTIA ABUTILOIDES Benth.—San José del Cabo, La Paz, Todos Santos. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 155 401. JACQUEMONTIA VIOLACEA Griseb.—San José del Cabo. 402. DicHONDRA ARGENTEA Willd.—Sierra de la Laguna. 403. EvoLvuLus ALSINOIDES L.—San José del Cabo, San Francisquito. 404. CuscuTA INDECORA Choisy ?—San José del Cabo, on Boerhaavia. 405. CUSCUTA LEPTANTHA Engelm.—La Paz, on Eu- phorbia. 406. Cuscura PALMERI Watson.—La Paz. Contr. U.S. Herb ges 407. CuscuTra AMERICANA L.—La Paz. Collected there also by Palmer. 408. CuscuTA OBTUSIFLORA HBK.—Soledad, and probably within our limits. 409. CuscuTaA TINCTORIA Mart. ?—San Bartolomé. 410. SoLtAnum HrNpsianum Benth.—San_ José del Cabo. 4I1I. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM L. var. BOREALE.—High mountains. Not common. 412. SoLANuM, sp. A small annual.—San José del Cabo. 413. CHAMASARACHA CorRoNopus Gray. Soledad, and perhaps to be found in the Cape Region. 414. Capsicum BAccATuM L.—Miuiraflores, San Bar- tolomé. 4058) yciuM UMBEULATUM: Rose. Contrib. U: Ss: lens. vol. 1, 74). 416. LyciumM BREVIPES Benth. Xantus coll. Prac. AmenANcad:, Vv, £66. 156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 417. Lycrum ANDERSONII Gray, var.—San José del 418. Lycium Ricuit Gray.—La Paz. San José del Cabo. 420. PHYSALIS CRASSIFOLIA Benth. Contrib. U.'S: ery. 1c. 421. PHYSALIS ANGULATA L.?—San José del Cabo. 419. PHYSALIS ZQUATA Jacq.? 422. PHYSALIS GLABRA Benth.—Todos Santos, San Jose del Cabo. 423. DatTuRA piscoLor Bernh.—San José del Cabo. 424. NICOTIANA TRIGONOPHYLLA Dunal.—San José del Cabo. 425. NuicoTIANA RusTIcA L.—Soledad. Probably introduced, but now well established and abundant in the surrounding region. Not before found on the penin- sula and not seen in the Cape Region proper. 426. NicoTiaNA Mexicana Schlecht. Proc. Am. Aicad 4/¥5 166: 427. ANTIRRHINUM CYATHIFERUM Benth.—San José del Cabo. 428. IXUSSELLIA: VERTICILLATA EIBK Ye) Thevchar= acters relied upon to separate the species of Russellia appear to be somewhat uncertain. Specimens collected on the Sierra de la Laguna are rather densely pubescent and have very stiff upright branches, with small leaves which are rugose, cordate-ovate and nearly sessile. The many-flowered peduncles are very short. Plants collected at San José del Cabo apparently the same species are less stiff, nearly glabrous, the peduncles somewhat longer, and the ovate to lanceolate leaves taper to slender pe- tioles. The leaves in botu forms are more or less cov- ered above and below by thin orbicular scales—exactly FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 157 those described by Zuccarini as belonging to 7. juncea. The ribs of the stems are produced by the decurrent petioles—a pair to each. The different portions of the Same stem are often 4, 6 or 8-ribbed, according as the leaves are 3-4-verticillate or simply opposite, and it is sufficiently obvious that species founded in whole or great part upon this character are of rather difficult main- tenance. 429. Mrmuius tureus L.—High mountains. 430. STEMODIA DURANTIFOLIA Swartz.—San José del Cabo. 431. Herprestis Monnrera HBK.—In damp soil, Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. 432. HERPESTIS CHAMADRYOIDES HBK.—In the mountains near Triumfo. 433. SCOPARIA pULCIS L.—Todos Santos. 434. BucHNERA Mexicana Hemsley. var. flowers nearly white.—High mountains. 435. CASTILLEIA Bryanti Brandegee.—Sierra de la Laguna. 436. CONOBA#A INTERMEDIA Gray.— Todos Santos and La Paz. 437. CLEVELANDIA BELpINGI Greene. A single be- lated specimen from Sierra de la Laguna, but abundant at the proper season, September—November, on the Sierra de San Francisquito. Specimens taller with more dis- sected leaves than those from which the description was drawn. ‘The original diagnosis was so brief and imper- fect that a fuller one is here appended. Annual, slender, branching, 1-3 dm. high, scabrous- pilose with spreading hairs, and very sparingly glandular above; leaves linear with few filiform divisions; bracts 3-parted, usually shorter than the calyx, the tips whitish; 158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. calyx about equally cleft before and behind, the lobes about as long as the tube and cleft laterally but not so deeply: corolla 12-15 mm. long, twice the length of the calyx, white becoming purplish, curved funnel-form with a pubescent line along the back terminating in a blunt point between the united upper lobes; lower lobes all alike, spreading, not saccate, somewhat longer, much wider and more deeply divided than the upper, all cre- nate: stamens included; the upper cell of each anther twice the length of the lower: style thickened upward, little shorter than the corolla: stigma disk-shaped, sub- 2-lobed: capsule oblong, apiculate. This plant differs from Orthocarpus, as Dr. Gray re- marked, by its differently shaped corolla and included stamens. Nuttall’s Euchroma (Orthocarpus pallescens and QO. filosus) is, however, almost intermediate be- tween Clevelandia and true Orthocarpus in the former FESpect. 433. RECOMA STANS* Jlss: “A> bush (or smalleirec common along the base of the mountains. 439. MARTYNIA ALTHEAFOLIA Benth.—San José del Cabo. 440. ELYTRARIA TRIDENTATA Vahl.—San Jose del Cabo. The flowers of Elytraria appear to have been little no- ticed. In all our specimens the upper lip is bilobed, the lower deeply 3-cleft, and each division bilobed. The petaloid stigma is wider than either of the lobes of the upper lip, and in vernation is folded over the stamens. In the expanded flower it looks exactly like the third lobe of the upper lip, and was undoubtedly mistaken for one by Cérsted in ‘‘ Mexicos og Centralamericas Acantha- ceer, ’ for in describing /. mzcrostachya he says, ‘‘ limbi quadripartiti subbilabiati labio superiore 3-fido, lacinia FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 159 media lateralibus duplo latiore."” The seeds are angled by mutual pressure, and soft-muricate: radicle straight. The abuminous layer is not separable trom the testa. 441. CALOPHANES PENINSULARIS Rose. San Jose del Cabo. 442. RueEvuia, sp. Flowers large, white, very fra- grant. San José del Cabo. 443. BererntA PALMERI Rose ?—Todos Santos. 444. BELOPERONE CALIFORNICA Benth.—Todos San- tos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 445. BELOPERONE HIANS Brandegee.—Todos Santos. 446. Justicia PALMERI Rose. Contributions U. S. Merb., volig75e abaz, San: jose deli Cabo. 447. JUSTICA INSOLITA Brandegee.—Todos Santos, ba Paz: 448. I1ENRYA cosTaTA Gray. More hirsute and glandular than Mexican specimens, leaves large with less prominent nerves, flowers white.—Sierra de la Laguna. 449. TETRAMERIUM HIsPIDUM Nees.—Sierra de la Laguna. 450. TETRAMERIUM OVALIFOLIUM Césreted? This is the Deanthera Sonore ? of the Comondu collection. The specimens were past flowering.—Sierra de la La- guna. 451. CARLOWRIGHTIA ARIZONICA Gray. In spite of the white or ochroleucous flowers it is probably to this species instead of C. cordifolia that the plants collected at Comondu and San Julio should be referred. Forms which I am unable to separate from them have been since collected on the Sierra de la Laguna. ‘They all have the entire posterior lip thickened and yellowish at the center and contracted below: the filaments more or less pubes- cent. The San Julio specimens are small leaved and 160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. quite as ‘‘ enervis ’’ as Pringle’s Arizona examples. The specimens from Comondu have some of the lower leaves an inch in length, somewhat cordate at base and in these larger leaves the veins are much more evident. The plants from Sierra de la Laguna have a more spreading pubescence and the lower cordate-ovate leaves are two inches in length on petioles half aslong. Carlowrightia cordifolia Gray, at least our example of Palmer’s No. 224, of 1885, differs very much from the other species; the tube of the corolla is short, but the three anterior lobes are united for some distance above the separation of the dilated posterior lip; the deltoid filaments are much shorter than the corolla and the ovate capsule is almost sessile, the single mature seed is ovate-acuminate. The whole plant is very minutely pubescent and the flowers, as Mr. Rose notes, are arranged unilaterally along the spike. These variances from Dr. Gray’s description are so many and so great as to lead to the suspicion of the mixture of plants under the number. 452. CARLOWRIGHTIA ? PECTINATA. Perennial in thick clumps, 2-3-dm. high; branches slender, ramose, geniculate and rooting at the swollen joints wherever in contact with the damp earth, the bark of the older ones white and shreddy, the younger ones apt to be pubescent in lines: leaves glabrous, linear-acuminate, 3-4 mm. broad, 25-45 mm. long, becoming revolute: inflorescence, somewhat paniculate-spicate; flowers dark- purple, scattered on the slender branchlets: calyx deeply 5-cleft; lobes linear, nearly equal, as long as the corolla tube, a little shorter that the bracts and longer than the bractlets which are very like them in form: corolla 6-8 mm. long, three times the length ot the calyx, almost rotate, the deeply 4-parted limb four times the length of the tube: filaments pubescent, nearly equaling the corolla; anthers FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. TOI muticous, parallel, and nearly of the same length: style filiform; stigma minutely bilobed; ovary pubescent; ovules a pair to each cell: capsule clavate, 7 mm. long, pointed above, long stipitate below; seeds 4, or by abortion fewer; retinacula stout, nearly horizontal, allapproximated—when only too seeds are developed, one in each cell, they are minutely muricate on the back and very deeply on the inner face; if the second seed is developed it is very dif- ferent from the inner and so arranged as to embrace it by an overlapping edge: both sides are nearly smooth, but the margin is strongly pectinate on one side, the other side rolled in over the second seed; the radicular angle is prolonged and pectinate.—San José del Cabo on shaded hillsides. 453. CARLOWRIGHTIA ? FIMBRIATA. Annual, erect, I metre or less in height, paniculate-branching above, very minutely puberulent; stems whitish, with shreddy bark and swollen nodes almost winged by the shortly decurrent petioles: leaves nearly glabrous, 3-6 mm. wide, 50-90 mm. long, linear-lanceolate, long acuminate, tapering to a sessile base—the petiole decurrent and persistent: in- florescence naked-paniculate at the ends of the branches; bracts and bractlets similar in shape but shorter than the subulate lobes of the deeply 5-cleft calyx: corolla 7-8 mm. long, bright straw yellow; the oval nearly equal lobes four times as long as the tube, which is a little ex- ceeded by the calyx-lobes; posterior lobe of the corolla a little narrower than the others and with two small divar- icate lobes; filaments very minutely pubescent, shorter than the corolla; anthers rather large the cells parallel and nearly equal: capsule 8-9 mm. long, pubescent only at the apex, ovate, the stipe longer than the body; seeds two in each cell nearly as in the preceding species, but the two inner ones minutely prickly on the margin; the 162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. thin margin of the outer ones as well as their radicular prolongation, erose-fimbriate.—Between San Pedro and IeanPaz. 454. DiIcLIPTERA RESUPINATA Juss.? This must be the plant so listed by Dr. Gray in the collection of Xan- tus. The pedicels are however much shorter than in Cavanilles’ plate, and densely spreading-hirsute. The whole plant is pubescent and the murications of the seed are sparse and not subulate. 455. DicLiepTERA FORMOSA. Perennial, woody at base: stems numerous, often a metre in height, rather densely spreading-pubescent, sparingly branched; leaves lanceolate-acuminate, pubescent above and below, 4-6 cm. long, the lower on slender petioles % their length, inflorescence in loose and distant verticillasters;, peduncles very short, often nearly obsolete, with two linear-acu- minate bracts at summit; pedicels 3-5, densely spread- ing-hirsute, usually much shorter than the foliar bracts which are cordate-ovate, pubescent, 18-25 mm. long, barely mucronate; internal bracts rather broad acuminate- pubescent like the calyx and about equaling it: calyx 4 mm. long, the acuminate lobes twice as long as the tube: corolla rose-purple, 30-35 mm. long, 2-lobed nearly to the middle; proper tube narrow, about as long as the little broader throat; upper lobe ovate, entire, lower ob- long, narrower, minutely 3-lobed, filaments very broad. nearly as long as the corolla; stamens oblique, disjoined: style as long as the stamens, the lobes obtuse and equal: capsule oval, glabrous, 4-seeded, seeds flattened, pubes- 5 cent-muricate.—Summit of the Sierra de San Francis- quito. 456. DIANTHERA, sp. Somewhat intermediate be- tween this genus and Siphonoglossa.—San Bartolomé. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 163 457. LANTANA INVOLUCRATA L.—Sierra de la La- guna. 458. Lippia PatmMERI Watson.—Muraflores. 459. LipPIA NoDIFLORA Mx.—San José del Cabo. 460. LippiA FoRMOsA. Shrubby, 2-4 mm. high, scabrous, pubescent: leaves opposite, obovate-cuneate, coarsely crenate, dentate, prominently pinnately-veined, rugose, 2-2% cm. long, scabrous above, but the pubes- cence longer and softer below: peduncles axillary, twice as long as the leaves: heads 2—-2% cm. broad: bracts membranaceous, minutely pubescent, reticulate-veined, light rose-colored, cordate, 10-15 mm. long and broad, the outer acute, the inner ones obtuse: calyx 2-cleft, densely white, long pubescent: corolla light rose-colored, 6 mm. long, tube twice the length of the calyx, ampliate above; fruit 2-3 mm. long, nutlets easily separable. A common bush with rather showy flowers, growing on the hills about Todos Santos. It is related to the Brazilian species of Schauer’s section Rhodolippia. 461. LippIa MONTANA. Shrubby, 1-2 mm. high, sparingly pubescent: leaves opposite, rugose, oblong- ovate, 20-30 mm. long, pustulate-scabrous above, mi- nutely scabrous below, serrate-dentate, the dentations te1- minated by bristles; petioles % the length of the leaves: inflorescence of axillary short-peduncled heads at the ends of the branches; heads about 2 cm. in diameter: bracts herbaceous, 3-nerved, oblong-acuminate: calyx 2-parted, long-pubescent, 2 mm. long: corolla yellow, reddening in age; tube ampliate above, three times the length of the calyx: nutlets easily separable.—Foothills of Sierra de la Laguna, San José del Cabo, San Barto- lome. 462. CITHAREXYLUM, sp. near C. vzllosum.—Mira- flores. 164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 463. PRIVA ECHINATA Juss.—San José del Cabo. 464. AVICENNIA NITIDA Jacq.—Sometimes a small tree fifteen feet high.—La Paz. 465. Hypris TEPHRODES Gray.—Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 466. HyprTis LANIFLORA Benth. Todos Santos, La Paz, San José del Cabo. 467. Hypris Emoryi Torr.—San José del Cabo. 468. Hyprtis cotitrna. Herbaceous from a perennial root; stems clustered, slender, quandrangular, striate, minutely pubescent: internodes twice the length of the leaves or more: leaves ovate, rather deeply and often doubly crenate-serrate, very minutely brownish-pubescent above and below, 1%-2% cm. long, on slender petioles from % to % their length: inflorescence axillary, race- mose; heads small, 6—-10-flowered on peduncles longer than their diameter; bracts short, subulate: calyx nearly sessile, turbinate, equal, nearly glabrous, to-nerved and reticulate; the teeth very short and surpassed by the dense, white, silky hairs fringing the inner margin: corolla purple, the tube twice longer than the calyx; middle lobe of the anterior lip little differing from the others: stamens very slightly exceeding the tube: style bifid, anterior lobe of the disk produced: calyx in fruit equal, patent; the mouth filled by the silky-ciliate fringe.—San José del Cabo; called by the inhabitants ‘‘ Salvia por la Mesa.’’ 469, Merntrua CANApENstis L.—Sierra de la Laguna. 470. MicroMERIA Browne! Benth.—This plant was collected at Juncal beyond the limits of the Cape Region. 471. SPHACELE HASTATA Gray.—Sierra de la Laguna and Sierra de San Francisquito. There are two deserted old ranches in these high mountains, and in their imme- diate vicinity this plant is very abundant and seems to be FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 165 not certainly indigenous; at least it is not generally dis- tributed about the high peaks. The species has been supposed to be peculiar to the Sandwich Islands, but though the habitats are widely separated Dr. Gray has noted Adbutzlon tncanum as having a similar distribution. Dr. Watson has kindly sent specimens of the Sand- wich Islant plant for comparison, and although there are shght differences they do not seem to warrant givin oO 5 5 another specific name. 472. SALVIA PRIVOIDES Benth.—San José del Cabo, La Paz. 473- SALVIA CEDROSENSIS Greene.— Sierra de la Laguna. 474. BRUNELLA VULGARIS L.—Sierra de la Laguna. 475. STAcHYs DrumMMonpi Benth.—Sierra de la La- guna, San Bartolome. 476. STACHYS COCCINEA Jacq.—Common in the high 5S mountains. 477. PLANTAGO HIRTELLA HBK.—Damp situations on the Sierra de la Laguna. 478. Puianraco major L.—Wet situations in cul- tivated fields. 479. MIRABILIS TRIFLORA Hartweg.—Limb of the corolla hardly spreading. A most handsome plant, bear- ing multitudes of flowers.—Sierra de la Laguna, Triumto. 480. MIRABILIS EXSERTA. Herbaceous, 4-6 dm. high; lower stem glabrate upper part and inflorescence pubescent: leaves large, glabrous, cordate-ovate, acute or acuminate, the lower often 2 dm. long, on petioles about one-fourth their length; those of the inflorescence sessile, rounded and obtuse: flowers not congested; involucre 1-flowered, spreading, campanulate; the lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than the cup: perianth white with a faint ho 166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. pink shade, 5-6 cm. long, narrowly funnelform with spreading limb: stamens much exserted, about twice the length of the perianth: style exceeding the stamens: fruit 6-8 mm. in diameter, tr0o-sulcate, ovoid, or even depressed-globose in some specimens, scarcely thick- ened at base; surface smooth, dark-brown, marked with lighter flecks; involucre moderately enlarged hal heeh he, —— Summits of the spurs of Sierra de San Francisquito. 481. ALLIONIA INCARNATA L. Flowers white. San José del Cabo and at La Paz. 482. ABRONIA MARITIMA Nutt.—Seashore at San José del Cabo and La Paz. 483. BoERHAAVIA SCANDENS L. #. elongata Brande- gee. Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. Variable as to size and position of the glands upon the fruit. Flowers white tinged with purple. 484. BoERHAAVIA XANTI Watson.—San José del Cabo. San José del Cabo. San 485. BoERHAAVIA ERECTA L. 486. BoERHAAVIA VISCOSA Lagasca. Prostrate. José del Cabo. 487. BOERHAAVIA PANICULATA Rich. Becoming large and very diffuse.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 488. Poriyconum, sp. Near P. Hydropiperordes, but leaves thinner and broader; the sheaths with few ciliz. Growing in shallow water.—Sierra de la Laguna. 489. ERiocoNnumM ANGULOSUM Benth. Proc. Am. Acad., v, 167. Collected by Xantus at Cape St. Lucas. 490. ANTIGONUM LEPTOPUS Hook. & Arn. Common at low and middle elevations. 491. AMARANTUS PALMERI Watson. Very large and robust near La Paz. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 167 492. AMARANTUuS, sp. Male plants only and prob- ably the same as A. Jorreyz of the Xantus Collection. 493. AMARANTUS spINosuS L.—San José del Cabo. 494. AMARANTUS FIMBRIATUS (Gray).—San José del Cabo. 495. CELOSIA FLORIBUNDA Gray. San José del Cabo, Todos. Sometimes forming small trees. 496. GOMPHRENA DECIPIENS Watson.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 497- FR@.LIcHIA FLoripANA Mog.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 498. FROELICHIA INTERRUPTA Moq.—San José del Cabo. 499. IRESINE LANCEOLATA DC.?—Buena Vista, San José del Cabo, San Bartolomé, Sierra de la Laguna. 500. ATRIPLEX LINEARIS Watson.—La Paz. 501. CHENOPODIUM AMBROSIOIDES L.—Sierra de la 502. CHENOPODIUM ALBUM L.—San José del Cabo. 503. Rivina HUmMILIS L. Common at Todos Santos and a Raz. 504. PHYTOLACCA OCTANDRA L.—Sierra de la La- guna. 505. PHAULOTHAMNUS SPINESCENS Gray. del Cabo. 506. STEGNOSPERMA HALIMIFOLIA Benth. del Cabo. so7. ARisTOLocHIA Karwinskit DC.? Agrees with San José San José the description as far as it goes, but neither the column, the stamens or the diaphragm are described. del Cabo. San José 168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 507. ArRiIsToOLocHIA, sp. A larger species belonging to the same section.—Sierra de la Laguna. 508. HoutTTuynia CALIFORNICA (Hook.) San José del Cabo. 510. PEPEROMIA UMBILICATA Ruiz & Pavon.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 511. LORANTHUS SONOR Watson ? Growing on Cyr- tocarpa. Much larger than the described specimens.— San José del Cabo. 512. PHORADENDRON sp. Common throughout the southern half of the peninsula. 513. PEDILANTHUS MACROCARPUS Benth.—San_ José del Cabo. 514. EupHorBIA ERIANTHA Benth.— San _ José del Cabo. 515. EupHorsia Hinpsiana Benth.—San José del Cabo. 516. EuPHORBIA HYPERICIFOLIA L.—San José del Cabo. 517. EUPHORBIA HETEROPHYLLA L. var. CYATHO- PHORA Jacq.—Miraflores, San José del Cabo. Speci- mens from the first place have white seeds with a trans- verse depression, a solitary gland and the floral leaves are sometimes margined with white. Specimens from the second locality are smaller, the styles more deeply divided, glands five, seeds dark. var. ERIOPHYLLA Millsp. Zoe, i, 348.— Sierra de la Laguna. 518. EuPHoRBIA LEUCOPHYLLA Benth. ‘This species is extremely variable as was shown by Engelman in his notes in Proc. Am. Acad., v, 168-170. £. velutina Greene’ Bull.) Cal.. Acad., 11;°57, is exactly the¥typieal FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 169 form and probably from the same place, as there are in the Herbarium of the California Academy a very consider- able number of fragments of plants, some with and some without labels, collected by W. J. Fisher and others, from San José del Cabo, Tres Marias and various other little known places on the western coast of Mexico. E.. biserrata Millsp. Zoe, i, 347, cannot be considered anything more than a more glabrous variety at the north- ern limit of the species. Bentham notes, in the original description, that the leaves are ‘‘ subsessilibus,’’ ‘‘ mar- gine cartalagineo inzqualiter vel subduplicato-dentata.’’ The flowers are solitary in the axils of the upper leaves of the branchlets. The seeds are white when dry, exactly the same in both forms, a very faint tinge of salmon showing through, but when wet the salmon color is pronounced. The leaves of the glabrous form have petioles perhaps a little longer, though this is more ap- parent than real, and due to the absence of the spreading tomentum; the division of the styles and the margin of the appendages is variable as in the type. The species, both forms, grows in the clean sand of the seashore, never at any distance from it, and is un- doubtedly perennial. The leaves even of the main stems are often imbricated, the nodes much shorter than the leaves, while in other plants growing beside them they may be three times as long and of quite a different ap- pearance. The leaves in both forms have the obliquity of the base characteristic of the section Anisophyllum, the stipules variable and apparently unlike on the opposite sides of the stem. 519. EurHorpiA XantTI, Engelm.— San José del Cabo, Todos Santos, La Paz. 520. EupHoRBIA POLYCARPA Benth.—San_ José del Cabo. 2p SER, VOL. LL, (13°) August 20, 1891. 170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 521. EupHoRBIA SETILOBA Engelm.—San José del Cabo. 522. EupHorsia Warsonit Millsp. Zoe, 1, 347.— Todos Santos. 523. EupHorsiA CaLirornicA Benth. var.?—Todos Santos.” 524. EuPHORBIA BILOBATA Engelm.— Sierra de la Laguna. 525. EupHoRBIA VERSICOLOR Greene.—Todos Santos. 526. EupHorBIA INVOLUTA Millsp. The specimens distributed under this name, at least the one which was sent the California Academy of Sciences is apparently identical with Palmer’s No. 627 from Guaymas, 1887, distributed under the name &. pediculifera Engelm. var. lineartfolia Watson. 527. EuPpHORBIA TOMENTULOSA Watson.—La Paz. 528. EuUPHORBIA PEDICULIFERA Engelm.—La Paz. 529. EuPpHORBIA BLEPHAROSTIPULA Milisp--ContrU: Se Nat) Minsened,” 77e 530. EupHorsia Comonpuana Millsp. Contr. U.S. Nat Nias. ogy 531. EupHORBIA DENTATA Michx. var. LASIOCARPA Boiss:-—LatPaz. goon, U.S. Nat Mis wear ae 532. EuPpHoRBIA, sp.—San José del Cabo. 533. EupHorsiA, sp.—La Paz. 534. EupHorsia, sp.—Muiraflores. San José del Cabo. 536. ApELIA, sp.?—San José del Cabo. 535. KUPHORBIA, sp. 537- PHYLLANTHUS CILIATO-GLANDULOSUS Millsp.— La Paz, Todos Santos. 538. PHYLLANTHUS ACUMINATUS Vahl.? A small tree “ZOe 1, 340: FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. I7I with angled green branches seems to be this species. Seen onlyin the vicinity of Agua Caliente and Miraflores. 539. PHYLLANTHUS POLYGONOIDES Spreng.— Sierra de la Laguna.* 540. PHYLLANTHUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 541. PHYLLANTHUS, sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 542. EupHorBiA (ANISOPHYLLUM) INCERTA. Per- ennial (?) glabrous, branching from the base, forming tufts about 2 dm. high and as broad: leaves all opposite, thick, coriaceous, entire, oblong, obtuse-mucronate, un- equal at base, tolding face inward, 6-10 mm. long, on the upper part of the branches equaling or exceeding the internodes; petioles about 4% the length of the leaves; stipules persistent, oblong, nearly as long as the petioles, unequally incised into 2-4 lobes, one of them occasionally swollen below the tip: involucres angular, solitary in the axils on pedicels about as long as the petioles; lobes tri- angular-acuminate; glands four (the place of the fifth being occupied by a lacinate process), stipitate, concave, nearly orbicular, entirely without appendage; bracteola, lacerate: styles very short deeply bilobed: capsule de- clined; seeds ecarunculate, round-ovate, smooth, white, the angles obscure; cotyledons, % the length and little broader than the radicle.—La Paz on the spit opposite the town, growing in clean sand which forms a coating for the apparently glutinous stems their entire length, but does not adhere to the leaves or flowers. 543. SIMMONDSIA CALirornNicA Nutt.—La Paz. 544. JATROPHA CANESCENS Mill.—Common at low elevations throughout the region. Variable in its pubes- cence and often glabrous. 545. JATROPHA cCoRDATA Mill.— Common at the higher elevations of the interior mountains. *Zoe, i, 346. 172 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 546. JATROPHA ANGUSTIDENS (Torr.)—San José del Cabo. 547. JATROPHA SPATHULATA.—San José del Cabo. 548. Croron Carirornicus Mill. Arg.—San José del Cabo and probably the western shore to Alta Cali- fornia. 549. CROTON, sp.—San José del Cabo. 550. Maninor CArRTHAGENENSIS Mill. — Common about San José del Cabo. 551. BrRNARDIA BRANDEGE! Millsp.—Common about San José del Cabo. 552. BERNARDIA MYRIC4FOLIA Watson.—Sierra de la Laguna. 553. BERNARDIA, sp. Fruit only.—Comondu to San José del Cabo. 554. ACALYPHA ALIENA. Annual, erect, slender, 3-4 dm. high, minutely pubescent: leaves ovate-lance- olate, serrate, truncate at base, minutely punctate, nearly glabrous, 3-5 nerved, 2-6 dm. long; petioles slender, nearly as long as the leaves; stipules minute, linear, deciduous: spikes terminal and axillary. 4 on slender peduncles, much shorter than the petioles; sepals canicu- late, and glandular on the back: & sessile, axillary ones short, terminal much longer; bracts punctate, loose, broadly ovate, 6mm. long, serrate, acuminate or 2-toothed at apex, somewhat scarious at base; style filiform-dis- sected; capsule hispid above; seeds smooth, reddish- brown, the capsules of 1, 2 or 3 upper bracts divided to the base into three separate indehiscent nutlets, which are pubescent and muricate; the cotyledons of these ab- normal cocci have the radicle inferior, the cocci being anatropous instead of the ovules.—San José del Cabo. 555. AcALYPHA CALIFORNICA Benth.—San José del Cabo. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 173 556. ARGYTHAMNIA SERICOPHYLLA Gray.—Collected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 557. ARGYTHAMNIA LANCEOLATA Mill. Arg.—Col- lected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 5358. ARGYTHAMNIA SERRATA (Torr.)—San _ José del Cabo. 559. TRAGIA NEPETAFOLIA Mill.—Todos Santos. 560. Ricinus communis L.—San José del Cabo. 561. Ficus PALMERI Watson.—San José del Cabo, sometimes bearing aerial rootlets. . 562. Quercus, sp.—Forming small trees about the summit of the Sierra de la Laguna, and not uncommon from Miraflores to the summit of the Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 563. QueERcus, sp.—Extending from the summits of the Sierra de la Laguna to near the ocean at Todos San- tos, Miraflores, Agua Caliente, etc. It is a large tree. 564. PopuLus FREMonTI ?—San José del Cabo, To- dos Santos. 565. Porutus mMontTicoLa Brandegee. - Zoe, 1, 274.* 566. SALIX LASIOLEPIS. Determined by Mr. Bebb.— Sierra de la Laguna. 567. SaLix BoNPLANDIANA HBK. var.—La Paz. 568. Pinus CEMBROIDES Zucc.—Common about the high summits of the mountains.f 369. MicrostyLis corymBosa Watson.—High mount- ains. 570. MicrostTyLis MONTANA Rothrock.—High mount- ains. 571. Microstyuis, sp.—High mountains. *Garden and Forest, iv, 330, pl. 56. +Garden and Forest, iv, 352, pl. 59. 174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 572. SPIRANTHES MADRENSIS B. & H.? The speci- mens are much larger than No. 1372 of Pringle’s Mex- ican plants of 1886 and are very young, not even bearing full grown flower buds.—High mountains of the interior. 573. HABENARIA, sp.—High mountains. 574. HABENARIA, sp.—High mountains. 575. EpipacTis GIGANTEA Dougl.—Sierra de la La- guna. Two species of Orchidacez in mature fruit are unde- termined. 576. PITCAIRNIA, sp.—San José del Cabo. 577. SISYRINCHIUM MINUS Engelm.—Sierra de la Laguna. 578. SisyRINCHIUM, sp. Near S$. Californica.— Sierra de la Laguna. 579. ZEPHYRANTHES LONGIFOLIA Hemsley.— Col- lected at Rancho Salado, but not found within the Cape Region. 580. AGAVE AUREA Brandegee.—Todos Santos to La Paz. 581. AGAveE, sp. Flowers green with yellowish style and stamens.—Todos Santos, Santiago, La Paz. 582. BEHRIA TENUIFLORA Greene. Leaves several, shorter than the scapes, slender, from a fibrous coated corm, 2 cm. in diameter, scapes erect, not tortuous, much exceeding the leaves, 3-5 dm. in height. Flowers red with dark purple tips, 15-18 mm. long, exserted anthers green, pedicels jointed below the flower. The specimens from which the original description was drawn had apparently flexuous stems, in these which are undoubtedly the same thing the stems are straight and erect. The genus is apparently nearest Brevoortia, also of a single species. In that genus the three filaments are FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 17 OL adnate, but easily separable their whole length from the perianth, and alternate with the staminodia. In Behria the lower fourth of the perianth is adnate to the stipe of the ovary, but easily separable from it. The saccate portion is not therefore basilar as in Brevoortia in which the stipe is free. The basilar ‘‘crown’’ mentioned in the original description is not very apparent, the filaments being simply dilated at their point of union with the peri- anth.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo to the summits of the high mountains. 583. Noxuina BeExLpine1 Brandegee, Zoe, i, 305.— High mountains of the interior. 584. Yucca Baccata Torr. var.—V/. valida Brande- . gee is probably referable to some of the so-called varieties of this species. 585. YUCCA CANICULATA Hook.? Growing in the mountainous region. The leaves are thin in texture, two to four feet long, bending downward, usually entire- margined, bright green, and giving to the plant a resemb- lance to Nolina. The fruit is that of 2. daccata and more or less beaked, maturing in January. The plants are two to ten feet high and rarely branched. 586. COMMELINA NUDIFLORA L.—Growing along ir- rigating ditches of Todos Santos. Todos Santos. 587. COMMELINA ViRGINIcA L.—San José del Cabo, 588. TRADESCANTIA CRASSIFOLIA Cav.?—San José del Cabo. 589. TRADESCANTIA VENUSTULA Kunth ?—San José del Cabo. 590. TINANTIA MODESTA. Branching, glabrous, I m. high: leaves elliptical-lanceolate, narrowed to a petiole, 8-12 cm. long, 2-3% cm. wide, sparingly hirsute above, 176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. glabrous below and finely ciliate on the margins; sheaths 3-4 mm. long, ciliate, cupulate: cymes terminal or rarely a small axillary one of 2-3 flowers, simple, scorpiod, 8-10 cm. long, unilateral for about one-half its length ; pedicels 10-12 mm. long: fruiting calyx, 10 mm. long, the flowering much smaller: petals as long as the sepals: the three large stamens with glabrous filaments, the three smaller with bearded ones; anther cells nearly parallel, the connective broadest in the middle: capsule shorter than the calyx; cells 2-seeded.—Miraflores. 591. WASHINGTONIA SONOR& Watson.—La Paz, San José. A species of Washingtonia is abundant in the canons of the mountains and may be this one. 592. ERyTHEA ARcUATA Watson. In fruit among the high mountains. The palms were found abundant in the Sierra de San Francisquito and very few about the Sierra de la Laguna. 593- PisT1A STRATIOTES L. var. SPATHULATA (Mich. ) —San José del Cabo. The synonymy of this wide spread species, is given by Engler in Suites au Prodromus, vol. ii, 634-636. 594. LEMNA, sp. Sierra de la Laguna. 595. EcCHINODORUS ROSTRATUS Engelm. In standing water, San José del Cabo. 596. PoTraAMOGETON, sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. 596%. PoTAMOGETON sp.—Sierra de la Laguna. San José del 597. ELEOCHARIS CAPITATA R. Br. Cabo. 598. ELrocHaRis PALUSTRIs R. Br. ?—Sierra de San Francisquito. 599. CyPERUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 600. CyYPERUS, sp.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 601. CYPERUS ARISTATUS Rottb.—San José del Cabo. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 177 602. CyYPERUS, sp.—San José del Cabo. 603. ScrRPUS PUNGENS Vahl.—San José del Cabo. 604. ERIocHLOA puNCTATA Hamil.— San José del Cabo.* 605. PAsSPALUM DISTICHUM L. var. LITTORALE R. Br.—San José del Cabo. 606. PANIcUM FASCICULATUM Willd. var. DISSITI- FLORUM.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 607. PANICUM SANGUINALE L.—San José del Cabo. 608. PANICUM BARBINODE Trin.— Collected at La Paz, by DrrPalmer: 609. Panicum coLonum L.—San José del Cabo. 610. Panicum Crus-GauLxii L.—San José del Cabo. 611. PANICUM PASPALOIDES Pers.—San José del Cabo. 612. OrTHOPOGON HuMBoLDTIANUs Nees. flores. Mira- 613. SETARIA PAUCISETA Vasey—Ig91 Palmer’s Mex- ican Collection, 1885.—San José del Cabo. 614. SETARIA GLAUCA Beauv. var. L@vIGATA Chap. —San José del Cabo. 615. SETARIA CAUDATA R.&S. Growing tall among bushes.—San José del Cabo. 616.—CENCHRUS PALMERI Vasey.—Colllected at La Paz by Dr. Palmer. 617. CENCHRUS TRIBULOIDES L.—San José del Cabo. 618. AGOPOGON GRACILIS Vasey.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 619. MANISURIS GRANULARIS Swartz.—Sierra de San Francisquito. *The grasses were determined by Dr. George Vasey. 178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 620. 'TRACHYPOGON POLYMoRPHUS Hook.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 621. HETEROPOGON ACUMINATUS Trin. — Sierra de San Francisquito. 622. HETRopoGcoN conrortus R. & S.—San José del'@Cabo, Ua Paz: 623. ANDROPOGON MELANOCARPUsS Ell. 624. ANDROPOGON HIRTIFLORUS Kunth.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 625. ARISTIDA SCHEIDIANA Trin.— Sierra de San Francisquito. 626. ARISTIDA ORCUTTIANA Vasey.—Todos Santos, San José del Cabo. / 627. ARISTIDA CALIFORNICA Thurber, var. GLABRATA. Differs from the type in its larger size, more spreading and branched habit and shorter awned flowering glumes, yet appears to be too near for a new species. It has the awn jointed to the glume.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 628. ARISTIDA DISPERSA Trin.—Collected at La Paz by Dr. Palmer. 629. ARISTIDA TENUIS Kunth.—San José del Cabo. 630. MUHLENBERGIA GRANDIS Vasey.—Sierra de San Francisquito. 631. MUHLENBERGIA DEBILIS Trin.—Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 632. PERIEILEMA CRINITA Presl.— Sierra de San Francisquito. 633. Sporospo_us Wricutiu Thurb. ? Specimens too old. San José del Cabo. 634. CHLOoRIS ELEGANS HBK.—Dr. Palmer at La Paz: PLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. 179 635: BouTrELouUA POoLYsTACHYA Benth. A form.— San José del Cabo. 636. BouTrELOUA RACEMOSA Lag.—San José del Cabo. 637. BouTELovUA HIRSUTA Lag.—Sierra de San Fran- cisquito. 638. BouTELoua oLicosTaAcHyA Torr.? Too young. San José del Cabo. 639. BouTELOUA BROMOIDES Lag.—Miraflores. _ 640. BoUTELOUA ARISTIDOIDES Thurber.—San_ José del Cabo. 641. ELEusINE InpicA Gaert.—San José del Cabo. 642. DactTyLoTanium A®cypTiAcum Willd. — San José del Cabo. 643. IRHACHIDOSPERMUM MExIcANuM Vasey. With good specimens of the male plant I see no reason to think this ouvea of Fournier.—In the sand along the coast. Todos Santos, San José del Cabo, La Paz. 644. DiPLACHNE IMBRICATA Thurb.—Collected by Dr. Palmer at La Paz. 645. DIpLACHNE BRANDEGEI Vasey. Older than the specimens of 1889—the branches reflexed.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 646. ARUNDO DONAX L.—Probably introduced, but it is difficult in some places to determine, as in Texas and New Mexico along the Rio Grande.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 647. MoNANTHOCHLOE LITTORALIS Engelm.— La Paz. 648. ERAGROSTIS sPICATA Vasey.—San José del Cabo, Todos Santos. 649. ERaGRosTIS MAJOR Host. Variety. del Cabo. 650 ERAGROSTIS CILIARIS L.—San José del Cabo. San José t8o0 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 651. ERAGROSTIS CILIARIS L. var. PATENS Chap.— San José del Cabo. 652. ERAGRostis Pursuit Schrad.—Collected by Dr. Palmervat la. Pazas Cont, Us -blerbs, wiiy78: 653. PoLypopiumM PLEBIUM Schl.* ‘The form with obtuse segments like Parry & Palmer’s No. 973 from San Luis Potosi. Except for the scales on the frond this has very much the look of P. vu/gare.—Sierra de la Laguna. 654. PoLypopIUM PLEsIOSORUM Kunze? A single frond, not very typical of this species, but better placed here than elsewhere.—High mountains of the interior. 655. GYMNOGRAMME TRIFOLIATA Desv.—Growing in the hedges at Todos Santos. 656. NoTHoLaNA NIVEA Desv. A large and stout form like some from Chiapas collected by Ghiesbrecht. —Sierra de la Laguna. 657. NoTHOLAZNA CANDIDA Hooker. — Sierra de la Laguna. 658. NoTrHoL4NA FERRUGINEA Hooker.—Sierra de la Laguna. 659. NotTuot#na Lemmoni D. C. Eaton.—Todos Santos, tua Paz. 660. CHEILANTHES PRINGLEI Davenp.—The speci- mens differ from the type in having longer fronds with more distant pinne, and the pinnules oblong rather than ovate. The fronds, too, are rather less scaly along the rachises. Possibly they should be described as a dis- tinct species, but some of Palmer’s specimens from Chi- huahua (No. 116 of 1885) seem to connect them with the original form from Arizona.—Canons along the base *The determination of the ferns and the accompanying notes are by Prof. D. C. Eaton. FLORA OF THE CAPE REGION. r8r of the mountains and in the hills about Todos Santos and San José del Cabo. 661. PELLAA MARGINATA, Var.-PYRAMIDALIS Baker. ‘Sierra de la Laguna. 662. PELL#A TERNIFOLIA Fée. Very fine and large specimens.—Common in the Sierra de la Laguna. 663. PELL#A SEEMANNI Hooker. The form with broad pinnules, like Palmer’s No. 226 of 1887, from Guaymas.—Foothills near Agua Caliente. 664. ADIANTUM COoNCINNUM HBK.—Sierra de la La- guna. 665. ADIANTUM CapiLLUS-VENERIS L.—A _ single rather large frond, the pinnules like those of examples from Santa Barbara, not much lobed.—Sierra de la La- guna. 660. ASPLENIUM BLEPHARODES D. C. Eaton, Zoe, 1. 197.—Sierra de la Laguna. 667. ASPIDIUM PATENS Swartz.—Summit of the high mountains. 668. Asprp1um Mexicanum Presl. A form with nar- row segments, the same as that gathered in the Huachuca mountains of Arizona, Lemmon in 1882, and in Jalisco by Palmer and by Pringle.—High mountains. 669. WoopsiaA Mexicana Fée. This has the indu- sium cleft into a few broad segments, but much more delicate and evanescent than in W. odtusa, which it some- what resembles in the shape of the fronds.—High mount- ains. 670. ANEIMIA HIRSUTA Swartz. This has also been collected by both Palmer and Pringle.—Mountains. 671. OPpnHioGLossuM VULGATUM L. The ordinary form of the North Temperate. Zone.—Common in the high mountains. 182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 672. SELAGINELLA RUPESTRIS Spring. A long and slender, branching form, the stems sub-terete; leaves gradually narrowed into the straight terminal seta; cilia 15-20 each side of the leaf. It is the same as Palmer’s No. 92 from San Miguel, Chihuahua.—Growing in the mountains. 673. SELAGINELLA CUSPIDATA Link.—Common in the mountains. 674. IsomrTEs MexicAna Underw.*—Sierra de la La- guna. 675. PoOLYTRICHUM PILIFERUM Schreb.?—In the high mountains. 676. WEBERA LONGICOLLA Hedw. High mountains. 677. CYLINDROTHECIUM CLADORRHIZANS Schimp.— High mountains. 678. FIMBRIARIA ECHINELLA Gottsche.—Mountains. 679. ANTHOCEROS L&vis L.—Mountains. E-ncelia ertocephala Gray and Flesperocallis undulata Gray, credited to Cape St. Lucas in a previous paper, do not appear to belong to the region. It is probable that there was some contusion of labels. No. 179 of Palmer’s Guaymas collection, which was described by Dr. Watson from imperfect material, grows commonly at lower elevations, in the Cape Region, but female flowers and perfect fruit have not yet been ob- tained. It flowers April-May, and although an abund- ance of the male flowers have been sent by correspondents, they seem unable to find the female. Several plants are not included in the above list, hav- ing been collected in a state which does not admit of even generic identification. * This and the following species were determined by Prof. L. M. Underwood. ON THE PROTHALLIUM AND EMBRYO OF MARSILIA VESTITA. BY DOUGLAS HOUGHTON CAMPBELL. In studying the evolution of the higher cryptogams, perhaps the most striking peculiarity noticed is the pro- gressive reduction of the sexual generation. This has evidently gone on along several distinct lines, and has resulted in at least one of them in the production of seed- bearing plants (spermaphytes), or as they are more popu- larly called, phanerogams. Whether or not all the sper- maphytes have had a common origin it is not the purpose of the present paper to discuss. As we survey the great group of Pteridophytes we find remnants among our living flora of four groups where the preliminary step toward the formation of seeds has been taken, but there is strong reason to believe that in two, at least, of these, the process has not gone any further. This preliminary step is heterospory or the formation of two sorts of spores, large and small, giving rise respectively to female and male prothallia. These are very much reduced, and sometimes almost completely included within the spore. Among living Pteridophytes, as already stated, are four groups in which heterospory is present, viz: Mar- siliacez, Salviniacee, Selaginellez, and Isoetez, all of which are represented in the flora of California. It is with the first of these that we have to deal here. The Marsiliacez, including the two genera Marsilia and Pilularia, are widely distributed species occurring in the warm and temperate regions of nearly the whole earth. These plants are remarkable for the extraordinary 2p SER., Vout. II. Tala] April 19, 1892. 184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rapidity with which the germination takes place, and, in Marsilia, for the length of time that the spores retain their vitality. For studying the germination, species which grow where they become entirely dried up after the spores ripen, are best. Species like J/. guadrifolia, which is strictly aquatic, are more difficult to germinate. J7/. vestzta, the common species of California, has proved a most satisfactory form for study. Through the kindness ot Mrs. Brandegee a plentiful supply of ripe fruits of this species was placed at my disposal, and it was possible for me to trace the development of the prothallium and embryo in a most satisfactory manner. The earliest works on the Marsiliacee are extremely imperfect and will not be further referred to. Hofmeis- ter * was the first to recognize the real affinities of these plants, but his accounts leave much to be desired. The first account that was in any sense complete was that of Hanstein,f which threw a good deal of light on the de- velopment of both the prothalltum and embryo, but in regard to the former was very far from correct. Owing to his methods of treating the delicate prothallium with potash and other clearing agents, much of the structure was destroyed, and very erroneous conclusions were reached. Later, Arcangelit and Sadebeck § corrected some of the worst mistakes, and the writer || later, with the aid of more perfect modern histological methods, was * Hofmeister. The Higher Cryptogamia, pp. 325-327. + Hanstein. Die Befruchtung und Entwicklung der Gattung Marsilia (Jahr- buch fiir Wiss. Bot. 1865). tArcangeli. Sulla Pilularia e Salvinia (Nuovo Giornale botanico Italiano, vol. vili, 1876). §Sadebeck, in Schenck’s Handbuch der Botanik, vol. i, p. 238. ||Campbell. The development of Pilularia globulifera (Annals of Botany, vol. ii, No. vill, Nov., 1888. Campbell—Einige Notizen iiber die Keimung von Marsilia .Kgyptiaca—Berichte der Deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft, 1888. s MARSILIA VESTITA. 185 able still further to advance our knowledge of the early stages. Still there were several points in regard to Mar- silia that were obscure, especially the first divisions in the prothallia, and these it was possible to clear up by a study of the material at my disposal. REE RO ay. The sporangia of the Marsiliacea are formed within peculiar ‘‘fruits’’ which are modified segments of the leaves, bearing much the same relation to the sterile portion that the fertile segments of the leaves of Botrychium or Osmunda do to the sterile ones. These sporocarps in JZ. vesétzta (pl. 1, fig. 1), are bean shaped, very hard bodies, about five mm. in length, and attached to the base of the petiole. They are more or less hairy, whence the specific name. These fruits open sponta- neously when perfectly ripe, if placed in water, but the process is comparatively slow and may be hastened by cutting away enough of the hard outer shell of the fruit to expose the yellowish inner tissue. This latter is of a mucilaginous nature, and on the absorption of water swells up enormously and causes the two halves of the fruit to separate as two valves. The gelatinous inner tissue of the fruit continues to expand as more water is absorbed, and finally forms a long worm-shaped body, sometimes eight or ten cm. in length. To this are at- tached the sori, each surrounded by a sac-shaped in- dusium, in which the sporangia are closely packed (pl. i, fig. 2). Both sorts of sporangia occur in the same sorus. Each macrosporangium contains a single very large macrospore; the microsporangia numerous much smaller microspores. If care is taken in opening the fruit, the indusium remains intact for several hours, and this was found a great help in the study of the microspores, 186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. as the whole sorus could be handled, and imbedded, and sections made, which would, of course, have been out of the question were the microspores allowed to become entirely separate. Gradually, however, the walls of the indusium soften and most of the spores are forced out into the water by the swelling of the mucilaginous matter that surrounds them. The structure of the fruit and the development of the sporangia and spores have been exhaustively studied by Russow,* and it is only necessary to state here that up to a late stage of development, the sporangia and spores develop alike in the two sorts of sporangia, but that later in the macrosporangium one of the young spores finally grows at the expense of the others, which are gradually absorbed by it in its growth, and finally fills the whole sporangium. In the microsporangium, all of the original sixty-four spores come to maturity. In studying the spores they were first treated for about two hours with a I per cent. aqueous solution of chromic acid, and after repeatedly washing in distilled water to remove as much of the acid as possible, were gradually brought into 95 per cent. alcohol where they were allowed to remain until wanted. By this means the acid was com- pletely removed, and they stained readily with cochineal or carmine solution, which will not act satisfactorily if any acid is left in the specimens. After staining with alum-cochineal,the specimens were dehydrated, imbedded in paraflfine, and cut with a Minot microtome. Before finally mounting, they were further stained on the slide with Bismarck brown (in 70 per cent. alcohol) and mounted in Canada balsam. Specimens thus treated show very beautifully all the details of cell-division, and enabled me *Russow. Histologie und Entwickelungsgeschichte der Sporenfrucht von Marsilia. Dorpat, 1871. MARSILIA VESTITA. 187 to determine with great precision every step in the torma- tion of the prothallium and embryo. THE MICROSPORES AND MALE, PROTHALLIUM. The microspores of JZ. vestcta are globular cells about -075 mm. in diameter. The outer wall is white and suf- ficiently transparent to allow the contents of the spore to be dimly seen through it. Its surface presents a punctate appearance, and at one point there are three lines which meet each other at equal angles and mark where the spore was in contact with its three sister-spores in the mother-cell (pl. m1, fig. 3). Lying close to the inner sur- face of the wall may be clearly seen numerous distinct starch granules, and in the center the nucleus is vaguely discernible; covering the outside of the spore is a thin structureless mucilaginous layer,which, however, isscarce- ly perceptible in microtome sections. Sections through the ungerminated spore show that the wall is thick and has several distinct layers. The inner- most is thin and delicate, and is probably composed of cellulose. The second is thicker and more or less cuti- cularized, and the outer wall (epispore) is thick and ap- parently composed of prismatic rods placed close to- gether (pl. m1, figs. 5 and 6). A surface view of the epispore shows that it is the ends of these prismatic rods that give the punctate appearance already noted. This outer coat may be easily removed by mounting the fresh spores in a drop of water and covering with the ordinary cover glass, which is then rubbed carefully to and fro. The smooth, colorless and semi-transparent exospore is then seen, but it is not possible to get a satisfactory view of the interior of spores thus treated. In the later stages by boiling upon the slide, especially if a little potash is added to the water, the exospore may be ruptured, and 188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. with care, the young prothallium surrounded only by the transparent endospore, may be liberated; but it is so delicate, and the walls are so swollen by this process, that the study of their arrangement is exceedingly dif- ficult, and it was found necessary to devise some means by which the spores could be sectioned. This was finally accomplished by taking the whole sorus and imbedding it. Of course, by so doing it is impossible to regulate the direction in which the sections are made, but the number of spores is so great, that some of them are al- most certain to show satisfactorily the desired stages. Occupying the center of the spore is a large and dis- tinct globular nucleus. Usually one or more nucleoli are present, and the chromatin seems to be fairly abundant. The cytoplasm shows a more or less reticulate arrange- ment, as if there were large vaculoles which are dis- tributed pretty uniformly throughout the spore. Granules of various sorts are abundant, some of them, especially near the periphery, being the large starch granules al- ready referred to, the others being apparently of albumi- nous nature (pl. 1m, fig. 4). The first divisions occur under proper conditions in about an hour after the spores are placed in water. Pre- vious to this the nucleus enlarges somewhat and passes to one side, usually the side opposite the apex, and the granules of the protoplasm accumulate near the center of the spore, leaving a more or less clearly defined zone in which the granules are much less numerous. The central granular mass, however, has running from it lines of granules extending to the periphery of the spore (pl. Ter M7 The first wall divides the spore into two very unequal cells, the smaller containing but little granular contents, and representing the vegetative part of the prothallium, MARSILIA VESTITA. 189 the upper is the mother cell of the antheridium (pl. 11, ig. 1S)" Vehevsizevon tise vesetative’ ‘cell (~)i varies a good deal in different cases. In the earliest accounts of Marsilia this cell was overlooked, but Sadebeck* de- monstrated it later. In Pilulariat there is in addition a smaller one that is frequently found. The next division differs in different cases, but usually is effected by a wall approximately parallel to the first one, but more or less concave upward, being in tact the homologue of the first funnel-shaped wall found in the antheridium of the Poly- podiacee (pl. ul, fig. 9), and the lower cell, which has very little granular contents, corresponds to the lower ring-cell of the wall of the ordinary fern antheridium. Sometimes, however, the antheridium mother-cell divides at once by an oblique wail into two nearly equal cells, which indicate the position of the two groups of sperm- cells found in the older antheridium. In no case ob- served was there certain indication of the formation of a perfect dome-shaped wall in the upper cell of the anthe- ridum such as occurs regularly in the homosporous lep- tosporangiate ferns, and also, as a rule, in the nearly re- lated but less specialized Pilularia. The formation of this wall seems to have been partially lost as aresult of the extremely rapid development of the antheridium, and the separation of the groups of sperm- cells takes place by the formation of cells, cut off in a more or less irregular manner from the periphery of the two cells into which the upper cell of the antheridium is at first divided. The cap-cell, at the top of the anthe- ridium (pl. m1, fig. 13, d) is almost always plainly visible, so that the only difference between the normal develop- *Schenk’s Handbuch, vol. i, p. 238. +Campbell, 1. c. p. 238. Igo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ment of the antheridium of Marsilia and that of the or- dinary Polypodiacee, is in the imperfect development of the dome-shaped cell by which in that group the central cell of the antheridium, from which the sperm-cells later arise, is at once completely separated from the outer wall of the antheridium mother-cell. In Marsilia the contents of the central cells show a dis- tinct separation into a granular inner and a nearly trans- parent outer part, and the boundary between the two is often sharply marked before any actual division has taken place Cpl. im,-figtet2,). From the two cells into which the central part of the antheridium is now divided, a varying number of sterile cells are cut off, which are transparent, and more or less completely surround the two central cells which are at once distinguished by their densely granular contents. Not infrequently (pl. ur, figs. 17 and 18), a sterile cell is tormed between these, completely separating them, and extending entirely across the antheridium. Sometimes, as in the cases figured, this is followed by two walls formed simultaneously that run parallel with the outer wall of the antheridium, and reach to this central sterile cell. In such cases,»a cross section of the two cells which are to give rise to the sperm-cells is very sym- metrical and nearly semicircular in outline. This re- gularity, however, while very frequent, does not always occur, and the peripheral cells may be cut off apparently without any regularity (pl. 1m, fig. 19). After the sperm- mother-cells are differentiated, however, the divisions in them show great regularity. Each one divides into two nearly equal cells by a vertical wall (pl. u1, fig. 18), and this is then followed by a horizontal wall. The next division is vertical, and each of the resulting eight cells then divides once more, making sixteen in each group ot MARSILIA VESTITA. Ig! sperm-cells, or thirty-two in the whole antheridium. The whole division in J7. vest7ta may be completed within about seven hours from the time the spores are placed in water, and the formation of the spermatozoids begins about an hour later and appears to require about four hours for its completion. The full-grown prothallium (pl. m1, fig. 20) appears very different when seen from different sides. A median vertical section, passing through both groups of sperm- cells, shows usually the small vegetative cell (4), above this the broad basal cell of the antheridium (77), and above this the two clearly marked oval groups of sperm- cells, sometimes in contact, sometimes separated by a sterile cell, and separated from the outer wall of the an- theridium by the lateral sterile cells (f) and the cover cell (d). If a vertical section is made at right angles to the one just described, only one of the groups of sperm-cells will be seen, and the lateral peripheral cells appear much broader (pl. 11, fig. 20,4). A cross section of the antheridium shows the two symmetrical groups of sperm-cells, as shown in fig. 20, c. The walls of the sperm-cells are exceedingly delicate, but perfectly evident, especially when the contents are contracted, a case that happens very frequently, especially after the spermatozoids begin to form. In the early stages of the prothallium and antheridium, the nuclei are large and very distinct but with compara- tively little chromatin, so that although dividing nuclei were often met with, the figures were very small and not easily studied. Inthe sperm-cells, previous to the forma- tion of the spermatozoids, the nuclei are less readily seen, owing to the readiness with which the cytoplasm takes up stains, and consequently Marsilia does not afford a very Satisfactory subject for the study of the develop- 192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ment of the spermatozoids, and this point was only ob- served in a very casual way. Nothing was observed, however, which pointed to anything peculiar in their origin. As in other cases observed, the body of the spermatozoid is derived from the nucleus of the sperm- cell by its direct change in form. It first contracts on one side and forms a thick curved band (pl. 1, fig. 21) which then lengthens out and becomes thinner and many times coiled until it has assumed the corkscrew form of the full-grown spermatozoid. The cilia and the vesicle which is attached to the hinder end are derived from the cytoplasm. When the antheridia are ripe, which ordinarily takes place in about twelve or sixteen hours after the spores are placed in water, the cells forming the walls become very much distended by the rapid absorption of water, and in consequence of the pressure from within the exospore breaks open along the lines of the three radiating ridges at the apex, and the upper swollen cells of the antheridia protrude through the opening. Finally the peripheral cells are torn apart, and the sperm-cells with the con- tained spermatozoids are discharged. The walls of the sperm-cells are soon completely dissolved and the sper- matozoids are thus set free. The spermatozoids of Marsilia are distinguished trom all others by the great number of coils in the spiral body. In the species under consideration there may be thirteen or fourteen. In the active condition (pl. 111, fig. 22, @) the coils are close together and the lower coils much wider. When the movements begin to slacken, or when the body is held in the mucilaginous matter about the macrospore, the spiral often becomes much elongated (pl. m1, fig. 22,6). The very numerous long cilia are at- tached mainly to the lower coils, and the upper pointed MARSILIA VESTITA. 193 end seems to be quite free from them. When the sper- matozoid escapes from its mother-cell there is attached, as in other spermatozoids, a delicate vesicle (v) con- taining more or less granular matter. Some of the granules are starch, others seem to be albuminous. This vesicle usually becomes detached when the spermatozoid is held in the mucilaginous matter about the macrospore where they accumulate in very large numbers, hundreds often being visible about a single macrospore. Evidently this mucilaginous matter exercises an attraction apart from that thrown out by the ripe archegonium, as they collect about the macrospore long before the archegonium has opened. In studying them, they were killed with a drop ot weak osmic acid about 4% percent., and then stained with a little gentian-violet. In this way they may be killed instantly without any distortion and the cilia rendered very distinct. If we compare now the antheridium of Marsilia with that of the other Filicinez we find, as might be expected, the nearest affinity with Pilularia, from which it differs mainly in the less perfect development ot the dome- shaped wall in the antheridium mother-cell, and the more distinct separation of the two groups of sperm-cells, which, as we have seen, are hereremarkably distinct. In Pilularia these remain distinguishable up to the time that the antheridium is ripe, but this is less marked than in Marsilia. In the Polypodiacew, which are the nearest among the homosporous ferns to the Marsiliacea, this division is indicated in the early stages of the anther- idium, but is finally lost. THE MACROSPORE AND FEMALE PROTHALLIUM. The macrospore of Marsilia is the most specialized found in the Pteridophytes. This is true both of the peculiar wall, which however it shares with the nearly 194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. related Pilularia, and the segregation, even in the un- germinated spore of the protoplasm which is to torm the prothallium. The spores are very large ellipsoidal cells, about .425x.750 mm. in diameter. They are ivory white in color and covered witha slimy mucilaginous coating of considerable thickness. The upper end of the spore has a hemispherical protuberance covered with an evidently thinner brownish membrane, and it is the protoplasm within this that alone gives rise to the young prothallium. In cross sections it is plainly seen that the upper end of this proturberance shows three radiating lines correspond- ing to those at the apex of the microspore, and like them indicates where the spore was in contact with the three sister-spores in the mother cell. Sections of the ungerminated spore (pl. Iv, fig. I), show structures very like those in the microspore but more strongly developed. The most noticeable differ- ence is in the distribution of the contents. Instead ot having these uniform as in the microspore, here the pro- toplasm filling the proturberance at the top is finely granular and free from the large starch grains that occur in the body of the spore. This dense protoplasm, too, colors strongly with various staining agents, and the line of demarkation is abrupt. The nucleus of the spore is situated in the center of the apical protoplasm which, however, is not separated by a membrane from the body of the spore. The nucleus is more or less strongly flat- tened, but this is exaggerated when the protoplasm at the apex has contracted, as it often does during the pro- cess of imbedding. The protoplasm of the body of the spore is arranged reticulately and probably in the living spore contains vacuoles and oily matter which is re- moved in the process of imbedding. Granules of various sizes, partly albuminous, and partly starch, are abundant. MARSILIA VESTITA. 195 The grains of starch are especially large and conspicuous. The wall of the spore shows much the same structure as that of the microspore, but the peculiarities are more marked. The epispore is especially well developed and differs mainly from that of the microspore in the prisms of which it is composed being in close contact and appearing in surface view as polygonal areas in close apposition. Outside of the epispore proper the struc- tureless mucilaginous outer epispore forms a more or less conspicuous layer. It stains deeply and is especially developed toward the upper part of the spore. This layer is not shown in figures 1 and 12. A very full account of the structure of the cell, as well as their development, is given by Strasburger.* The development of the female prothallium is some- what slower than that of the male, and ordinarily takes fifteen to twenty hours for its completion, although if the temperature is high it may be completed in somewhat less time. The first sign of germination is an increase in the size of the hemispherical mass of protoplasm at the apex of the spore, and the boundary between it and the body of the spore becomes somewhat less decided (pl. rv, fig. 2). At the same time the nucleus becomes more nearly glo- bular, and its contents, which in the ungerminated spore appear almost uniformly granular, become somewhat dif- ferent. The granules become larger, and some of them stain more deeply, showing them to be chromatin bodies (pl. tv, fig. 4). At no time, however, is the amount of chromatin large. The first division was not observed in any spores that had been in water for less than two hours, and probably very seldom occurs sooner than this. Usually, *Strasburger. Uber den Bau und Wachsthum der Zellhaiite, pp. 123-133. 196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. but not always, the first wall cuts off the papilla at the top of the spore from the cavity below (pl. rv, fig. 5). The nuclei of the two cells are very unequal in size, the lower one being much smaller. Both are strongly flat- tened and the division wall is very convex, and a small part of the fine granular protoplasm of the papilla is usually cut off from below and remains in the lower cells. The lower large cell takes no further part in the formation of prothallium and remains with very little change until after the fertilization of the archegonium. The next division in the upper cell is usually a nearly vertical wall which cuts off q small peripheral wall (pl. iv, figs. 6and 7), and this is followed later by usually two similar ones (fig. 10, ii and iii), which, with the first formed enclose a large central cell, the mother-cell of the archegonium. On comparing this stage with the same one in Pilularia, we find that in the latter the periph- eral cells are not tormed until a second wall, parallel to the basal wall is formed, and, as a rule, but two walls are formed instead of three in the cutting off of the arche- gonium mother-cell. That this difference is not essen- tial, however, is seen from the fact that occasionally in Marsilia the basal cell is formed before the peripheral cells are all-cut off (pl..1v, fig: 9). A variation occasionally met with was the cutting oft of a lateral cell before the separation of the prothallium from the body of the spore. Generally, before the second peripheral is cut off, the first formed one has already divided by a vertical wall into two small parts (pl. 1v, fig. 7). At this stage the prothallium, exclusive of the body of the spore, consists of a large central cell, the mother-cell of (the \arche- gonium (fig. 10, 9), and three peripheral cells (4) which have undergone more or less further division. The MARSILIA VESTITA. 197 archegonium mother-cell behaves in all respects like that of the ordinary ferns. It divides first into a lower or basal cell, which forms later a single layer of cells, separating the central cell of the archegonium from the spore cavity, and a much larger upper one which forms the archegonium proper. ‘The basal cell divides into two nearly equal cells, and each of these by a similar wall, so that a cross section of the base of a prothallium of about seven hours (fig. 10, 6) shows this cell divided into nearly equal quadrants. While this division is pro- gressing in the basal cells, the peripheral cells are also dividing by both vertical and horizontal walls, but only in two planes, so that the central cell is invested on all sides by a single layer of cells. These contain small but distinct nuclei and more or less granular contents, and after fertilization develop more or less chlorophyl. From the top of the central cell is now cut off a shal- low cell which later divides into four by two cross walls, very much as the basal cell divides, and this forms the beginning of the neck of the archegonium (pl. Iv, fig. Li) seinesesGelisrdO NOt ,at dirst project, but-a little later increase somewhat in size and each becomes divided by an oblique wall into two cells, of which the upper ones become strongly turgescent and project in the form of a papilla beyond the ruptured exospore, which is broken through at about this stage (pl. rv, fig. 12). About the same time that this division takes place in the next cell, a small cell is cut off from the central cell, and forms the next canal cell (fig. 12, c), and very soon after a second smaller one (fig. 13, 6), and very soon after this the con- tents of the central cell contract to form the egg, and its walls as well as those of the canal cells become disor- ganized. ‘The egg at this stage shows a clear space at the top, the meceptive spot (fie. 135 7), and the nucleus although distinct is unusually small. 198 CALIFORNIA. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The opening of the archegonium is brought about by the swelling of the neck cells combined with the pressure exerted by the swollen mass produced by the disintegra- tion of the canal cells, which are forced out more or less completely as the archegonium opens, and thus a channel is formed down to the egg. Owing to the small amount of chromatin in the egg nucleus, and the strong staining of the cytoplasm, it was found impracticable to attempt a careful study of the fertilization. The mucilage about the spore often forms a sort ot tunnel-shaped cavity above the archegonium, and in this and the surrounding mucilage the spermatozoids assemble in immense number, and as soon as the archegonium opens they collect in such numbers about it that its open- ing is often completely choked up. Several of the first comers usually succeed in penetrating to the central cell, but probably as in other cases where this has been care- fully studied, only one enters the egg. Here it soon unites with the egg-nucleus, which has in the meantime increased in size and moved towards the receptive spot. As soon as fertilization is effected the egg secretes a membrane about itself, which effectually prevents the entrance of other spermatozoids. At the same time the inner membranes of the neck cells assume a dark brown color. With the first division in the fertilized egg, a division begins in the cells of the prothallium, which changes the single layer of cells enveloping the egg into a double layer, except in the basal cells which undergo no further division (pl. Iv, figs. 15 and 16). The lower may divide further so that here the prothallium may be- come several cells thick, and the surface cells may grow out later into root-hairs. MARSILIA VESTITA. 199 THE EMBRYO. The embryo was very carefully studied by Hanstein,* and as his account is in all important particulars correct, I shall simply give here a brief sketch of the earlier divisions, as only a few minor differences were noted be- tween WW. vestita and AZ. salvatrix, which was the species mainly studied by Hanstein. The first division ot the fertilized ege takes place probably within two or three hours after the entrance ot the spermatozoid, but I have no exact data on this point. Hanstein says that in the case of AZ. salvatrix about twelve hours elapse before the first division, but in JZ. vestita the time is certainly much shorter. The first wall is a vertical one and divides the embryo into two equal cells. This is followed quickly by a nearly horizontal one in véeach cell at right angles to the first; and this second division divides the embryo into primary organs. The first or basal wall, divides the embryo into the ‘* epi- basal’’ or forward, and the ‘‘ hypobasal’’ or posterior parts, and the second walls divide the epibasal portion into cotyledon and stem, and the hypobasal into root and foot. | The third set of walls ‘‘ octant walls,’’ are not quite the same in the two walls of the embryo, in the epibasal quadrants the octant wall is at right angles to the others, and the resulting cells consequently equal, but in the hypobasal quadrants this is not the case, but the octant walls make an angle of about 120° with the basal wall, so that the octants are of very unequal size. The eight cells of which the embryo is now composed, while somewhat unequal in size, are approximately of the same torm, 7. e. tetrahedral, and one of the cells from mile es peo: (2) 200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. the first, in each quadrant, may be looked upon as the permanent apical cell of the organ derived from it. In the cotyledon and stem, this does not always appear to be the same one, but in the root it is always the larger of the two octant cells. The next division is the same in all the octants except the two smaller ones of the hypo- basal half of the embryo, and consists of a curved wall which divides them into two cells, which appear respect- ively triangular and quadrilateral when seen from the side. We may say that the triangular cell is the apical one and the four-sided one its first segment (pl. rv, fig. 16). THE COTYLEDON. In a cross-section of a very young embryo, the two halves of the leaf quadrant appear exactly the same, and it is impossible to say which of the two apical cells be- comes the definite apical cell of the young leaf; but soon one of these ceases to divide with any regularity and the other grows more rapidly, divided by regularly arranged segments, and functions, for a time at least, as the apical cell of the young cotyledon (pl. rv, fig. 18,@, L*). How long this continues was not further investigated, and not infrequently the definite apical growth ceases at a very early stage, as figured by Hanstein for J/. salvatrix, and as frequently happens in Pilularia. THE STEM. The first divisions in the stem quadrant follow closely those in the cotyledon, but here only one octant properly goes to form the stem apex, and the other gives rise to the second leaf, which grows at first in a manner entirely similar to that of the stem, but about the time that the cotyledon breaks through the prothallium, begins to elon- gate and soon becomes easily distinguishable from the stem. MARSILIA VESTITA. ZO RHE, ROOM: As in the other members, the apical cell of the root is at first external, and it is not until at least one complete series of segments has been cut off from it that the first segment of the root-cap is cut off; so that we may fairly say that the first root is of exogenous origin, and in no sense adventitious. It does not differ in any particular in its method of division from that of Pilularia which the writer * has described at length, and will not therefore be furthers (teatedemere. lhe root occupies by. far the greater part of the hypobasal half of the embryo, and the foot is comparatively little developed, and does not show. any definite succession in the cell division. While morphologically, perhaps, only the lower hypobasal quad- rant is to be regarded as the foot, physiologically the whole lower surface of the embryo acts as such, and therefore in this sense, the foot must be said to owe its origin in part to the stem as well as to the root quadrants. Af figsuiteresis very little. imerease im the size of the embryo, the divisions being accompanied by very little growth (compare figures 15,16 and 17). When growth does begin, however, it is very rapid, and within a few days the embryo breaks through the overlying prothallium cells, and the first cotyledon is then visible to the naked eye as a fine green point. The cotyledon is the first part of the embryo to break through the prothallium, but is quickly followed by the root, which bends down and soon penetrates the mud and fastens the young plant to the ground. During this rapid growth the contents of the large spore cavity are rapidly consumed, and serve to support the young embryo until it can lead an independ- ent existence. 202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. The embryo of Marsilia shows the closest resemblance to that of Pilularia, but also agrees closely with that of the Polypodiacezw, with which we have also seen it agrees in the principal points of the development of the sexual organs. THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION OF THE MARSILIACE:. A comparison of the Marsiliacea with the other Pteri- dophytes will show at once such striking resemblances to the leptosporangiate terns as to leave no room for doubt- ing the close relationships of these groups. This is seen in the tissues and growth of the mature sporophyte. The leaf, stem and root, grow in the same way as in the Poly- podiacee and the leaves also have the peculiar circinnate vernation of the ferns, which is absent in the Salviniacee. The structure of the fruit, too, upon which some stress has been laid is simply a peculiar modification of the leaf, developed as other parts of the plant have been, probably, in response to special conditions. The de- velopment of the sporangia, too, agrees in the principal details with the Polypodiacex, and the early divisions of the embryo correspond almost exactly with the embryo in that group. With the Salviniacew there is little in common, and botanists have long recognized this fact, although grouping them together for the sake of con- venience, as both are obviously related to the homo- sporous leptosporangiate ferns. We must bear in mind, however, that in the Marsiliacex we have to do with a very much specialized group, which has no immediate relations; and we should naturally ex- pect to find this indicated in some way. Of the two genera, Pilularia comes nearer the Polypodiacee in sevy- eral particulars. There are often two vegetative cells in the male prothallium, and the structure of the antheridium and spermatozoids departs less widely from the type found MARSILIA VESTITA. 203 in that family. This is also true of the division of the sperm-cells into two distinct groups, not nearly so promi- nent in Pilularia, and merely indicated by the first division of the central cell of the antheridium in the Polypodiacee. So, too, the female prothallium is less reduced than in Marsilia, but in the latter its limits are already seen in the ungerminated spore. The peculiar quadrifoliate leaf of Marsilia seems to be also a form not derived directly trom the lower ferns. In Pilularia the leaf is perfectly simple, and this is the form of the first leaf in Marsilia: and it is not until sev- eral leaves have been developed that the characteristic four-parted leaf is met with. Without going further into detail, we are pretty safe in assuming, as the writer has already done ®* that the Mar- sillaceze represemt the end terms of a series of forms whose lower members are found among the leptospo- rangiate ferns, and probably the Polypodiacez; that of the two genera, Marsilia is the more specialized, and stands at the top, with Pilularia between it and and its homosporous relations; and we are not therefore to look for any connection with forms higher up, but conclude that this special line of development ends with Marsilia. *Campbell. The systematic position of the Rhizocarpex, Bull. of the Torrey Botanical Club, Oct. 1888. 204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. PLATE III—THE MICROSPORE. All figures magnified about 300 times, and all except figures I to 3 and 22 to 24, microtome sections. Figure 1. Ripe fruit of MWarstlia vestita twice the natural size. Figure 2. A fruit which has been artificially opened and placed in water, x 1%. «x, the valves of the fruit; 7, the mucilaginous body to which the sori are attached. Figure 3. A fresh microspore seen from the top. Figure 4. Section of an ungerminated microspore; 2, nucleus. Figure 5. Section through the wall of a microspore x 600. I, 2, 3, the three layers of the wall. Figure 6. Surface views of the epispore; a, x 300, 2, x 600. Figure 7. Section of spore showing first signs of germination. The nucleus has moved to one side, and the granular protoplasm has collected in the middle. Figure 8. Section of a spore in which the first division is completed; 2, the vegetative cell. Figure 9. A somewhat more advanced stage in longitudinal section; mz, the basal cell of the antheridium. Figure 10. Two longitudinal sections of a spore in which no basal cell was formed in the antheridium, Figure 11. Cross section of young antheridium, Figures 12 to 16. Successive stages in the development of the antheridium seen in longitudinal sections. x, the vegetative cell of the prothallium; /, the peripheral cell of the antheridium; @, the cover cell of the antheridium. Figures 17 to 19. Similar stages of the antheridium seen in cross section. Figure 20. Full-grown male prothallium and antheridium; a, 4, in longitu- dinal section c, cross section; @, side view of a group of sperm cells. Figure 21. Two sperm cells from a prothallium eight hours old showing the beginning of the formation of the spermatozoids; x 600. Figures 22 to 24. Free spermatozoids x 600, Figure 22, a the active sperma- tozoid; 4, one which has come to rest and the body become extended; 23 and 24, two stages similar to that shown in 22 4, but with the cilia omitted. PLATE IV—THE MACROSPORE. All the figures drawn from microtome sections fixed with chromic acid and stained with alum-cochineal and Bismarck-brown. Unless otherwise stated magnified about 150 times. Figure 1. a, longitudinal section of ungerminated macrospore, x 60, 7, nu- cleus; 4, portion of the wall x 300. Figure 2. Upper part of spore contents from a spore which has lain for one hour in water. Figure 3. Upper part of spore two hours old. Figure 4. Nucleus of similar spore, x 300. MARSILIA VESTITA. 205 Figures 5 to 6. First divisions in the prothallium; in 5 this has taken place in the ordinary way; in 6, the first division wall is vertical instead of horizontal. Figure 7. Cross section of an older stage showing the first peripheral cell which is already divided. Figures 8 and 9. Vertical sections of two young prothallia showing the peripheral cells, and in 9, the basal cells. Figure 10, Two horizontal sections of a prothallium of about the same age as the one shown in figure 9. Figures 11 to 13. Stages in the development of the archegonium in vertical section, 2, neck; c, neck canal cell; 4, ventral canal cell; 0, the egg. In figure 12 the prothallium is seen zz sztu; £, the nucleus of the spore. Figure 14. A recently fertilized archegonium. Figures 15,:16. Young embryos zz sitz. Figure 17. Two cross sections of an embryo forty-two hours after the spores were placed in water. Figure 18. Two longitudinal vertical sections of an older embryo; 7, coty- ledon; 7, roct; s¢., stem; 7, foot. The apical cells are indicated by x, and the age of the first walls is indicated by the numbers 1 and 11. A NEW NOTODONTA. BY HoH. Bib ER. Notodonta Pacifica. Anterior wings: basal third brown bordered by a dark- er line, preceded by a dilution; from these the anterior half ashy gray, the interior half brown; the second line convergent and almost touching the first line that borders the basal third of the wing, preceded by a discal, lin- ear mark, which is tollowed by a diluted shade, ending into a well darkened apical mark, divided by two nerves into three spots. Near the external margin a diluted ful- vous shade. Hind wings grayish. Found in Placer County. The species is similar to VV. Zzczac, but the thorax is darker than the anterior wing 5 Si Type in collection of the California Academy of Sci- ences. 2p SER. VOL. III. April 19, 1892. ON LAND AND FRESH WATER MOLLUSCA OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. No. 2. BY J. G. COOPER. Since the publication of article No. 1 in these Proceed- ings, 2d Series Moly iil, April, TS91, (p. 69, another expedition, sent out by the Academy, has made large additions to our knowledge ot the mollusca of the penin- sula and gulf, a full account of which will need much give addi- tional notes on those terrestrial species that are well time for preparation. Asa beginning, I now known, leaving for future articles the notes and illustra- tions relating to new or undetermined species. I may here refer to an article published by me in Zoe, Vol. m1, p. 11, April, 1892, giving a full catalogue ot the species then ascertained to inhabit the land and fresh waters between the United States boundary at Fort Yuma, on the Colorado River, to the Pacific and south- ward, of which the following is a summary: TERRESTRIAL. FRESH-WATER. Number kone esr ae ea Ome ON UID ere cMO wales. be ere wee at. 12 Found north of boundary........ 14 Found north of boundary ...... 10 Found also in Mexico............ 5 Found alsoin Mexicos 2.) 0%. . 4 Wadibionstiny Zoemlistmermrs 2 1410) oD esertispecressa se. a yas an sae: 8 Additions nowrmades 3.2... .0-.. 4 Brackish water species......... 8 Additions in Zoe list. .......... 5 Additions now made\........... 6 Total terrestrial and fresh-water species:..-..............-+2.:. .....04 As a correction of that list, I must state that Mr. Hemp- hill informs me that he never found No. 36, Veronzcella olivacea, on the peninsula, and its occurrence there is very doubtful. The present collection was made chiefly by Mr. Gustav Eisen, whose department was the invertebrates, but many were also obtained by Mr. W. E. Bryant, especially marine 2p SreR. VOL. III. (16) October 6, 1892. 208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. species, on the islands of the gulf. As they did not usually go in company to the same places, different species were found by various collectors. The Academy is also in- debted to Mr. L. Belding tor many good living specimens obtained by him south of La Paz, in the rainy season, and therefore more perfect than usual. I am glad to be able now to confirm the occurrence of two of the very rare species first found at Cape St. Lucas by Xantus (de Vesey), which have escaped collectors for thirty years since. The mystery of their scarcity is solved by finding that they belong to the highest regions north of the cape, in the Sierra Laguna, about latitude 23° 50’, which rise to 5,000 or 6,000 feet; thence they occur with less abundance downward, and especially on the east side, living on the north slope ot the hills at various levels, and sometimes washed down, living or dead, to the sea-level. Mr. Eisen’s observations on the large species were very interesting, as indicating an imperfect distribution in zones, as follows: Feet ——- -—— Feet —-— Be pallidior. =... ones OO tom so00MND Sproteusrmcee eee 2,000 to 3,500 iB, inscendens.,..'.2.. 100 to 3,000 B. var. beldingi. .....3,000 to 5,000 183, HONGO «eyo cane 2,000 to) 3,000' B. artemisia.....)..72.. 500 to 3,000 This distribution fully contradicts the theory that the two largest (named in upper line) could have been intro- duced from South America as food (though several species are sold in the markets of that country), as no evidence of their use in that way was seen. As to introduction with roots, Mr. Eisen thinks that 2. froteus is too numer- ous on the mountains to have been imported, not occurring so plentifully in the more cultivated lower districts. BULIMULUS ARTEMISIA W.G.B. 1861. ‘‘ Promontory of Cape St. Lucas, latitede: 227-527 yor sexan,’ eNamrns: Two found on Sierra Laguna in the fig region, by Eisen, at 3,000 feet; they have one more whorl (9), and are LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 209 almost 4 inch longer than type. Both are worn, dead shells, but show faint vertical riblets on two nuclear whorls. B. Excetsus Gould, 1853. Four, presented by Mr. Belding, are fine fresh shells, but one is bleached. The two upper whorls have fine riblets, as in . zuscendens, etc. Shells thicker than the other species, more shining, and outer lip more expanded than usual. B. INSCENDENS W.G.B. 1861. Four living and 13 fresh, with 73 bleached shells, found near San José del Cabo by Eisen, do not show much of the variation form- ing var. dryantz, but he states that he found all on the ground, so that ascending trees is doubtless only done in the wet season, or not at all by some shells, thus account- ing for the remarkable variations in form. Eleven from the Sierra Laguna above the ‘‘ fig region,’’ 3,000 feet, are larger, and have riblets on three apical whorls (not two as in others), the largest also with one more whorl (8). Nine of these have the divergent mouth. Six, dead, from San Leonicio, 3,000 feet altitude, have fine revolving stria cutting the lines of growth, as in 2. proteus, but less deeply; the mouth also nearly straight. On three presented by L. Belding, from between the cape and La Paz, this roughness is stronger, being as much so as in B. proteus. It is noticed as a light striation in Binney’s description, but is now known to be quite variable in several other species. Mr. Eisen also got 83 other spec- imens from same mountains, above 3,000 to 4,000 feet altitude, which are usually more robust in form and shorter than the others, but many intermediate. I pro- pose to call this extreme Var. BELDINGI, as he sent the first specimen of this form in good condition from near San José del Cabo, Mr. Bryant also finding one at Punta Arena (near latitude 210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25° 30’, east coast). They differ from the usual forms in a short, oval shape, no divergence of mouth, and small size. The extreme of smallness is, length 1.10, breadth 0.50 inch. Those from the Sierra Laguna are a little larger, but intergrades occur up to the largest, which are 1.90 long ando.7owide. The average size of the species may be given as 1.25 long and 0.60 wide, or more robust than in Binney’s figure. No clue to these variations is derived from altitude on the mountains, except that those fonnd highest are of a darker brown color. Large numbers were obtained living, when other species were inactive in the month of May. B. PALLIDIOR Sowerby, 1833. Mr. Eisen obtained 97 shells near San José del Cabo, and Mr. Bryant 12 near Point Arena. They show all the forms between that fig- ured by W. G. Binney as typical and Gould’s B. vegetus (which was figured as a dark shell, but described as white). In size they vary from 1.80 inch long and 1 wide to 1.35xo0.60. Mr. Eisen brought only one from the Sierra fig region, of middle size, and considered it almost entirely a lowland species. The specimen from the fig region has vertical riblets on the three upper whorls, and fewer of them are to be found on some of those from lowlands. This one also has rather light revolving striz, as in B. proteus, suggesting hybridity. It was often found ascending trees. B. prtuta W. G. Binney, 1861. Mr. Bryant alone obtained six specimens of this species, at Punta Arena, which are larger than Binney’s types, looking more like a small variety of 2B. suffatus, measuring 0.90 inch long, 0.60 wide. (Binney’s figure is much smaller than the size he gives.) It differs, however, from the young of B. suffatus, of same size, in having an open umbilicus. One specimen has faint traces of two bands on the body, LOWER CALIFORNIAN MOLLUSCA. 211 but is otherwise bleached. All of them have the vertical riblets on first two whorls. B. proteus Broderip, 1832. This species, as found on the peninsula, is not such a ‘‘ protean ’’ form as some others. Mr. Eisen sent 88 dead and mostly bleached shells from between the valleys and the ‘ fig region ”’ of Sierra Laguna, 3,500 feet altitude, and considers it a species almost confined to the mountains. They all have more or less rough sculpture, and no variation in the longitudinal darker stripes, but vary in form just as does B. pallidior. The largest from the fig region is 2.50 inch long and 1.20 wide. The smallest perfect one, found at ‘‘ Laguna’ by Mr. Belding, is 1.80 inch long and 1.20 wide. The only living one, also by Mr. Belding, is from ‘« Painted Rock,’’ and young; it has a thin epidermis of a pale brownish yellow color. The largest is a third longer than Binney’s figure, the smallest about equal to it. In the young the three apical whorls are seen to have the same vertical riblets as in B. ezscendens, etc. The only specimen giving a suspicion of hybridity between this and other species is the one of B. pallid7or before mentioned, but the resemblance in form of small ones of this and some of pallidzor is very close. As to other species, the rough sculpture sometimes occurs, but their forms are entirely dissimilar, thus making hybridity improbable. B. sprRIFER Gabb., 1867. Only one specimen, 1.45 inch long and 0.70 wide, of this form has yet been sent us, and this is a dead one picked up by Mr. T. S. Bran- degee near La Paz, which is thus verified as its most southern limit. It agrees well with Gabb’s figure in Amer. Jour. of Conch., but not so well with Binney’s in L. and F. W. Shells. The prominent tooth winding in- ward from the columella is very marked in this, but not shown in Binney’s figure. It is a specific character and 212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. nothing more, but is sometimes found even larger in thick callous-mouthed examples of 2. pallidior, B. tnscendens, and 2. proteus, ditfering in form. As stated by Binney, the jaw has the characters of a very different family from Bulimus, so we may still include the shell among its ex- ternally similar neighbors. In this only, no trace of the vertical riblets is seen on the nuclear whorls, but they may be eroded. B. suFFLATuUS Gould, 1853. Mr. Eisen sent 38 from Sierra Laguna, not different from type, the largest being 1.35 inch long and 1.10 wide. The young has a very thin yellowish epidermis, which peels off when adult, be- coming pale brown.