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ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, U. S. ARMY.
REPORT
UPON
UNITED STATES GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS
WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN,
IN CIIARGE OF
FIRST LIEUT. GEO. M. WHEELER,
CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
BRIG. GEN. A. A. HUMPHREYS,
CHIEI’ OF ENGINEERS, U. 8. ARMY.
PUBLISHED BY AUTHORITY OF THE HONORABLE THE SECRETARY OF WAR,
IN ACCORDANCE WITH ACTS OF CONGRESS OF JUNE 23, 1874, AND FEBRUARY 15, 1875.
IN SEVEN VOLUMES, ACCOMPANIED BY ONE TOPOGRAPHICAL AND ONE GEOLOGICAL ATLAS.
VOI. Vi—pOTANY.
WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1878.
FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
CHAPTER 455,
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the following sums be, and the same are hereby, appropriated, for the objects hereinafter expressed, for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, namely :
* * * * * * *
For engraving and printing the plates illustrating the report of the geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, to be published in quarto form, the print- ing and binding to be done at the Government Printing-Office, twenty-five thousand thousand.
*
* * * * * *
Approved June 23, 1874.
FORTY-THIRD CONGRESS, SECOND SESSION.
CHAPTER 76.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the act entitled ‘“‘An act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Govern- ment for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, eighteen hundred and seventy-five, and for other pur- poses,” approved June twenty-third, eighteen hundred and seventy-four, be, and the same is hereby, amended by adding to the clause of said act relating to the engraving and printing of the plates illus- trating the report of the geographical and geological explorations and surveys west of the one hun- dredth meridian, the following words: and ‘that two thousand copies of the report shall be printed by the Congressional Printer,” after substituting the word ‘‘dollars” in lieu of the concluding word of said clause.
Approved February 15, 1875.
FORTY-FOURTH CONGRESS, FIRST SESSION.
“Mr. VANCE, of Ohio, from the Committee on Printing, reported the following resolution; which was read, considered, and adopted :
“Resolved by the House of Representatives, (the Senate concurring,) That the following distribution shall be made of the reports of the United States geographical surveys west of the one hundredth meridian, published in accordance with acts approved June 23, 1874, and February 15, 1875, as the several volumes are issued from the Government Printing-Office, to wit: Nine hundred and fifty copies of each to the House of Representatives, two hundred and fifty copies of each to the Senate, and eight hundred copies of each to the War Department for its uses.”
March 29, 1876. (See Congressional Record, vol. 4, part 3, p. 2037.)
Agreed to by the Senate May 4, 1876. (See Congressional Record, vol. 4, part 3, p. 2969.)
u
AD
INF ORE Ey...
Seven volumes, accompanied by one Topographical and one Geological Atlas, embrace reports upon Geographical Surveys of the territory of the United States West of the One hundredth Meridian of longitude from Greenwich, as follows:
Volume I.—Geographical Report.
Volume I1.—Astronomy and Barometric Hypsometry. Volume III.—Geology and Mineralogy.
Volume IV.—Paleontology.
Volume V.—Zodlogy.
Volume VI.—Botany.
Volume VII.—Archeology.
The Topographical Atlas edition, consisting of Title-Page, Legend, and Conventional Sign Sheets, Index, Progress and Basin Maps, and Sheets Nos. 49, 50, 58, 59, 66, 67, 75, 76, 83, 53 (C), 61 (B), 61 (C), 61 (C,), 61 (D), 62 (A), 62 (C), 65 (D), 69 (B), 69 (D), 70 (A), 70 (C), and 77 (B) have been issued at date of sending forward the MS. of this volume. Other sheets, of which there are twenty-seven in various stages of completion, will follow as rapidly as they can be prepared, engraved, and printed.
Sheets 53 (C), 61 (B), 61 (C), 61 (D), 62 (A), 62 (C), 65 (D), 69 (B), 69 (D), 70 (A), 70 (C), and 77 (B) are projected upon a scale of 1 inch to 4 miles, while the scale of 1 inch to 2 miles has been used for sheet 61 (C,), the latter embracing a part of the San Juan mining region of Southwestern Colorado. The seale of 1 inch to 1 mile has been selected for the six-sheet map of the lake region of the Sierra Nevada encircling
Lake Tahoe; and the contour map of the Washoe Mining District, in which ur
IV NOTE.
is situated the famous Comstock Lode, drawn to a scale of 1 inch to 500 feet, will be published to the scale of 1 inch to 1,500 feet, making a map of the size of four regular atlas sheets.
The following Geological Maps, forming a part of those supplementing Volume ITI, based upon the topographical sheets, have been published, i. e., Title-Page, Index Sheet, Restored Outline of Lake Bonneville, Nos. 50, 59, $ of 58, and 4 of 66, 67, 75, 76, and 83. Other sheets are in course of completion.
The Topographical Atlas referred to, embracing the entire area west of the 100th meridian, will comprise 95 sheets, on a scale of 1 inch to 8 miles, numbered consecutively from 1 to 95, inclusive, while the “Geolog- ical Atlas” will consist of the same number, using the topographical maps as a base. (See Progress Map of 1878.) Upon a number of the topo- graphical maps as a base, the classification of lands into the following divi- sions, (1) Agricultural with irrigation, (2) Timber, (3) Grazing, (4) Arid and Barren, is shown by colors. It is intended to expand this classifica- tion to embrace the entire area, thus gathering data upon which a new legal subdivision to settlers, to accord with presumable values as to class, may be made, pursuant finally to the following divisions: without irrigation.
1. Agricultural, 2 with irrigation or drainage. Ouran 1. Large, ) with prevailing species, as Live Oak, 2. Small, 1. Good, 2eabade
3 4. Arid or barren, including “desert lands.”
Cedar, ete.
. Grazing, with species and quality of grasses.
5. Swamp and overflowed. 6. Location of the precious and economic minerals, such as— 1. Gold, in place or placer. 8. Tin and nickel. 2. Silver. 9. Antimony and arsenic. 3. Cinnabar. 10. Sulphur. 4. Copper. 11. Sodium, chloride and carbonate of. 5. Lead. 12. Alum and borates. 6. Iron. 13. Peats, marls, and clays. fea@oalt
NOTE. V
Each full atlas sheet represents two degrees and forty-five minutes in longitude and one degree and forty minutes in latitude (an area of from 17,000 to 18,000 square miles, or an average of 11,200,060 acres), and is so constructed, upon a special projection, as to admit that the several sheets may be joined to comprise entire political or other divisions.
The plan for the systematic prosecution of a detailed topographical survey of the territory of the United States west of the one hundredth meridian, as the main object, was submitted to the Engineer Department by the officer in charge shortly after the return of the Expedition of 1871, was then approved by Brig. Gen. A A. Humphreys, Chief of Engineers, and the Honorable the Secretary of War, and received the sanction of Congress by a specific act approved June 10, 1872.
In addition to the astronomic, geodetic, topographical, and meteor- ological observations needed for the preparation and construction of the map, such observations as are required, and are commensurate with the present condition of development of this region, are made in the branches of mineralogy and mining, geology, paleontology, zodlogy, botany, arche- ology, ethnology, and philology.
The quarto reports embrace the results of the special branches of the Survey that are completed at the date at which each is separately submitted, while annual reports of operations of the work, accompanied by maps, showing progress during the fiscal year, are regularly submitted to the Chief of Engineers, and appear as appendixes to his Annual Reports
From the accumulation of field data, the finished topographical maps are completed as fast as the draughting force permits, and with the neces- sary additions, special editions showing geological formations and land clas- sification, are issued from time to time. Neither atlas will be complete until
‘
the whole work is finished.
U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN, FIRST LIEUT. GEO. M. WHEELER, CORPS OF ENGINEERS, U. 8. ARMY, IN CHARGE.
REPORTS
UPON
THE BOTANICAL COLLECTIONS MADE IN PORTIONS OF NEVADA, UTAH, CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA,
DURING
THE YEARS 1871, 1872, 1873, 1874, AND 1875.
BY
J. T. ROTHROCK,
LATE A. A. SURGEON, U.S. ARMY,
SURGEON AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF 1873, 1874, AND 1875, AND NOW PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA.;
AND THE FOLLOWING SCIENTISTS:
SERENO WATSON, Camnrmcer, Mass. GEORGE VASEY, M. D., AGricuLTturAL DEPARTMENT, GEORGE ENGELMANN, M. D., Sr. Louts, Mo. WasnincTon, D. C.
Pror. THOS. C. PORTER, Easton, PENN. Pror. D. C. EATON, YALE CoLtecE, Nrw Haven, Conn. M. S. BEBB, FounratnDALg, Itt. THOS. P. JAMES. Campripce, Mass.
WILLIAM BOOTT, Boston, Mass. Pror. EDWARD TUCKERMAN, AmnHeErst, Mass.
IN FOUR CHAPTERS AND AN APPENDIX.
ILLUSTRATED BY THIRTY PLATES AND ONE WOODCUT.
vil
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
LETTER OF LIEUTENANT WHEELER TO GENERAL HUMPHREYS ..---.--------- Se Sen SCE aOR OS eee CHAPTER I.—Conorapo DISTRICT...-.-- Roser atsie Gaesenae ayeeemer weesos Ree cee eesjcer maieietontoties CHAPTER II.—NEW MExico DISTRICT.-.---.-----..----------- Gane erotne S5neeucooooo Uses sacs CuaPrer III.—Nores ON Economic BOYTANY.....----.------- Bischic se seicaeretcateste se etneccie yore
CuapreR IV.—CaTaLoGUE OF PLANTS COLLECTED IN NEvapa, UranH, CoLorapo, New Mexico, AND ARIZONA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THOSE NOT CONTAINED IN GRAY’s MANUAL OF THE BoTANY OF THE NORTHERN UNITED STATES, OR IN VOL. V OF THE GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL, CLARENCE KING, GEOL- OGISHUINT CHAN GE great emisees ane eieeeeine eae asin ea tae ainereetaneisicacatascieest= i=
APPENDIX.
NOTES ON THAT PORTION OF CALIFORNIA TRAVERSED BY THE BOTANISTS Ol THE EXPEDITION OF 1875, WITH ENUMERATION OF PLANTS COLLECTED DURING THAT YEAR .....-------------- TABLE OF ORDERS....-. Se sistte elses ceceeeen cetaresecceees tajeraleuiatsinte Sere laietsteteresVaeiaiate nosatecoc
IN DEN fo = oo sons cawieiers saeveia nin ielm aie aieiarsteloe wee ine eereme cee scicicesissisisivsiecscjeceulcea (steels ScaSea os86
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.....-..----- secdetcacceeessese ealeeielaisiolarsiet Saietele sere cicle alanya [oye sjejawatelenie
PLATE 1.
me
oe
13. 14.
List OF PLATES:
CANOTIA HOLACANTHA.
PARRYELLA FILIFOLIA AND PETALOSTE- MON TENUIFOLIUS.
HORKELIA PURPURASCENS AND POTEN- TILLA WHEELERI.
PETALONYX NITIDUS AND VIGUIERA RE- TICULATA.
BRICKELLIA LONGIFOLIA.
APLOPAPPUS CERVINUS.
ASTER COLORADOENSIS SENDIA ROTHROCKII.
ACTINOMERIS WRIGHTII.
Wyrrnta ARIZONICA.
AND TOWN-
. HEMIZONIA WHEELERI. . LAPHAMIA MEGALOCEPHALA. . LrucAMPYX NEWBERRYI.
ARTEMISIA ROTHROCKII. PyRRHOPAPPUS ROTHROCKTI.
PLATE 15. 16.
30.
Cr_L®TADELPHIA WHEELERI. PALMERELLA DEBILIS, VAR. SERRATA. HrpDEOMA HYSSOPIFOLIA.
. NAMA ROTHROCKIL.
GILIA DEBILIS AND GILIA DEMISSA. CONVOLVULUS LONGIPES. HALENIA ROTHROCKIL
FRraXINUS CORIACEA.
ABRONIA VILLOSA.
ATRIPLEX WOLFI.
. UrticA BREWERI. . SISYRINCHIUM ARIZONICUM.
TrisetuM Wo.ru, T. VILFA MINIMA. Poa WHEELERI.
ALPESTRE, AND
. Festuca THURBERI.
NoTHOLENA HOOKERI.
ap bese ha rh x yet iy
per
Unitep Srates ENGINEER OFFICE, GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE Oxr Hunprepta Mmripian, Washington, D. C., May 10, 1878.
Genera: IJ have the honor to submit herewith reports that go to make up Volume VI of those authorized to be published by acts of Congress approved June 23, 1874, and February 15, 1875.
The volume comprises a number of reports upon collections of the years 1871 to 1876, inclusive, made by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, surgeon and botanist to the Expeditions of 1873-4—5, and by eminent specialists.
The collections obtained during the several years, after their identifica- tion and classification, have been forwarded, through the Smithsonian Insti- tution, for final lodgment in the herbarium of the Agricultural Department.
The following gentlemen have been engaged as field assistants in this branch, viz: Dr. W. J. Hoffman and Ferdinand Bischoff in 1871, Dr. H. C. Yarrow and H. W. Henshaw in 1872, John Wolf in 1873, Dr. J. T. Rothrock in 1873—4—5, with Messrs. J. M. Rutter in 1874 and C. Shoemaker in 1875 as sub-assistants, and in 1874—5-6 Dr. Oscar Loew.
Other members of the Expedition have also contributed to the large aggregate of specimens.
By dint of much pains and labor a number of species new to botanical science have been discovered, twenty-seven of which are here figured for the first time, as well as ten species rare, but not hitherto unknown. ‘The total number of new species is fifty, and two distinct genera have been added to the known Flora of this portion of the United States New and well-marked varieties of older species have been obtained, and among them a number hitherto scantily represented in the largest herbaria. In many
XT
XIV LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.
cases a wider geographical range of known forms has been developed, as, for instance, the discovery, in Arizona, of Ophioglossum vulgatum; and also a number of rare species, as of the striking leafless tree of Arizona, the Canotia, and specimens of which are thus added to the Government and other herbaria. From the Agave plants a number are described as of value for cordage and textile fabrics. The economic relations of various forage- plants, native and introduced, are noted. The value of Chia (Salvia Colwm- barig) as a remedy and dietetic is defined, as well as the medicinal qualities of other plants. The present and prospective relations of the forests to the settlement of the country receive mention, and tables prepared by Dr. Loew of soil analyses at important points are introduced.
Although investigations in Botany, governed in a measure by the sparsely settled condition of the regions visited, are but incidental to the systematic purpose of the Survey, which has for its main object the deter- mination of data necessary for the construction of a detailed topographical map, yet it is believed that the material here presented, as the result of examination, by specialists, of large and complete collections, will have its value as a substantial contribution to the knowledge of the Botany of portions of the United States west of the 100th meridian and south of the 40th parallel.
Attention is invited to the authors of various parts of this report, whose names appear on the title-page, and to whom so much is due for the skill with which they have prepared their several portions, and a merited tribute to the value of their services is hereby tendered.
To Prof. Asa Gray, the veteran Botanist, to whom doubtful points have been submitted, thanks are due.
The zeal and fidelity displayed by Dr. J. T. Rothrock, not only in the field, but in the preparation of his report, and in superintending the colla- tion of other reports, are worthy of all commendation.
The excellent typographical work of the Government Printing Office in the publication of the quarto reports of the Survey is worthy of men- tion, while the artistic plate illustrations of this volume, furnished by Mr. Julius Bien, of New York City, are creditable alike to his artistic taste and the excellence of his establishment. The plates were drawn by the well-
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. XV
known botanical artist, Isaac Sprague, of Cambridge, Mass., and Mr. W H. Seaman, of the Agricultural Department.
It is with pleasure that this opportunity is taken of recognizing the industry, perseverance, and skill shown by those whose combined labors have made collections the results from which are embodied in the reports herewith submitted.
Very respectfully, yours, GEO. M WHEELER,
Lieutenant of Engineers, in Charge. Brig. Gen. A. A. Humpureys, Chief of Engineers, United States Army, Washington, D. C.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, Philadelphia, April 1, 1878.
Sir: I have the honor to transmit herewith my final report upon the botanical collections made by the parties under your charge.
In doing so, it is but fair to state how little of whatever merit the report may have is due to myself, and how much to those who have assisted in collecting the material, and to those who subsequently aided in naming and describing it.
Dr. George Engelmann, of Saint Louis, has furnished reports upon the numerous orders and genera that he is our acknowledged authority upon, and these alone form no inconsiderable part of the whole.
Professor Gray, of Cambridge, has throughout kindly settled all doubtful points of nomenclature referred to him. Without his advice and assistance, it would have been impossible for me to have completed the work.
The same may be said of the services of Mr. Sereno Watson. He has also furnished the list and descriptions of the Leguminosz.
Prof. Thomas C. Porter, of Easton, has worked up the Scrophulariacez, Polemoniacez, Labiatz, Borraginaceze, and Polygonacez, orders which together comprise a large part of the descriptive text.
Mr. M. 8. Bebb, of Fountaindale, Ill., has written the account of the Willows, which are confessedly among the most difficult of all American genera.
Dr. George Vasey, Botanist to the Department of Agriculture at Washington, D. C., has made a careful report on the Grasses collected by the Expedition; and Mr. William Boott, of Boston, Mass., contributes the paper on Carex.
xvu Ii BOT
XVII INTRODUCTORY.
Prof. D. C. Eaton, of Yale College, has written a most valuable report on the Ferns. This paper differs from the others inasmuch as it is a com- plete monograph of all the known Ferns of North America south of the 40th parallel and west of the 105th meridian, whether collected by your Expedition or not. It must remain for years the standard authority on the Ferns of that wide area.
Mr. Thomas P. James, a well-known authority on the American Mosses, has kindly prepared the account of these plants; and Prof. Edward Tuckerman, of Amherst College, equally well known in his own special branch, names the Lichens.
The remainder of the text I am responsible for, and though I can hardly hope it will equal the portions contributed by the gentlemen above named, I trust it may be of some value. I have freely quoted from other authors, and have endeavored to give due credit to the sources whence any information has been derived. I have cited the Genera Plantarum by Bentham and Hooker as the authority for the generic descriptions given throughout the Report in the form of footnotes. Though I have in the main simply translated their descriptions, I have occasionally made some changes to suit the particular species I was concerned with. My reason for adhering so closely to these authors as I did was, that the descriptions might be full enough to include other species found in the same region.
It is a great regret to me that the material collected by Dr. W. J. Hoffman, formerly of your Survey, has not been directly available. Ihave hence been obliged to omit mention of him as the collector of many inter- esting species from Arizona and Nevada. I take, however, this means of recognizing the value of his work. I have elsewhere alluded to his report on the “Distribution of Vegetation in Portions of Arizona and Nevada,” published in the American Naturalist for June, 1877.
Almost the entire botanical collection of 1873 was made by Mr. John Wolf, and it was among the largest and finest ever obtained by a Govern- ment expedition.
I was materially assisted, in 1874, by Messrs. Henshaw and Rutter in the work of collecting, and in 1875, by Dr. H. C. Yarrow and Messrs. Henshaw and Shoemaker.
INTRODUCTORY. XIX
Dr. Loew, throughout his entire connection with the Expedition, has each year contributed largely to the botanical collection. I am also greatly in debt to him for much of the material embodied in Chapters I, II, and III of the text.
I have avoided any change, as far as I could, in the manuscript of the gentlemen associated with me in preparing this report, thinking that a mere uniform mode of expression was of less importance than that each author should state his facts in his own way, and thus avoid the introduc- tion of any errors of my own.
The preliminary portions, 7. e., Chapters I, I, and III, I have pur- posely made popular and avoided all possible technicalities, for obvious reasons. These same parts have also been made much shorter than was originally intended, because the remainder of the volume so much exceeded the limit at first assigned; and, further, because much of the material found its way into Chapter LV.
The plates drawn by Messrs. Sprague and Seaman, and engraved by Julius Bien, need no comment from me. The name of each artist is con- nected with his work.
There remains now but the pleasant duty of adverting to the generous aid always rendered by you, and by the gentlemen associated with you, both in field and herbarium work, and also by the officers of the various posts I have from time to time visited in performance of my field duties. Without the encouragement received from you and from them, no labor of mine could have collected the material for this report.
Very respectfully, J. T. ROTHROCK. First Lieut. Gro, M. WHEELER,
Corps of Engineers, U. S. Army, in Charge.
Nore, December 31, 1878.—Since the manuscript for this Report was
completed, the first volume of the Flora of California, by Messrs. Brewer
and Watson, has been published; and we have reason to hope for the speedy appearance of the second. This, of course, reduces my labor, so far as the collection of 1875 is concerned, to merely enumerating the plants and adding a few fieldnotes. Anything more would have been not only
KX INTRODUCTORY.
unnecessary, but presumptuous, in view of the long labor they and Professor Gray had bestowed upon the task.
During the same interval, American botanists have received from the pen of Professor Gray the first part of vol. 2, Synoptical Flora of North America. It is not possible to overestimate the importance of this to the ° science of our country. His work, when finished, must be forever the great landmark in American Botany.
Of hardly less importance, or labor, is Mr. Watson’s Bibliographical Index to North American Botany, of which Part First, extending through the Polypetalz, has been published during the year. The thorough man- ner in which it has treated, and will continue to treat, the synonymy of the subject, renders any extended citations out of place here. It is hoped that the most important changes in nomenclature indicated in these works will be found observed in this Report.
Mr. H. W. Henshaw has aided at the Washington office in his careful attention while this Report was passing through the several stages of proof.
dig AN, Lie
ADDENDA.
Page 118, under Ribes Wolfii, Rothr., add: ‘This species is still regarded by Mr. Watson as R, sanguineum, var. variegatum.”
Page 272, under Dasylirion erumpens, it may be added that recent information from Mr. Watson leads to the belief that this plant will have to be otherwise disposed of under Beaucarnea or Nolina.
In the Appendix, pages 375 and 376, the following orders were misplaced in printing, i. ¢.,
=> SAURURE, which should have followed EUPHORBIACER; and Lintacex, which should have followed ORCHIDE®, as in the sequence of orders observed by
the English editor of Le Maont and Decaisne’s System.
ERRATA.
Page 8, eleventh line from bottom, for “serpyllifolia” read Page 9, fourth line from bottom, for “Abies Douglasii, Li Carriere”.
chrysantha”, Gray. ndl.”, read ‘“Pseudotsuga Douglasii, Page 24, sixth line from top, omit the words “ various species of Dasylirium”.
Page 183, eighteenth line from top, for “Campanula Langsdorfiana, Fisch.”, read ‘ Campanula Scheuchzeri, Vill.” ; also, for ‘ Scheuzeri ”, in last footnote, read “ Scheuchzeri ”, and omit “var. heterodowa, Gray”.
Page 272, eighth line from top, for “Dasylixium” read “Dasylirion”.
Pages 249, 375, and 322, for ““dAnemopsis” reac
Wherever “Fl. Cal.” oceurs, read “Bot. Calif.”
Plate XVII, for ‘‘Hedeoma hyssopieolia” read ‘Hedeoma hyssopifolia”.
“‘Anemiopsis”, see also footnote on p. 49.
U. 8S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN. ist LizuT. GEO. M. WHEELER, Corps oF ENGINEERS, U. S. ARMY, IN CHARGE.
CHAPTER I.
NotTHS
ON
COO hs 0.
BY
J.T. ROTHROCK,
SURGEON AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF 1873, 1874, AND 1875.
1 BOT 1.
CHAPTER I.
COLORADO DISTRICT.* FLORA OF THE OPEN GROUND.
The most obvious division of the botanical regions traversed during the season of 1873 would be into the open grounds, including under this head the plains from Denver to the foothills, the flat portion of South Park, the immediate valley of the Arkansas, and San Luis Valley proper. There would then remain the mountain region, including here the entire flora from the lower limit of timber to the highest mountain tops.
There is at first sight a wonderful sameness about the flora of the plains, which has not escaped the notice of casual observers. The hoary, dry, stunted plants, with the great preponderance of yellow and red flowers, when compared with the more living aspect of the mountain flora, actually compels a contrast in the mind. ;
To what is this difference due? Meteorological statistics from Colo- rado are as yet meagre in the extreme. Up to 1872 from only three points did we have observations for a period of over one year. Such at least is the showing of Mr. Schott’s “Tables and Results of the Precipitation in Rain and Snow in the United States”, and neither of these points was fairly within the grasp of the mountains, so that any comparison must be somewhat lame. If, however, we sum up and average the fall of rain and snow at Forts Garland, Massachusetts, and Lyon, it appears that the mean amount is 12.09 inches. This, however, can only be taken as an approximate estimate for the more open country just east of the main divide, being probably greater than the fall farther east, and certainly less than that west.
*J have taken this chapter on the Colorado District from my Preliminary Report, published in 1874. 3
4 BOTANY.
Compare this with 39.87 inches, which is the mean precipitation for a series of years in West Virginia. This State is selected because it has some points of similarity to Central Colorado, and because its precipitation is far from excessive. The difference is so great as to suggest that this is an essential feature in the difference of the floras in Colorado, where we prob- ably have a difference as great between the meteorological conditions of its plains and its mountains, as between West Virginia and Colorado.
Another meteorological element will probably be sufficient to explain
the problem in part. Where we have so small a mean precipitation, it is safe to infer that the atmosphere comparatively seldom reaches the point of saturation; 7. ¢., that there is less than the ordinary amount of aqueous vapor in it. Then it follows that however much of the sun’s heat be absorbed by the soil during the day, it will be most freely radiated back into space at night. I cannot better illustrate the full import of this fact than by a quotation at second hand from Tyndall: ‘Aqueous vapor is a blanket more necessary to the vegetable life of England than clothing is to man. Remove for a single summer night the aqueous vapor from the air which overspreads this country, and every plant capable of being destroyed by a freezing temperature would perish. The warmth of our fields and gardens would pour itself unrequited into space, and the sun would rise upon an island held fast in the iron grip of frost.’
These, then, being the climatic conditions, somewhat, of the plains during the growing period of the year, it does not seem strange that the ensemble of the flora should be as peculiar. The diurnal range of tempera- ture during the summer months is at times immense. In South Park, I have seen the temperature as high as 90° Fahr. at 2 p. m., and on rising the next morning found a film of ice coating the little accumulations of water around camp. Our familiar forms of plant-life would almost all be destroyed under such an alternation of heat and frost for year after year. The plants, then, that we do find surviving are, as a rule, more dwarfed, more villous, and with denser tissues than those of more genial regions. Nature would appear to have especially guarded them against excessive evaporation of their fluids on the one hand and freezing on the other, and meeting both contingencies by a small supply of water in their tissues, retaining that
GENERAL REPORT. 5
which they possess under the double guard of villosity and contraction. I am aware that Mr. Watson, in his most valuable report on the Botany of the Fortieth Parallel, is prepared to admit a large evaporation from the more succulent portions of the plant.
The monotonous character of the flora of the drier regions does, in some measure, disappear, when, on examination of these plants, so uniform in general appearance, we find a large number of genera and species differ- ing from one another by the small amounts compatible with their surroundings. This (the surroundings) in part accounts for the predominance of some orders and often of genera. We find a somewhat similar condition of things in the centre of greatest development of the Proteacee in Australia, or of the Pelargoniums in South Africa.
Comparatively few of our Eastern plants are found in these open grounds, and where one does occur it is apt to be a cosmopolitan weed, whose pliant constitution adapts it to any condition of life, as well as to the hostility of man. Polygonum aviculare and Chenopodium hybridum are examples. Among the exceptions to this statement is Ranunculus Cymbalaria ; but its natural habitat on the Western open lands is, by choice, alkaline soils, where, for a portion of the year at least, it can obtain moisture, just as with us it fre- quents salt-marshes and the sea-shore.
Among the mountains, on the contrary, we find a larger number of familiar plants. Indeed, the list is so large that it would be a real labor to begin the enumeration. Those plants embraced under the common name of weeds are from necessity found usually on the roadsides and about habita- tions, just where they can be transported by human agency, and find, among other essentials, water. It is wonderful with what rapidity they have occu- pied the ground in many places.
FLORA OF THE MOUNTAINS.
_ Leaving the level ground, we at once come fairly within the range of the timber. In South Park, this is not far from 10,000 feet altitude : tongue- like projections of trees do extend lower down; but I refer to the main body of the forests.
At Twin Lakes, the timber begins at about 9,500 feet. In the San Luis
6 . BOTANY.
Valley, it is much lower, about 7,500 feet above the sea. Here, however, the lowland coniferous growth is made up entirely of Pinus edulis, Engelm , and Juniperus Virginiana.
It seems that where the hills begin fairly, they have been seized at once by some tree. Cottonwood trees appear both on the plains and mount- ains, where the supply of water is constant or nearly so. The Conifers above named are constantly found associated on the foothills at least as far north as Canon City. They do not fairly enter South Park. The line along the Valley of the Arkansas is sharply drawn. The ridge dividing it from Trout Creek is covered on its western slope by these trees, while to the east of it they hardly appear.
From some facts observed I am led to think that at no distant past the growth of Conifere extended much lower into the Park than it now does. I have seen the decaying remains almost down to the Platte. The knots, which, as is well known, last a long time, were found scattered here and there frequently in the lower portions of the open ground. An occasional isolated clump of these trees still survives, far removed from their associates on the mountain-sides; and at times one may observe that the prolonga- tions of pine-woods, which extend out into the Park, become less and less dense, until finally only a single tree remains at intervals, these disappear- ing, and then only the half decayed remains reach farther out toward the valley. In one place it was observed that the tops of these dead trees all pointed to the east. This suggested the idea that the destruction may have been due to one of the fierce west winds which, during the fall months, are so prevalent in South Park. Once destroyed, other vegetation might readily crowd the young trees out. A notable example of this was seen in one portion of the foothills, where a whole forest of Pinus edulis lay prostrate, with not a single young tree coming on. As bearing upon this question of recession of the Conifere toward higher ground, I may also remark that where these tongues of timber run down toward the centre of the Park, the oldest trees are Conifere and the younger growth is of cotton- wood. This is especially marked at the lowest limit of the trees. Perhaps mere “rotation of crop” may serve to explain the change, though I doubt tt.
The timber belt ends at about the greatest centre of development of
GENERAL REPORT. Hi
the nutritious bunch-grasses, though these do extend in magnificent growth up into the open valleys and among the less dense timber to an altitude of nearly 11,000 feet.
From South Park to the New Mexican line we regularly found abun- dance of this forage on the eastern slope of the main chains. In the beau- tiful valley of the Conejos River, after striking the timbered region, we found luxuriant bunch-grass covering the ground as thickly as it could stand. In November it was still green about the roots, and was eagerly eaten by our starved mules. Pinus ponderosa formed open clumps, and under protection of these trees it attained what seemed to be its maximum growth.
From 9,500 to 10,500 feet the principal arboreous growth was made up of Pinus contorta, Pinus ponderosa, Abies Menziesii, and Abies sub- alpina. Pseudotsuga Douglasii seemed more at home at a somewhat less elevation. Pinus ponderosa was frequently seen to extend in full size almost to the verge of the timber-line, and often to attain its largest growth at an elevation of 11,000 feet.
In this belt (from 9,500 to 10,500 feet), Berberis Aquifolium formed a conspicuous feature of the flora, especially in the more open woods. The herbaceous vegetation of the same zone is well represented by Castilleia pallida, Parnassia parviflora, Pedicularis Grenlandica, Habenaria dilatata, Polygonum LBistorta, Trifolium dasyphyllum, Senecio triangularis, Gentiana detonsa and acuta, with several species of Pentstemon.
From 10,500 feet to timber-line (approximate estimate, 11,500 feet), a change more or less marked occurs in the vegetation. This zone embraces within its limits a greater diversity of soil, exposure, and local differences of temperature than the one we have just described. ‘There are open valleys with perfect drainage, and hence dry soil; and others so swampy that it is almost impossible to ride over them; rocky slopes and deeply shaded ravines, which are always damp from the spray of a mountain stream. Hence it is not surprising that a more diversified flora should be found here. Pinus flexilis, continuing over from the lower zone, now in this its favorite altitude, becomes the predominant Conifer. It is subject to great changes in its habit, and among these there is none more remarkable than
8 BOTANY.
the greater crowding of its leaves as you reach the still luxuriant though more alpine forms. The herbaceous vegetation is represented by Primula Parryi, Adoxa Moschatellina, Trollius laxus, var. albiflorus, Caltha leptosepala, and Trifolium Parryi ; the first four finding in the cold streams and snow- fed bogs most congenial homes.
At timber-line, a most complete change comes over the landscape and with it, over the flora. Pinus Balfouriana, after becoming more and more common as we ascended the last thousand feet, has now attained the supreme place in the tree-flora. Except it, all other trees have disappeared under the increasing rigor of the alpine surroundings. It, too, has been dwarfed to the last degree compatible with the dignity of a tree. Where timber-line coincides nearly enough with the summit of the mountain to allow the strong west winds of the region to exert their full force upon the tree, it lies prostrate, with the top always pointing eastward, and having just enough of leaves, often, on its stunted branches to give sign of life. When some high cliff affords a shelter, the tree rises perpendicularly until the top is above the protection afforded, and it is then forced to take the eastward inclination
From timber-line up, the surface may be bare of all vegetation, and simply a mass of rocks (often volcanic), or it may be more or less densely covered with a mixed sward of grass and sedges. Here and there, blooming in profusion, will be found clumps of Dryas octopetala, Trifolium nanum, Saxifraga Hirculus and flagellaris and serpyllifolia, Actinella grandiflora, and Gentiana Parryi. The last-named was found in full bloom near the summit of Red Mountain in August. Dwarfed specimens of Solidago Virga-aurea and Salix reticulata mingle themselves with the grass of the sward, and almost escape detection until looked for closely. Even these disappear as we approach.an altitude of 14,000 feet, and there remains then hardly any- thing except Claytonia arctica, which sends its long, thick root deeply down among the rocks after its nourishment.
TIMBER
Pinus contorta, Dougl.—(‘‘ Twisted-branch Pine;” ‘“ Red Pine.”)— This tree grows 40 feet high, and has a diameter of about a foot; wood
GENERAL REPORT. 9
is coarse-grained. Where nothing better offers, it may be sawed into boards.
Pinus flexilis, James.—(‘‘American Cembran Pine.”)—Attains in Cen- tral Colorado a height of 50 feet in its best situations, with a diameter of a foot and a half. The shape and color of the cones as well as the pliable character and white wood of the young shoots are, as Dr. Parry has already noted, strikingly suggestive of the White Pine of the East. The extremely slow growth of this tree is remarkable. The trunk, as a rule, is quite too full of knots to make good boards, though there is no reason why the less stunted specimens might not be used for coarse, heavy timbers.
Pinus Balfouriana, Murr.—This tree is seldom, if ever, found at an alti- tude less than 9,000 feet above the sea. It is the last to survive the expo- sure on the mountain-tops; and finding a pine at timber-line is presumptive evidence that it is this species. It grows sometimes 35 feet high and 18 inches in diameter ; has little value as a timber.
Pinus edulis, Engelm.—(Pinon Pine of Southern Colorado.)—The Pinus edulis is the one so frequently alluded to by Frémont as the Nut Pine. It furnishes capital fuel, having enough of the terebinthinate in it to make an intensely hot fire. This is the most important use to which the tree is applied. It ranges from the hills near Cafion City south, not going into the mountains west until it has crossed the valley of the Arkansas southward.
Pinus ponderosa, Doug].—(‘‘Yellow Pine” of the West.)—This is the largest and most valuable of the trees in the region surveyed during the season of 1873. Itmakes the best lumber the country affords, and, besides, is quite abundant, though this fact will probably be the reason why it will be the first to be extirpated before the growing needs of an increasing popu- lation. In the valley of the Conejos River, it was found growing 60 to 70 feet high, with a diameter of nearly three feet.
Abies Douglasti, Lindl.—Tree 60 to 90 feet high, though becoming much smaller as it ascends the mountain sides. As a timber it is only mid- dling in quality. It does well for beams, &e. It becomes much larger and more valuable on our northwest coast and has fewer knots than on the
10 BOTANY.
Rocky Mountain ranges It is known according to Mr. Watson, in the Uintah Mountains as “Bear River or Swamp Pine”.
Abies Menziesii, Lindl—This tree attains an average height of from 50 to 60 feet. Timber hard and coarse-grained, but is serviceable for rough work.
Jumperus Virginiana, L.—A much branched, dwarfed tree, found asso- ciated with the Pinon Pine. It is of great value as furnishing the most durable fencing-posts. It is probably abundant enough in Southern Co- lorado to meet the demands for many years.
There are, besides, several species of cottonwood, none of them, how- ever, being of any great value except for shade.
It may be well to remark that, on almost any, if not all of the ranches where irrigation is possible, in a few years the settler may relieve the con- stant glare of the sun by a fine, thrifty cottonwood grove about his build- ings. The experiment has so often succeeded that it is no longer a problem to solve.
AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES.
Taking Denver as a starting-point, it is known that fair crops of wheat, rye, oats, barley, and corn may be raised with a tolerable degree of cer- tainty where irrigation can be resorted to. The same statement is true of the region east of but bordering the foothills, as far south as the survey extended this year (1873); the certainty (other things being equal) increasing toward the south. Grasses and sedges suitable for grazing purposes flourish in greater or less abundance, especially as the foothills are approached and the valleys between them penetrated into.
The drier portions of the country (especially where water is within reach) may be advantageously utilized as sheep-walks. The grass of such regions is nutritious and abundant enough for this purpose. As an illustra- tion I may allude to Huerfano Park, which now affords pasturage to immense droves of sheep. The great objection to allowing them indiscrimi- nate range is, that where they go, the grass is so soiled that horses and cattle refuse to touch it. Hence the bitter antagonism between the two classes of herdsmen. An equitable division of the public lands would be to confine the sheep to the region of the shorter grasses, giving cattle and
GENERAL REPORT. 11
horses the range of the taller bunch-grass. Of course, when the land was definitely settled, surveyed, and paid for, the proprietor would consult his own individual interest.
Along our route, the possibilities of agriculture died out as we ap- proached Georgetown, though here and there an acre under cultivation showed that the farmer must have received some return for his labor. The valleys still furnished a fair quantity and quality of bunch-grass.
We leave the country between Georgetown and South Park out of the question for agricultural purposes. There were, as usual, some beautiful summer ranges for herds. One especially, along a tributary of the Snake River, was covered with a luxuriant crop of grass. The soil, too, was fertile, and, but for its altitude, would have produced large crops of the ordinary cereals.
South Park, 8,800 feet above tide-water, so far as known does not promise much in the way of grain raising. It has frequent frosts during the summer months, and the temperature at the same time is so low as to almost inevitably destroy all the cereals. On the morning of July 3, 1873, the ground was covered to a depth of two inches with snow as low down as the level of Fair Play. Its utmost will probably be accomplished in the way of agriculture in the production of turnips, cabbages, and possibly potatoes, with other vegetables equally hardy. It will, however, be an important grazing ground. Large herds of cattle now roam at large overit. In 1872 and in 1873, the experiment was tried of wintering the stock in the Park. It is asserted that it was successful, and that the herds kept there were in better condition in spring than those that had been driven for the winter to the valley of the Arkansas.
The bunch-grasses in the smaller parks toward the mountains are of wonderful luxuriance, and will furnish abundant food for many thousand head of cattle. Sheep do well on the more level portions of the Park, among the shorter grasses.
The valley of the Upper Arkansas, as we first saw it, twelve miles above Twin Lakes, certainly looked like anything but a land of promise. Along its central axis, the soil appeared absolutely unproductive, and seemed fit to raise nothing but “prickly pears and sage-brush”. Yet we have
12 BOTANY.
abundant evidence that, if the climate were not too rigorous, under irriga- tion this same soil would raise fair crops. The smaller valleys leading down from the mountains on either side and intersecting the main valley at right angles all produced abundance of bunch-grass, though not so luxu- riantly as South Park. In crossing into this valley from South Park, we had made a descent of some 400 feet, and found as a rule a climate pro- portionately more genial. At Twin Lakes, potatoes grew large enough to be eaten before the early frosts destroyed the tops. It is not improbable that some of the hardier grains might be raised at this point. By Septem- ber, the yellow leaves on the cottonwood-trees along the mountain slopes indicated plainly enough that we had reached the limit of the “ growing- season” there.
Reports reached us of fertile valleys with abundant pasturage west of Twin Lakes.
The first fairly good farm we saw after leaving Denver was that of Mr. Lenhardi, on the Arkansas, twelve miles below Granite, August 27. We found that Mr. Lenhardi had just finished his harvest. He had a good crop of oats, barley, and potatoes. He admitted, however, that his success was earned by continuous irrigation through several months. Below him were several other ranches equally good. So narrow was the belt of fertile land that the ranches were often over a mile long, and hence, to include the legal one hundred and sixty acres, could not have been wide at any point.
Following down this valley, we saw the first flouring mill at Chalk Creek. It was probably the best indication that we were not far from the northern limit of successful cultivation of the ordinary cereals.
Leaving the Arkansas Valley at McPherson’s ranch, we crossed the Saguache Mountains via the Puncho Pass, which is reported as 8,600 feet high. Itis probably somewhat over this estimate, though still far below timber-line. South of us lay San Luis Valley, concerning the agricultural value of which there are so many contradictory reports. Settlers in the valley are loud in its praise; others are, as a rule, loudest in their disparage- ment of it. It may be premised that snow seldom falls to any depth, or lies long on the ground. ‘These conflicting reports probably find their solution in the fact that the most important roads over which by far the largest share
GENERAL REPORT. 13
of the travel passes were located in the most barren portions of the valley ; hence those simply passing through it receive a most unfavorable impression as to its resources.
To make this statement more clear, we will make the following divisions of the valley:
First, that portion bordering the water-courses, where the soil is con- fessedly fertile and irrigation is possible. The land lying along the banks of the Saguache is the best illustration of this. The soil is the product (on the surface) of the immense crops of rank sedges and grasses that have for centuries grown, died, and decayed there. To say that it is as fertile as land can be, is not in the least overstating the truth. ‘‘ Breaking it up” is simply preparing a vast compost pile for ‘seeding ”.
The following facts were obtained from Mr. Frank Brown, one of the most reliable men in the valley: Oats per acre produce 40 to 50 bushels, weighing 40 pounds per bushel; barley per acre produces 50 bushels, weighing 55 pounds per bushel; ‘bald barley” per acre produces 50 bushels, weighing 75 pounds per bushel; wheat per acre produces 30 bushels, weighing 65 to 68 pounds per bushel; potatoes per acre produce 300 bushels, of course an unusual yield; turnips, onions, beets, radishes, and cabbages yield well and grow to an immense size. I can personally vouch for the truthfulness of most of these facts. (I find, on looking over a letter received from Mr. L. A. Phillips, of the ‘‘ Colorado Farmer”, that the estimate of the crops for Colorado is, on the average, per acre, wheat, 28 bushels; oats, 40 bushels; potatoes, 150 bushels; corn, 25 bushels; and barley, 35 bushels. This estimate is by no means a fair showing for the corn of certain portions of the Territory. Fall grains have not yet been extensively enough tried to test the relative merits of fall and spring crops.) .
Along the Carnero, Lagarita, and Rio Grande, the soil is not so pro- ductive of large crops as the Saguache region; but, to offset this, it is found that the crops are perhaps less likely to be injured by early frosts, and a larger variety of productions may be depended upon. In fact, all our ordinary garden vegetables grow on the banks of these streams.
Despite all that has been said of the general innutritious qualities of
14 BOTANY.
sedges as a forage, the stock in the San Luis Valley thrives the year around on them. There, over thousands of acres, these plants grow more than four feet high.
Irrigation is possible anywhere in this first division, and water (slightly brackish) is usually obtained by digging a few feet.
The second division is made up of the higher ground, beyond reach of irrigation. The soil and its productions undergo a complete change. Grama,* chico, and greasewood are here the prevailing growth. The soil is unpromising in appearance, yet would, if irrigation were possible, pro- duce fair crops. It will not be likely to be brought under the domain of agriculture for many years. Most propitious seasons are, in the absence of water, absolutely required for this kind of soil. It is, however, the legitimate sheep-walk of the valley.
The third division are the sand-wastes, where there is no water and almost no vegetation. Even the chico and sage-brush are barely able to live there. I know of no use to which it can be put. There are some sheep occasionally found on it, but they derive most of their subsistence from the adjacent vega, or lowland.
It is known, also, that in the smaller valleys between spurs of the mountains, bunch-grass is found in considerable quantity. The pinon- groves furnish shelter and a certain amount of grama during the winter for the herds that frequent them.
From Loma, south, wheat has long been a regular crop. Corn, too, produces small ears with certainty at Conejos. It is not unlikely that they could be increased in size by the introduction and thorough acclimation of better seed.
*The term Grama, now applied to the various species of Bouteloua in our Southwest, evidently comes from Spain. It is there applied to what we know here as Bermuda, or Scutch-Grass (Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.), introduced among us from Southern Europe, and also found now widely distributed over the warmer parts of the globe. Gramma is incorrect, and grass, as a suffix, is superfluous. The use of the name was evidently suggested here by the one-sided arrangement of the spikelets,—so like that in Cyno- don Dactylon.
U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN. 1st Lirut. GEO. M. WHEELER, Corrs or ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, IN CHARGE.
CHOATE Rn EE.
ISG Aas
ON
NEW MEXICO.
BY
J. T. ROTHROCK,
SURGEON AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF 1873, 1874, AND 1875.
CHAP DE R11.
NEW MEXICO AND ARIZONA DISTRICT.
This district may be fairly considered as starting on the latitude of Fort Garland, a little north of the southern line of Colorado, and extending thence west to Loma,* on the headwaters of the Rio Grande. True, a marked change in the flora appears about the headwaters of the Arkansas and runs east out into the western edge of the Great Plains at Pueblo, whence it shades off gradually more markedly into the flora of the warmer and more arid regions as we go toward the south. North of this the Pinon Pine sel- dom appears in Colorado; and about Pueblo not less than ten species of Cactacee appear somewhat suddenly in the flora.
Taking, however, the southern portion of the San Luis Valley, as I have done, from Fort Garland to Loma would appear to be a more strictly natural division, because south of it the change is marked in the flora, and is further confirmed by a corresponding change into larger areas of almost desert land, and by a decided decrease in the relative quantity of humidity in the atmosphere, with a resulting smaller number of springs and running streams. Still, along the mountains, or on isolated mountain peaks, even almost so far south as the Mexican boundary, we find enough of character-- istic Northern plants to suggest the inquiry as to whether the influences of the Glacial Period may have extended so far south, and driven these plants before it, as it did those of Labrador to the latitude of New Jersey and Pennsylvania on the Eastern coast. For example, we find among the mount- ains of Southern Arizona, Habenaria leucostachys, Habenaria dilatata, Goodyera Menziesti, Spiranthes Romanzoffiana, and Corallorhiza Macrei?. All of these
*T assign Loma as the western limit only because it was the western limit of my exploration. 2 BOT 17
18 BOTANY.
are strikingly suggestive of a more northern birthplace. Besides this, there are Veratrum album, Zygadenus glaucus and Z. elegans, and Picea Engelmanni, which tend further to raise the same point of inquiry. The presence along the southern border of Arizona of that somewhat rare and localized fern, Ophioglossum vulgatum, in our present state of knowledge, can only remind us that there are still some points concerning the geographical distribution of plants that are unsettled ; the most probable conclusion, however, being that (if we banish separate centres of creation for the same species) it. has at one time extended over almost our entire North American area. Its present situation in Arizona (on a low hot. plain) divorces it from any necessary association with glacial agencies.
From Southern Colorado to the Zuni Mountains in New Mexico, we may in the main make the journey, and avoid any considerable mountain- range. North, the ‘Spanish Mountains” of the older maps will be to the east; and further south, to the west, the various spurs will culminate in the Valles Mountains and the Nacimiento Range, whose highest peaks seldom, if ever, reach an elevation greater than J2,000 feet, while most of them are much lower. Along the valley of the Rio Grande, the general altitude ranges from about 7,700 feet to 5,026 feet at Albuquerque. This valley, whilst much cut up by transverse cafions and smaller streams, is in the main an area of aridity. Along the streams, the ever-present cottonwood will appear; the sandy or gravelly wastes be covered with the various Artemisias, Nyctaginaceous and Chenopodiaceous plants; and the mesas (or high tablelands) intervening between the streams will be covered with a sparse growth of bunch-grass and grama. Representatives of the Cactacee will be found constantly.
Santa Fé, just south of the mountains of the same name, is situated at an altitude of 7,047 feet. The plain around is, except where watered by the small stream from the mountain behind, barren in the extreme; not, however, because the soil lacks the elements of fertility, for this it does not, but because it needs an abundant supply of water.
So long ago as 1846, Mr. Fendler made large collections at this place, and as the results are so well known it is hardly requisite to do more than allude to the general outlines of the flora. The mountain-slopes back of
GENERAL REPORT. 19
the town of Santa Fé are covered with Abies concolor, Pinus ponderosa, and Pinus flexilis, Their summits, however, not reaching above timber-line, are destitute of the peculiarly alpine flora so characteristic of the Colorado mountain-tops. Back of Santa Fé, the low hills also are abundantly covered with the Pinon Pine and dwarf Juniperus Virginiana. The extremes of heat and cold within a period of twenty-four hours, though still plainly marked here, are not so decided as on the great American plains further north, and this would appear to have something to do with the Cactacee, Chenopodiacee, and Nyctaginacee taking the place of the more hairy Astragali we find there (to the north).
From Santa Fé we moved toward the Rio Grande, which we struck at the Indian town of San Felipe. The intervening country was of the semi- desert character, and furnished a scanty picking for the small bands of cattle that roamed over it.
The valley of the Rio Grande, however dreary its appearance, gave evidence of an abounding fertility where irrigation is possible; I might almost have said an inexhaustible fertility, for at some of the Indian farms we could see where year after year they had raised fair crops without either rotation in crop or any attempt at restoration to the soil of the ele- ments of fertility they were so constantly removing. The combination of lime, sand, and marl from the eroded country above and back probably gave the explanation of continued success under such soil-impoverishing farming. This belt, however, was at best a narrow one, for the immediate hills were as usual covered with a growth of sage-brush and Atriplex. It was interesting to note here, as elsewhere, the protective influence of vege- tation on the face of the country. Facing the mouths of the ravines, which ran toward the river, were here and there elevated spots, whilst all around evident traces of recent washes in the soil were apparent. The elevations owed their existence to the growth of Atriplex and Artemisia, the roots of which entangled, or rather retained the sandy soil about them. I have had frequent occasion to note the same thing, especially in California. The com- mon Ailanthus glandulosus, which has become so much of an “‘eye-sore” on our Eastern coast, might almost certainly be introduced into that region as a protection along the irrigating channels and elsewhere, where some such
20 BOTANY.
restraining force was required. It is known to be especially adapted to this end, as is shown by actual trial on a large scale in an area further north, but almost as dry. From Albuquerque across to Fort Wingate, which is about one hundred miles and north of west, the face of the country hardly improves. It is in the main a poorly watered, poorly timbered region, with an altitude ranging between 5,100 feet and 7,000 feet. Here and there a good spring occurs, or an occasional small stream puts in a hesitating appearance—to rise to the surface, or sink below it, no one can tell how often, before it strikes a larger main channel Until we reach McArthy’s ranch, west of Cuero, agriculture is out of the question. Small bands of sheep may, and do find a living in the country adjacent the springs and water-courses. From McArthy’s ranch on to Wingate, the country slowly improves, and in many places along the road, ground under culti- vation testified to the capacity of the soil for production of the cereals. The water is more or less alkaline, and some of the strongest springs are notably so. In many of the spots (where in certain seasons the ground is wet and then dries up), we found the usual saline efflorescences covering the surface. Such places always had a more or less dense covering of the so-called salt-grass of the West (Brizopyrum spicatum). This was eaten by the burros, but neither horses nor mules could be induced to touch it, except in instances of absolute want, and then it appeared to be not only innutritious, but after a time absolutely hurtful.
The western slope of the Valley of the Rio Grande from the northern end of the Black Mesa leads upward into an elevated region, the lower por- tions of which are cut up into tableland, 7. e. mesas, separated by almost impassable cations. Over these mesas, grass in moderate quantity is found. Gaining elevation, however, as one goes west, the surface of the country changes ; at 7,000 feet, it becomes mountainous. The timbered ridges have well watered and grassy valleys between them. This continues southward as far as Nacimiento. Here a change comes over the landscape, and thence south to San Mateo we have to all intents and purposes a desert country. At San Mateo, this more western strip joins on to the somewhat improved belt of country I have described as commencing at McArthy’s ranch, and the two proceed southward, gradually improving, until at about 7,000
GENERAL REPORT. ail
feet we meet the heavily timbered ridges of the Zuni Mountain Plateau. Here the flora presents a marked change, Pinus ponderosa, Pseudotsuga Dou- glasit, and Abies concolor, with here and there a straggling Oak-tree, make up the tree flora of the higher parts, whilst at lower levels the Pifion Pine and the Western form of our Eastern Juniper appears. Damp ravines, swamps, and running brooks give chance for the growth of grasses, Junci, and Carices. Beautiful Pentstemons confer an unusual charm to the scenery, all the greater because of the desert country we have passed through to reach this range.
The main trend of this chain is from the present Fort Wingate toward the southeast to a point to the west of and some thirty miles from Limita on the Rio Grande at Ojo de la Rosa, where the outlying spurs join with those of the Sierra del Datil coming in from the southwest. The triangle of land thus enclosed is dry, but not always level. Mountain-chains of short length run here and there; water is only moderately plenty, and the timberless character of even the more elevated parts is in strong contrast with the description given by Lieut. C. C. Morrison of the Zuni Mountains: ‘Following the axial line was a wide valley running nearly the entire length of the range, abounding in the most beautiful glades with bunch- grass 18 inches high, standing as thick as it could grow, here and there rooted out in the damper places by red and white clover. The Zuni Mountains are a low range, reaching in no place much over 9,000 feet.” From these mountains south we again enter a region more or less desert in its character, the only timber being the Pinon Pine and Juniperus. Here and there water may be found as at Zuni and Deer Spring and Cave Spring. In the damper areas, luxuriant growths of sedges and the common Mimulus luteus showed what the capacity of the soil was. In this area, an occasional basin may be found in which corn, ete, can be raised without irrigation. Such a one was observed just south of Zuni. The probable explanation is that a sub-soil of clay retains the moisture which is drained in from the higher grounds around, and the dry, sandy soil allows the seed to be planted a foot deep to meet the ascending moisture without being rotted in its somewhat prolonged struggle upward into sunlight. Some- times for miles, as in a valley south of Deer Spring, the soil is actually a
29 BOTANY.
black bed of vegetable mould, on which a heavy sward is found. This probably would indicate, as the appearance of the surrounding country tends to confirm, that water may be had here at no great depth. Indeed, it appeared as though part of the season this especial area might be rather swampy.
From Zuni south, the country may be regarded as sloping toward the Colorado Chiquito, and fairly merits the designation of ‘‘a dry rolling country”. ‘Thence south it again ascends to the White Mountains of Ari- zona, a densely timbered range, culminating in Mount Ord, 10,266 feet high, and Mount Thomas, 11,496 feet high. The road to Camp Apache crosses it at an elevation of about 7,400 feet; Willow Spring, somewhat lower, gives an altitude of 7,195 feet. Here the scene was one of transcendent floral wealth. The ordinary coniferous growth, to which we have already alluded, mixed in about equal proportions with Quercus undulata. The Conifers towered up sometimes more than a hundred feet, but the Oaks were seldom over 25 feet high, but branched out vigorously. The declivities of this range are deeply cut by cafions extending out from the centre like so many radii of a great circle. The soil is largely made up from disintegra- tion of volcanic rocks. The herbaceous vegetation was luxuriant beyond anything elsewhere seen in Arizona, and here only was the striking Sisyrin- chium Arizonicum found. Frasera speciosa, Onosmodium Thurberi, and acres of Aquilegia chrysantha, luxuriated on the hill-sides ; whilst in the cold spring-
- water Claytonia Chamissonis, Ranunculus hydrocharoides, and Habenaria leucos- tachys were growing abundantly.
Though in Arizona, these mountains are deeply covered with snow each winter, so much so as to practically serve as barriers, the dense growth of timber seen on them is simply a portion (possibly the best por- tion) of a belt extending from old Camp Tulerosa westward to Camp Verde, a distance of about three hundred miles. It is known under the general designation of the Black Mesa, or the Mogollon Mesa. It is really an island of verdure raised up out of the more desert areas north and south of it. Its average width is not great. ‘The Carboniferous strata predominate, but the southern extension is covered by basaltic eruptions.”*
* Loew, vol. iii, Wheeler’s Report, p. 587.
GENERAL REPORT. 23
The following analysis of the soil is given by Dr. Oscar Loew, chemist and mineralogist of the Survey, vol. ili, p. 587:
Physicul condition: color, dark; consistency, Joose.
Per cent. Sandie =a SOs Ot SOC ORS MOIS On One See ise Rrra 42.20 Shits amyl @Paynecads cacees sas6es Souder Succdoee cnet oo boeOoogOoES 37.98 Hygroscopic moisture .-.--. .. +--+ -2 + +20 eee eee e eee cence eee eee 10.97 Humus and chemically bound water ...... ...------+++-+-+---+--- 8.84
Chemical constituents : Per cent
IDNMNISEY ho ds cn. Socdon combabeemosacegouuU JouUds aSladocede oF OUUC 0.015 Soda Lithia \ poondt Caden Qbo0es Sous cadLGs ooopeo aooce seaduasuane .-- traces Magnesia.... 2-2. 02-2 2- nee nee cone cone cee cece e ence eee rees 0.029 INV soaccs goon esnba0 oS 6500 cou dO Meno UGaD Sd Does Odo UEDDoo sao 0.153 Phosphoric acid... . 2.022.222 ee ceee cece ee cece tees cece tee tees 0.058 Oxide of iron Alumina [thy Giltts cesgnSagaocaodonb0 cpebopeoEnseacdesoser 2.013 Sulphuric acid Total soluble in hydrochloric acid, water included......--..--- -. 22.188 Insoluble quartz and clay .....---. ---- 0+. +--+ eee ee eee eee eee 77.812
The rock from which the above soil was derived is a red sandstone.
The San Francisco Mountains may be regarded as a northward exten- sion of Mogollon Mesa, having the same average altitude (7,000 feet) and the same dense timber-growth, with here and there fertile valleys and open glades.
South of the Mogollon Mesa, the altitude of the country decreases until at Camp Apache we are but 5,000 feet above tide-water, and in Tonto Basin to the west of Camp Apache lower still, probably between 3,500 and 4,500 feet. The word basin correctly represents this cation cut and crossed depression, of which we have yet so much to learn.
Crossing a series of mesa lands at an elevation of 6,000 to 7,000 feet, we begin the descent to the parched, superheated valley of the Gila River. A complete change comes over the flora. If verdure and superabundant vitality were the expression of plant life on the timber clad Mogollon Mesa, in the valley of the Gila, hardness of texture and contraction of form would be characteristic of the flora. The attempt to make an analysis of one’s
24. BOTANY.
feelings on being somewhat unexpectedly brought face to face with this peculiar vegetation would be futile, as no point of comparison appears to offer. The giant Cereus occupies the hill-sides which have a southern and southeastern exposure, towering up to a height of from 30 to 50 feet. Fouquierta, with its leafless, wandlike trunk, and its tip of scarlet flowers, Agave Palmert and Parryi, and various species of Dasylirium, dry, rigid skeletons of plants without the living green; Canotia, a tree 20 feet high, a foot in diameter, with green branches provided with stomata, but no leaves, all go to complete this desolate floral landscape | While the Mimose, Acacia, and Caliandre, rising to the dignity of trees or dwarfed to mere underbrush, inhabit the less dry hillsides and ravines, but still by their small leaves and hardened tissues show that they too have the impress of the dry, hot air about them. What the vegetation and climate of this valley may once have been we have now no means of certainly knowing. It is, however, in the highest degree probable that the process of desiccation, which has long been taking place in portions of New Mexico, is going on here. Along the higher bluffs back from the river, and far away from any chance of irriga- tion, one still sees the ruins of ancient pueblos, and in places traces of agricultural operations.
Barren as the soil appears in its present dried condition, it has the capacity for production of luxuriant crops of corn, barley, cabbage, onions, potatoes, and watermelons where water can be furnished, as the garden at old Fort Goodwin proves, and as the Mexican Pueblo Viejo, some twenty miles further up the river, amply confirms.
Leaving here an altitude of less than 3,000 feet, we again begin the ascent over a rolling country, and reach some twenty miles to the south an altitude of 4,833 feet at New Camp Grant. North of this, Mount Graham rises out of the plain, and attains an altitude of 10,357 feet. It is stated by Mr. Gilbert* to be made up on its northeastern face of gneissic rocks and a syenite, the great mass being probably metamorphic. As a single isolated centre, it presented more novelties than any other spot visited by us. Picea Engelmanni was found even so far south. I have elsewhere called attention to the number of more northern forms that we obtained from near its summit.
* Vol. iii, 509, Wheeler’s Report.
GENERAL REPORT. 25
As might be expected, Pinus ponderosa was the prevailing tree, and attained magnificent proportions. Skirting the flanks lower down, we found growing abundantly the Madrono (Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh) and Manzanita (Arcto- staphylos tomentosa), but not here attaining a height greater than 10 or 12 feet. The Oaks do not range higher than 6,500 feet on the slope of this mountain. The northern slope of Mount Graham has a barren aspect, the timber apparently not reaching so low a level as on the southern side. This may be due to the steeper declivities, as well as to the greater heat radiated from the Gila Valley. In the more open woods, from 7,000 to 9,000 feet, bunch-grass grew most luxuriantly; and in the moister ravines leading from the mountain down to the plain, sedges grew in dense masses, and furnished (current teaching to the contrary notwithstanding) a much- prized food for the stock ranging on the mountain. Whilst at Willow Spring we found the Aquilegia chrysantha growing abundantly in the open and on somewhat dry ground, on Mount Graham it was hardly ever seen away from the spray of a shaded mountain stream.
The Pinaleno Range, of which Mount Graham may be regarded as the culmination, trends off toward the southeast, becoming reduced more and more as it nears Railroad Pass, a distance of about twenty miles from Camp Grant. This pass serves to connect the Arivaypa Valley on the west with the plains of San Simeon on the east. This flat, dry region has a varying altitude of from 4,239 feet at Eureka Springs to 4,833 feet at Camp Grant, and thence descending to 3,485 feet at Whitlock’s Cienega.
Camp Bowie, situated in Apache Pass in the Chiricahua Range, which may be regarded as on the southern border of the San Simeon Plains, has an altitude of 4,872 feet.
From Camp Grant to Camp Bowie, the route is over an exceedingly dry region, the distance being about fifty miles, and water is to be found at one point only, and here not with certainty. In the sandy arroyos were found growing Baccharis sergilloides and B. cerulescens. The local opinion is that these plants will not grow where their roots cannot reach water. There is no doubt that in many places where it grows, water may be had on digging to a little depth. Tessaria borealis was also a common plant of the region.
26 BOTANY.
On the limestone rocks near Camp Bowie were Cevallia sinuata and Macrosiphonia brachysiphon, plants that we found to be by no means common. The Artemisias no longer formed the predominant feature of the plains landscape, as they had north of the Mogollon Mesa.
The immense stretch of plain from Camp Grant south, gradually be- comes lower, until at Tucson it is but 2,400 feet above the sea. This plain as far as the San Pedro—say thirty-five miles north of Tucson (though, as before stated, in the main dry)—is covered with a luxuriant growth of grasses of nutritious character, wherever, as at Sulphur Spring, moisture is found in sufficient quantity in the soil. The immediate slopes of the San Pedro Valley are densely covered with Atriplex, Sarcobatus, Sueda, ete., while the malarial cursed flats along the river produce heavy crops of the ordinary cereal grains and garden vegetables. ‘Thence to Tucson the country be- comes more sandy, and even the Chenopodiacee give way largely to Larrea and various species of Cactacee.
From Tucson south the plain again rises until at Tubac it is again at least 3,000 feet, and east of the Santa Rita Mountains Old Camp Crit- tenden stands at an elevation of 4,749 feet. Here we leave the area of the Colorado River drainage, and enter another, sloping toward Mexico.
To generalize: we may say that from the Gila south almost to the Sonora line (along our route of travel), the country may be regarded as a plain with a gradual slope to the south, more or less barren and dry save along the river-banks, and in the immediate vicinity of springs; with the Pinaleno, Caliuro, Santa Catalina, and Chiricahua Ranges, and Dragoon and Santa Rita Mountains rising above the general level to a height of from 6,000 to 10,400 feet, the middle altitudes or mesas shading off into plains below and leading to mountain elevations above, with in neither case a clear line of demarcation between.
Indeed, we may go a step further and consider the entire country from South Park south to the Mexican line as a series of continental swells and depressions, illustrating still this southward slope.
GENERAL REPORT. 27
tas 65 67 89 ae (STS North, Wertical Seale 1 inch to 5600 feet. South.
In the above profile, vertical proportions only are closely observed. The southward slope is well made out. I have taken, so far as possible, representative altitudes.
1. South Park, on Platte River, Colorado, altitude 9,000 feet. 2. Trout Creek Divide, 9,350 feet (approximate). 3. Granite on Arkansas River, 8,883 feet. 4. Puncho Pass, 8,945 feet. 5. Saguache, on the head of the Rio Grande, 7,723 feet. 6. Bacon Spring, near Fort Wingate, New Mexico, 7,189 feet. 7. Fort Wingate, 6,982 feet. 8. Zuni Mountains, rather a plateau than mountain-range, with an altitude of seldom, if ever, over 9,000 feet. 9. Zuni, on the head of Zuni River, 6,355 feet. 10. Willow Spring, 7,195 feet. 11. Camp Apache, 5,000 feet. 12. Tanks south of Camp Apache, 5,624 feet. 18. Gila River, 18 miles east of San Carlos, 2.769 feet. 14. Camp Grant, 4,833 feet. 15. Tucson, 2,400 feet (approx- imate).
Of course, as a rule, along any given latitude there would be an eastern or a western slope also, as this line is not far from the meridian of the continental axis. An absolutely north and south line would give somewhat different figures, but would nevertheless illustrate the same truth.
Intimately connected with this slope of the continent to the south is the geographical distribution of the forest growth. It appears that the one factor of all others in the problem as to what shall be assigned as the lowest
limit of timber, is the lowest point on the plain to which sufficient moisture
28 BOTANY.
shall reach. Hence it does not surprise one to find the lowest limit of Coniferous vegetation ranging somewhat in this manner as one goes south:
Feet South Park, Colorado ......... S95 9S500) HOnSoHu50d oats DOUoES 9,000 Saguache, Colorado (Pifion)........ dar sare Saya Seis Neel Meanie 7,500 Santa lé,New Mexico) (Pinon) <2 2- see oe anes serieieeke ie elena 7,100 Fort Wingate, New Mexico (Pifion) .-...-.. .-.......--- beer 7,000 Mogollon Mesa, Arizona (Pinus ponderosa) ....--.-+..+-.2+----- 6,500 Mogollon Mesa, Arizona (Oak) .. ..---. 2. sees senses ee eeee 6,200 Campi Grant eArizonar(Oalko)ieetssee tere ten ieee ete eee cee 5,000 Camp Grant, Arizona (Pinus ponderosa) ..-.-~...---. --+ --+--- 6,500 5 Camp Crittenden, Southern Arizona (Oak)....-.-...... -.------ 4,749 Camp Crittenden, Southern Arizona (Pinus ponderosa) .-..-.-.. -- 5,000
In other words, where the plain breaks up into a well-defined mountain range or peak which is well watered, the timber begins just above the limit of the plain.
The upper limit of forest growth, or, as it is called, ‘“ timber-line,” is less clearly defined. Dr. Engelmann has clearly pointed out, in ‘The Trans- actions of the Saint Louis Academy of Science” for 1862, p. 129, that near Denver it begins just at about the altitude it disappears in Alpine Europe; in other words, that it ascends in our Rocky Mountain Range about as high above the great plain out of which these mountains rise as it does on the Alps above the ocean level ; and the conclusion appears clear that this plain receives the heat freely during the day, and its dry air allowing as ready a radiation of it at night, it (the plain) becomes the furnace whose heat is to carry the timber to so unusual an altitude.
Dr. Engelmann further notes that the popular opinion that this upper limit is carried to greater altitudes as we go south is not correct The following table may throw some further light upon his statements.
The upper limit of trees averages between—
atitude40=#1° north, ai peaks )setneer seeker ee eeiectee 11, 13824 latitude 39-409 north, 15 peaks... .-(- sa.i2-2 1-2 ce oe ee = 11, 636 Latitude) 38-399 north, Gi peaks; osc. eee ecee ease oe 11, 729 Hatitude37=38° north, s2ipeakseqc--e-acen eee eee eee eee mel 0620 San Francisco Mountains, 35-369, Taticuge erat LommaS ution see 11, 547 *Sierra Blanca, Arizona, 33-349, Jatitude north .. ....-...-.-.- 11,100!!
*A portion of the material for this table I have obtained from Mr. Gannett’s admirable “ List of Elevations”—a paper of great labor and great value.
GENERAL REPORT. 29
The fact here is apparent that between 33-34° it is actually lower than between 40-41°. Even though this be but a single isolated fact, the evidence that there has been some crudeness of observation would be further confirmed by the fact that the same table shows between latitudes 37—38° it reaches so low as 10,625 feet. One probable source of error in the above table appears from some observations kindly furnished me by “Mr. Francis Klett. Thus, on Meadow Mountain (California), timber-line on the northern side was 11,200 feet, and on the southern, 12,000 feet. A difference of 800 feet, actually observed (on a mountain isolated from any great radiating surface, and one of a knot of peaks) between northern and southern slopes, should lead to more specific statements as to the cireum- stances under which observations are taken.
However, eliminating such exceptional cases as Sierra Blanca, Colorado, 10,410 feet, on the one hand, and La Plata Mountain, Colorado, 12,080 feet on the other, we may fairly infer these remaining thirty peaks were evenly enough divided as to the exposure, etc., to give us an approximation to the truth, and it would then even confirm Dr. Engelmann’s statement that there is little or no increase of altitude in timber-line toward the equator, in our western hemisphere, south of the 41st parallel of north latitude.
As to the agricultural prospects of Arizona and New Mexico, we may safely venture on two assertions: first, that in neither of these Territories have we reached anything like the real possibilities of the soil and climate ; second, that in both of them there will always (so long, at least, as the present climate endures) be an enormous percentage of waste land so far as raising crops are concerned; of this, much may be made available for grazing purposes, and the remainder will, from its want of water, always be worthless.
The Valley of the Rio Grande, from Loma, in Colorado, south, may be regarded as one continuous agricultural area, unpromising in appearance, but rich in the elements of vegetable life. Throughout its entire length, the cereals may be produced, and south of Santa Fé such fruits as grapes and apricots yield an abundant crop. The ordinary garden vegetables do well. This is, however, a mere strip, for the adjacent hills are at once assigned to the division of sage-brush deserts. Like the Valley of the Nile,
30 BOTANY.
that of the Rio Grande receives its fertilizing in the frequent overflows to which it is subject, and in the mud carried suspended in the water used for irrigating. But unlike the Valley of the Nile, the overflow can hardly be called periodic. Dr. Oscar Loew has furnished the means of a comparison
in his table, vol. iii, page 578:
Rio Grande Mud. ese a Seas
Potassavenesseieeaeieee eee encieceioec eee 1.784 0.473 BLY Ga odoo pep Seakaoebe one baeobebEboneaaobe 0.795 0.533 Ist Bo BReo Dab AES BOGsod snoosG Cuan OaoU Ch bear 1.751 1.901 (CarbonaterofMimes=-ceeesaeeesieaeeescettesee 5.190 3-717 IMagnesiapga sen stacee teases tee neater ree 0.181 0.762 @xidejomiron ee -meesacecelesecnee steerer ipa 5-5 oo cee coo, ae haunt oe Seer. } 14.890 31.870 Siliciciacid ese ere see sis conse cee seneeeceeceee 70.010 54.585 Sulphatetofplimelmeresee a eeseeeaeesec cies ee Trace 0.245 Phosphoricjacid2asseeee anseeeeesceetecee sec 0.092 Not determined. Water and trace of organic matter....-...---.- 5.012 5-701
99-705 99-818
The comparison shows, as Dr. Loew indicates, more potassa for the Rio Grande mud, but less phosphoric acid, than the mud of the Nile, whilst the Nile mud has a greater absorptive power for moisture than the Rio Grande, because of its greater quantity of hydrated oxide of iron. Except the enriching material thus conveyed, such long tilled lands as those of the older Indian pueblos have had no other fertilizer. And this fact confirms Dr. Loew’s statement that the water is the all-sufficient source of supply.
In other localities, as the one he cites, three miles north of Silver City (p. 579), he attributes the success in raising corn to a moist subsoil (water being reached in 16 feet) and deep planting of the seed. But in Southern Colorado, in the San Luis Valley, where water is reached at a much less depth, irrigation is still found requisite.
The Valley of the Colorado Chiquito, though now dary under the domain of agriculture, might be expected to produce large crops of grain, fruit, and vegetables when once water is furnished by irrigation.*
Indeed, at the foot of the Mogollon Mesa, and for some distence up the
*T allude here tothe upper portion of this valley. I have no personal knowledge of its lower part.
GENERAL REPORT. 31
slopes, we may infer that the condensation of moisture by the higher peaks might make it possible to avoid the necessity for irrigation. Timber is close at hand.
Salt River Valley is known to produce well, but the fact of there being no market for the crops has driven many of the settlers out.
The Gila Valley proper, though intensely hot, furnishes many in- stances of good return for labor.
The San Pedro Valley has already thousands of acres under cultiva- tion, and produces good crops of barley and corn.
The Sanoita Valley, on the southern border of the Territory, though it has some land which may be irrigated and which is of surpassing fertility, must be regarded as rather a grazing than a farming region. It is well grassed, and has timber close at hand. This (as also the San Pedro) has the unfortunate reputation of being most unhealthy regions. The fact, however, is that the endemic diseases are such as give a low rate of mor- tality, and may be readily prevented. It is fair to make the statement that neither are now worse than were Indiana or Illinois a few years ago.
The region of the San Francisco Mountains is said by Dr. Loew to be well watered, fertile, and suitable for farming homes. He adds: The ‘soil is comparatively very rich in phosphoric acid, and therefore most excellent for grain and corn; for beans, peas, and lentils an addition of gypsum would be an improvement, these requiring more sulphur.”
It is now well proven that almost all the elements of plant life must pass through the roots and thence ascend to the leaves to undergo elabora- tion previous to the final acts of metastasis. Hence it follows that under the dry air and high temperature, where water is given, the processes of plant life must be very active, and that, (as in most of this region) where abund- ant food is supplied, and of proper quality, either directly from the soil or by the water used in irrigating, or by both, enormous returns may be anticipated. Facts do not controvert the conclusion, as a comparison of the yield, per acre, of cereals and of garden vegetables, between say Kansas or Nebraska (or even an older, better tilled State), and some portions of Arizona, New Mexico, or California, would show.
The indigenous grasses, though somewhat localized in their distribu-
39 BOTANY.
tion, and seldom forming a dense sward, are exceedingly nutritious, and stock will make long marches having no other food. Among them we may espe- cially allude to the various ‘‘ bunch-grasses” of Colorado, 7. e., Eriocoma, Festuca, and Poa, and more notably still the Boutelowas of Southern Arizona, where, without much distinction, all are called “ grama”.
T am here again indebted to the researches of Dr. Loew for the following analyses of grasses. See Lieutenant Wheeler’s Annual Report to the Chief of Engineers, 1875, page 138.
Festuca ovina, from an altitude of 10,000 feet, on the Jemez Mount- ains, New Mexico:
AUIS) eee, | eee BMS COMO MA Ra denapr Orie oe ooh aasO65 12.3 PS Naarae ce Oennoon OO s nue COncen Gnas boaeapeces suet sabaG 0ba5 5.4 IM eanonenpeces seSeoasoeUdoaG caus Sbisie. Steveistayele sis eee ahaa eteeentetes 30.2 aaa exits (of ifn 0. 07 is ane) - vials gop meb neem. 12.2 Sugar, formed on digestion with dilute iecrochtentc acidmernrertr 10.8 Extracted by potassa, and loss... -......--... --------0------- 206.6
100.0
BovuTELoua OLIGOsTACcHYA, collected September 7 in the Abiquiu Mount- ains, New Mexico, at an altitude of 7,500 feet:
NUE dan eeneA Sao pao Se nS toenane conmunmemocos as esos acnoldads 12.0 UG) | eee A eee ANI Ae Sonn pmcaby PebCou sc CACc. abo Lhd 7.8 IMll Cr earoos pono Mons uoUC HU eOaGcMoodESsOSoUD Ob oGoO bab onus pocCGE 24.4 antics s,s scsoayargjsiess © sovcie ust csestene nee eae feo teense esac tey leer or eToneretcieier 2.4 Aqueous extract (OOSiswmoaw)) eye cect tely-etoeere ste) oeleresatstareitae 14.1 Sugar, formed on digestion witb dilute hydrochloric acid ......-. 22.2 Extracted by dilute potassa, and loss....-....-.....----.------. 17.1
100.0
BouTELoua HrrsuTA, collected near Las Vegas, New Mexico, November 16, at an altitude of 6,500 feet; it was dead and dry, but without loss of nutritive properties :
\VENOE Socads Obact cocdud scnoogessucod0 ace saoboooe seas 0o9005K0 13.0 DN; | Ween Sn nas Sac G SEC eRe aban acho boone a4 6.5 Fibre oo dMgh il OF eee ARE Saamatntcs Gace Tdadhs ce GbGC SO GHGe,. onAEEOO alt Aqueous extract (O09 sugar) <5 jc cles owen els miele ely iy) =1-1 13.8 Sugar, formed on digestion with dilute hydrochloric acid .-....--. 26.3
19,2
Extracted by dilute potassa, and loss.........--.-+-.-..++- -----
= —) > (—)
GENERAL REPORT. 33
It may not be considered out of place to give some consideration to the forestry of this and the Colorado region. The subject is now one of growing interest, and it is not improbable will before long become a subject for legislation.
The impression gained by a resident on the eastern side of our domain, from what he sees, or has been taught of the region about him, is, that North America, from ocean to ocean, is practically a timber area. True, he has heard of the Western plains and prairies and deserts, but that these treeless stretches are actually larger by far than the timber areas does not occur to him, nor does it appear probable to him that in the near future want of timber can become a serious drawback to our national prosperity.
This is one standpoint from which the subject may be considered. Another is the influence of extensive forests upon the climate. Do they increase the rainfall? or do they simply aid in obtaining better results with less damage from what does fall? How far can we use them to reclaim waste areas? Will it pay?
From the following table we may see the proportionate area of wooded to open land in our “ West” that fairly comes within the scope of this report:
; Total areain | Area of wood-
PSs SES acres. land in acres, Colorado een settles sce Rescate 66, 880, 000 6, 667, 469 WIEN Gsecod ctogadecde tagpsee pam b asec eens 54, 065, 043 5,391, 883 ING? MUS SCS) ~opoes oben seecosecHceeoscee- - 77,568, 640 4, 710, 388 (ATIZONAL Sales ee estate eee Se ee 72,906, 240 4, 373, 065 INGREGEN e565 cobnSocscounoacos sncneacesege 71, 737, 600 3, 589, 869 Galiformiateceeisesese seen eee ee 120, 947, 840 9, 604, 607 Mexas asst eS sees sects see see Me 175, 587, 840 | "46, 960, 123 IGG oon esos scccebe ata. SeemepeseaeE 52, 043, 520 2,954, 751
INGO Se Jasastisooesacocasbee aceerecaes 48, 636, 800 2, 541, 524*
This table will serve at least to show how small in proportion to the open area is that of the timber in our Western domain. Professor Brewer remarks, in his Analysis of our Forest Resources (in Walker’s Statistical Atlas, and afterward republished in the Agricultural Report for 1874, p. 352): “It is possible to cross the continent from the Pacific Ocean to the
* Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for 1875, p. 247. 3 BOL
54 BOTANY.
Gulf of Mexico without passing through a forest five miles in extent, or large enough to be indicated on the map.” Then, again: ‘The woodlands of the East are separated from those of the West by a broad treeless plain from six to fifteen degrees wide.” It may be worth noting also that there is in these States and Territories an absolute want of a hard wood like our Eastern hickory, and almost no large growth of oak, such as we find here. The statement has been made that in the State of Texas there is an area four times as large-as the State of Pennsylvania, over which there is neither a tree nor a shrub.* Making allowance for the extravagance of this asser- tion, it is sufficient to indicate how wide are its treeless areas.
In view, then, of the acknowledged fact that in our older and more densely populated States we have an impending dearth of timber, would | not a wise political economy endeavor to obviate such a result in our Western regions? ‘Tree destruction began with us as a necessity, but it has been matured into an instinct. With the comparatively small quantity of timber actually growing in the Western Territories, with the certainty of a demand for an enormous quantity as these regions are opened up, does it not appear that some restriction should be imposed on the almost ruthless destruction of the forests on the publicdomain? Take for example the Santa Rita Mountains in Southern Arizona, from which probably all the available timber will be removed before the real current of a steady and substantial immigration shall have set into the neighboring Sanoita Valley. Or the instance fur- nished by Kern County in California might be still more in point, as its speedy settlementissure. Yet, actually in advance of this, what timber there is, is actually being swept away. Mr. John Muiz’s paper on the Post-Glacial History of the Sequoia gigantea, in the Proceedings of the American Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, 1876, page 252, puts the case very strongly. He tells us that ‘‘one sawmill on the Kaweah cut over 2,000,000 feet of ‘big tree’ lumber last season” (1875), “‘and that in these milling operations waste far exceeds use, for after the choice young manageable trees on any given spot have been felled, the woods are fired to clear the ground of limbs and refuse with reference to further operations, and of course most of the seedlings and saplings are destroyed.” Then, too, come the destruc-
* The entire area of Texas being less than six times that of Pennsyivania.
GENERAL REPORT. 35
tive fires purposely started to clear away the underbrush that the bands of sheep may be more readily cared for and grazed.
It can hardly be out of place to contrast such a wilful waste with the wise provision of the Swedish law (enacted prior to 1647), which compels the ‘‘private owner to plant and protect from cattle two timber trees for every one cut.”
It may fairly become a question as to whether it would not be money well invested if the general and state governments were to anticipate future wants and plant extensive areas of our Western domain with hardy and rapidly growing timber trees. It appears from the latest statistical infor- mation available that already the States and Territories comprising our domain are in the percentage of timber area to the entire surface actually below Norway, Sweden, Russia, and Germany. In view of what we have anticipated in the way of increased population, this is rather an alarming statement.
Will tree planting succeed on our open Western lands? What trees can be grown, and will they add to our material resources? Here we can only appeal to facts. We must premise by saying that to the young trees planted, care and protection must be accorded. In other words, they must be regarded as a crop to be protected from cattle and have the ground prepared for their reception. This being granted, we may fairly expect that over a large part of our domain we should have results something like those furnished by Mr. Longstreth, forester to the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fé Railroad. After three years’ growing, the following percentage of each survived and was growing well:
Per cent.
Silver-maple, one year old when planted.............. ......... 50 Box-elder, one year old when planted ...... 2... -c0s.s5.0..00. 60 Honey-locust, one year old when planted ....................-.. 95 Catalpa, one year old when planted .........--...-..-.-....---- 100 Ailanthus, one year old when planted.....-......---..-:-...--. 100
. American elm, one year old when planted....... RIE Oar OGORWEraae 90
The same authority furnishes many other statistics, but as they are not founded on any longer experience, I omit all save those from the fourth station in Kansas, at Spearville, 283 miles west of the eastern line of the State. The elevation is 2,480 feet, and is high upland prairie, and known
36 F BOTANY.
as Dry Ridge. He adds that the growth was slower, but that quite as many of the trees lived. We may in many respects consider this a crucial test. After three years’ growth, the following percentages were alive and thriving:
Per cent. Silver-maple, one year old when planted...... Le Ree Bee 90 Box-elder, one year old when planted. .........-......-.-...--- 890 Honey-locust, one year old when planted.............--...--.--- 100 Ailanthus, one year old when planted . ......................-- 100
Statistics from New Mexico and Arizona are meagre in the extreme. There is no doubt, however, but that thousands of trees of the indigenous cottonwoods, and of box-elder, Ailanthus, and China-tree, could be grown along the irrigating ditches and in other moist places: enough to raise the farmer in a few years beyond any immediate want for his most needed woods, and to largely spare the drain on the pine forests that cover the remoter mountains. It is in the highest degree probable that some of the various Australian trees, now being so successfully cultivated in California, especially some of the Hucalyptus species, could be made to do well in the warmer valleys of New Mexico and the warmer ones in Arizona where water may be had. These trees, as rapid growers, and as making good lumber, are of great value.
We must still regard the problem a mooted one as to whether or not forests actually increase the rainfall of any region. The probabilities, however, appear to be against the supposition that they do. There can be, I think, no reasonable doubt but that they aid in obtaining greater benefits from what does fall. I am aware of recent observations in France which would appear to make even this doubtful, but I think the facts are so well established here that they may be regarded as above suspicion. The paper by Mr. Muir, already quoted, gives a striking illustration of this in the case of the Sequoia gigantea, and other instances not less apt might be furnished. Mr. Cooper, of Santa Barbara, has elaborated at some length a plan for obtaining larger results in agriculture from the same quantity of water by making the shade of the eucalyptus diminish the excessive evapo- ration of the water. The details of this will be considered elsewhere.*
“Tt may be considered a question as to whether the water taken up by the roots would not equal or exceed that saved from evaporation.
GENERAL REPORT. aC
Of course, the question as to how long we must wait for these trees to develop into timber is another element of the problem, and this will vary with the particular species of tree. In California, we might expect the blue gum would in five years be large enough to use as fuel and as fencing, but we could hardly expect it to have sufficient girth to answer most commer- cial purposes inside of thirty years. Emerson, in his “Trees and Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachusetts”, instances a white pine planted near Paris thirty years before, that had attained a diameter of 3 feet and was 80 feet high. Marsh, in “Man and Nature”, p. 274, tells of another that in thirty-six years had grown to 25 inches in diameter. The Ailanthus, American elm, and chestnut may be given as illustrations of rapid growth. Hither of these would in thirty years produce good timber.
The Nevada and Utah districts have been so thoroughly elaborated by Mr. Watson in Vol. V. of King’s Reports, that no further statements con- cerning them are requisite. There is also an able article by Dr. W. J. Hoffman on the distribution of vegetation in portions of Nevada and Ari- zona, in the American Naturalist for June, 1877. Dr. Hoffman’s former connection with this Survey, his opportunities for observation, and his zeal in botany, confer a special value on his paper.
I am indebted to my friend Dr. George Martin, of West Chester, Pa, for the following important note:
Mean annual rainfall in Philadelphia for 43 years, ¢. ¢., from 1825 to 1867,
ANCIUSIVGr eye a eee ete m o.asioe arcing d mesiie atau cmvnet, Aa 44.02 inches. Thus, mean for ing first coriese? altsyears, of this)period’s..-...-------- 42.12 inches. For the second series of the above period........ ........-.....-----. 45.86 inches.
Taken from Smithsonian Tables (May, 1872).
Mean annual rainfall in West Chester, Pa., for 18 years, i. ¢., from 1860 to
NS INCLU SIV Cm erteer setae sila se cis oie ayoislere tere staoinewrerea Sere erect 51.18 inches. Thus, mean for the first series of 9 years of above period.......-...... 50.16 inches. Hor thesecondeseriesiofssamey) period serene eeeeceeen aceee ee oes: 52.20 inches.
Taken from Register of Dr. Jesse C. Green.
All will admit that a large body of woodland has been cleared during these periods in the vicinity of both these stations, and yet there has been an increase in precipitation.
It will not do to compare the observations taken at West Chester with those of Philadelphia unless the whole series could be taken, as the local influences and errors of instruments have not been eliminated. ach, however, is complete and conclusive in itself.
ae as al 2 * 0
S a Laarpe, ; in 7 eu
; . t nyt P 6.) x , ry * , 4 [ Bek Pe, tit aN tury wy may et ; ‘ 5 ae 0, or we pe ria es “ enh) a SOAs Ol See ; Ai =, L
"a %. Per >? mp aS eens ihe ee ref <o c-4 PS Pr a ee
; aye its ee | =<: ip a- Jie i ae ed ie il SPOT eet ea at ; 7 : 9 = og du? +O Dicks ay a b >
U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN. 1st Lirut. GEO. M. WHEELER, Corrs or ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY, IN CHARGE,
CHS PTH hk lit.
I @ a lS
ON
HeONOMIC., BOTANY.
BY
J. T. ROTHROCK,
SURGEON AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF 1673, 1874, AND 1875,
GHA AGP PER WPT.
NOTES ON ECONOMIC BOTANY.
Berseris Aquirotium, Pursh. Oregon Grape—According to Dr. En- gelman, this is also called in Colorado, Mountain Graps, and the juice when fermented makes, on the addition of sugar, a palatable and whole- some wine.
CAULANTHUS CRASSICAULIS, Watson. Wild Cabbage-—Sometimes used as food, when a better substitute cannot be found.
Fremontia Carirornica, Torr. California Slippery Elm.—Though to- tally unlike Eastern slippery elm in its botanical characteristics, the inner bark develops large quantities of mucilage when wet; in this respect sharing the peculiar properties of some other members of the order. Used in Cali- fornia to make poultices, ete.
Eropium cicurarium, L. Her. Alfilaria,* Pin Clover, Pin Grass.—A valuable forage in California, Arizona, and New Mexico; eagerly eaten by the stock. Gay (Historia de Chile, Botanica, tom. prim pp. 38%) speaks of both this and E. moscnatum as among the best natural forage-plants of Chili, and believes them to be indigenous. It is strange that little or noth- ing is said concerning their value in this respect in Kuropean works. I can only account for this, that on the more constantly green swards of the East stock does not seize upon it with the same avidity that it does in a country where it remains green after all else is dead, and grows where nothing else will flourish.
Larrea Mexicana, Moricand. Creosote-bush— Common from Western Texas to Kern County, California, and southward into Mexico. Dr. Loew’s examination proves that “ the reddish-brown exudate on the branches” will yield a red coloring-matter showing all the reactions of cochineal.
“The alcoholic extract of the leaves on evaporation yields a greenish- brown residue of a specific and somewhat disagreeable odor, more strongly perceptible on boiling the extract with water. This residue is only to a
* Commonly spelled as above, but the correct orthography appears to be Alfilerillo. 41
42 BOTANY.
small extent soluble in water, and the solution has an acid reaction. It yields a light yellow precipitate with acetate of lead. The part of the alco- holic extract that is insoluble in water is easily soluble in alkalies. It also dissolves in nitric acid at a moderate heat, whereby oxydation takes place. On addition of water, a yellow, brittle mass is precipitated.” The Mexi- cans are said to use an infusion of the leaves for bathing in, in rheumatic affections. See Vol. III, Wheeler’s Reports, pp. 608-9.
Ravs DIvERSILoBA, T. & G. Poison Oak, Yeara—Much like our poison oak of the Eastern States. Common on the Pacific coast. For remedy see Grindelia robusta.
NeEGunDo acERoweEs, Meench. Box-Elder.—Bearing in mind the great success of the experiments with this tree in Kansas and Nebraska, and its wide range over the more arid areas of our Southwest, it may be well to remember it in further attempts at tree culture. Though hardly to be considered as a valuable timber, it may fairly be reckoned on the shade and fuel list, and fairly associated in this respect with the following:
Scuinus mouue, Linn., from Mexico and South America—Now grown in Southern California under the name of Pepper Tree and Chili Pepper. P Prosopis JULIFLORA, DC. Mesquit. Algaroba of the Mexicans.—Grows from Southeastern California east to Texas, where it attains the tree size, and forms dense thickets; extends south into South America. The gum exud- ing from this tree closely resembles gum arabic in appearance and in its properties, and may some day become an important article in trade. The pods while yet in pulpy condition are a valuable forage, eagerly eaten by animals, and on which they actually thrive while making hard marches. The beans contain thirty per cent. of grape-sugar. Dr. Loew asserts that the Comanche Indians prepare an alcoholic beverage from them. As a fuel it ranks with the hickory of the Eastern States, and the charcoal made from it is said by Dr. Loew to be of the best quality for metallurgical and smelting purposes. Besides this species, there is another, hardly less useful, i. e., P. pubescens, Benth., the Screw-Bzay, the pods of which are ground into flour by the Indians. The wood of both species is of great value in some of the arts.
GENERAL REPORT. 43
Oxytropis LamBerti,* Pursh, inColorado; and AstracaLus Hornit and ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS var. FremontuH, in California, are known as loco- plants. The term loco, simply meaning foolish, is applied because of the pe- culiar form of dementia induced in the animals that are in the habit of eating the plant. In Arizona, I was told that Hosackia Purshiana produces effects similar to the above plants, but I have no certain knowledge concerning it.
Whether the animals (horses chiefly) begin to eat the plant from neces- sity (which is not likely) or from choice, Iam unable to say. Certain it is, however, that once commenced, they continue it, passing through temporary intoxication to a complete nervous and muscular wreck in the later stages, when it has developed into a fully marked disease, which terminates in death from starvation or inability to digest a more nourishing food. The animal toward the last becomes stupid or wild, or even vicious, or again acting as though attacked with “blind staggers”.
Dr. Horatio Wood, jr., has recently brought to light (Phila. Med. Times, vol. vii, p. 510) a new alkaloid in Sophora speciosa, Benth. This he names sophoria. In its action it resembles Calabar bean. This alkaloid is a spinal sedative, producing death through the respiration. One-twentieth of a grain of an impure specimen of this alkaloid produced a profound sleep, lasting many hours, in a half-grown cat. Mr. Bellinger, of Texas, states that the Indians near San Antonio use it as an intoxicant, half a bean producing “delirious exhilaration followed by a sleep which lasts two or three days”; and it is asserted that a whole bean would kill a man.
Mr. Lemmon has noted Astragalus Mortoni ‘as a deadly sheep poison” in California. See Brewer & Watson, Bot. Cal., vol. i, p. 155.
This order (Leguminose) was, until lately, regarded as on the whole rather innocuous, but recent discoveries have brought to light quite a num- ber of plants of bad repute.
CERCOCARPUS LEDIFOLIUS, Nutt. Mountain Mahogany.— Growing in the mountains of California to be a tree twenty feet or more high. The wood when dry is dark-colored and excessively hard. It may yet be made available in the arts, as the wood takes a beautiful polish.
“The alcoholic extract of this plant failed, when hypodermically injected by Dr. H. C. Wood, to produce poisonous symptoms in the lower animals. He hence concludes it is a mistake to regard it as one of the “loco plants ”.
44 BOTANY.
Evcatyerus GLopuLus, Labill. Australian Blue Gum—Now planted by thousands in Southern California. This tree is of very rapid growth, and makes withal a solid, close-grained, enduring timber. Mr. Cooper, of Santa Barbara, estimates the gain in growing this to be greater than that derived from the cereals. As to its value from a medicinal standpoint, I am free to say it has in every instance disappointed me in its anti-periodic effects, I do not regard it (though I have used it heroically) as in any sense the peer of the preparations derived from cinchona. It is, however, not im- probable that the enormous evaporation from the surfaces of the leaves and young shoots may be a means of improving the sanitary condition of a moist, boggy, ague-cursed area, when the trees are planted in masses, but the idea that any mere cordon of trees around a home would protect it appears improbable, not to say preposterous. However, I am bound to say we are yet without sufficient data on which to base an absolute con- clusion. In such regions as the Sanoita Valley, Cienega, or San Pedro in Southern Arizona, it would doubtless flourish, and a few years hence be of immense value as a timber tree. The Southern Rio Grande Valley offers another suitable spot for its introduction. While this species will not endure cold weather, it is to be remembered that there are others of the genus that are hardier and almost as valuable as timber. These would probably be well worth a trial in Arizona and New Mexico.
MENTZELIA ALBICAULIS, Dougl.—The Indians in Southeastern California pound up the seeds of this, making thus one of their forms of pinoli. Some- times also used by them in a kind of cake.
CucuRBITA PERENNIS, Gray. Chili Cojote, and Calabazilla in Southern
California.—Brewer & Watson assert, in Fl. Cal. p. 239, ‘that the pulp of the green fruit is used with soap to remove stains from clothing, and that the
macerated root is used as a remedy for piles, and the seeds are eaten by the Indians.”
Cymopreris Frenpiert, Gray. Chimaja of New Mexico.—This plant emits, when in decoction, a peculiarly strong and pleasant odor, not unlike C. anisatus, which it closely resembles. The residents in and about Santa Fé are in the habit of using this as the chief ingredient, after whisky, to form a warm-
ing, stomachie “bitters”, which is immensely popular, as anything is likely
GENERAL REPORT. 45
to be which improves in any way the whisky of the region. A less objec- tionable use is made of it by using it as a stuffing in a leg of roast mutton, the whole mass of which it permeates with its pleasant flavor. It is not unlikely that ere long this plant will be made the basis of another quack constitutional invigorator. There is probably no doubt of its being a good carminative, and it may also prove to a certain extent tonic.
Osua.—This root, so well known in and around Santa Fé, is derived from an unknown plant, probably a Peucedanum. Dr. Herman Haupt, jr., has furnished a careful analysis of the root in the Am. Jour. Pharm. Aug. 1, 1873, p. 847, in which he concludes that his results indicate the presence of “an acid not identical with angelic acid; it appears to be a new acid hitherto unknown, and to deserve to be distinguished by the name of Oshaic acid. From 100 grains of the air-dried root 8 grains of ashes were obtained, containing iron, aluminum, sodium, and potassium.” It is probably this plant to which Dr. Loew alludes, under name of Angelica, in Vol. II, Wheeler’s Reports, p. 608. It is alleged to have tonic properties. Better specimens are desirable, as it is altogether probable the plant is an old, well-known species. It may have remedial powers that will stand investigation.
According to Messrs. Brewer and Watson, in Flora of California, the roots of Carum Gairdneri and C. Kelloggii are a prominent article of food among the California Indians, as are also the roots of most of the species of Cymopterus and Peucedanum.
Evratorium Berianpiert, DC.—A specimen of this was handed me at the Chiricahua Agency in Southern Arizona, and the statement made that the Apache Indians there were in the habit of using it as a substitute for tobacco. At first I was disposed to accept the statement cum grano salis, but have since discovered that other species are elsewhere used ina like manner. On trial, I find the smoke devoid of any marked flavor, but rather acrid when passed through the nostrils. It also appears to have some more marked prop- erty in a very slight degree, as indicated by a gentle nervous tremor induced in smoking. The dry leaves when rubbed in the hand emit faintly a rather resinous odor. There is no doubt but that it would be quite as pleasant and satisfactory as much of the drugged, cheap tobacco now on the market.
46 BOTANY.
GRINDELIA RoBusTA, Nutt. Gum Plant of California—This plant has recently come into notice as a remedy in poisoning from Rhus diversiloba (Poison Oak of California). So far as I know, it has not been tested on our Eastern poison oak, which is another species, and for which the fluid extract of Serpentaria, as advised by Dr. Henry Hartshorne, acts almost as a specific, when applied locally. The resmous exudation on the leaves of the Grindelia is applied in California, or it has been used in the form of a tincture. Concerning the wide range of usefulness anticipated in medicine for Grindelia, I am in the highest degree skeptical.
BIGELOVIA VENETA, Gray. “Damiana” in Northern Mexico.—The plant is found just outside our borders, and may reach within our domain. I intro- duce it here because it is so closely related to B. Menziesii, which extends abundantly from San Diego to Arizona, and as far north as Utah, as to be by some regarded as identical. Concerning Damiana, or, as it is often called, Yerba anti-rheumatica, we have of late heard much in medical jour- nals as an aphrodisiac. There are a number of other claimants for the name Damiana. Of this one, I am free to confess I consider it utterly worthless as a remedial agent. The resinous exudation on it somewhat resembles that found on Gindelia robusta, and was probably the means of attracting attention to it.
Pectis angustifolia and P. papposa appear to have been generally noticed because of their peculiar odor of lemons. Indeed, Dr. Loew suggests that in the former this might be turned to commercial account.
Arremisia.—Several Western species have been reputed as of use in ague and mountain fever by the prospectors of the West. They are used in decoction. J am not prepared to vouch for their efficacy, however. Some species are said to ‘“‘owe to their aroma and bitterness decidedly stimulating properties.” See Le Maout and Decaisne, English edition, p. 505. The current ideas concerning some of our Eastern species would go for some- thing in confirming the estimate placed on the Western ones.
ASCLEPIAS LEUCOPHYLLA, Engelm , var.oprusa, Gray. ‘“ Milkweed.”—Has about Fort Tejon, California, the reputation of ‘‘locoing” the sheep. How well merited this is I am unable to say.
Eriopictyon.—In California I believe the name ‘Yerba santa” is used
GENERAL REPORT. 47
for both E. tomentosum and glutinosum of Bentham. An infusion of the leaves in whisky or other alcoholic liquor is reckoned almost a panacea by the native population. Precise clinical trial is yet needed to determine its true value.
Erirricutum rutvum, A. DC.—I have received from my friend Mr. William L. Kennedy, of Fort Tejon, California, abundant specimens of this plant, collected in white paper, which it had stained completely with a bright orange-red color. Mr. Kennedy accompanied the specimens with the re- mark that ‘the fresh root and leaves are used by the squaws to paint their faces, and that the color is not inferior to the finest rouge.” From the abundance of the juice, as manifested by the stained paper in which I re- ceived the plants, I infer that the plant might be turned to some commercial account. The coloring matter is not confined to this species.
Cuscura racemosa, Mart. Alfalfa Dodder—Coming from Chili, and in- troduced thence into Europe; as early as 1874 was discovered in California, and means indicated then for its destruction by Professor Thurber in the American Agriculturist. Since then it has been doing extensive damage to the Alfalfa crop, as we hear from Dr. Engelmann in the Botanical Gazette for January, 1877, p. 69. An immunity from this pest would be cheaply purchased by early and frequent examination of the Alfalfa fields and the destruction of the plants infected before seeds can be matured, as advised by Dr. Engelmann. It is also worthy of consideration as to whether it would not be as well to prevent importation of Alfalfa from Chili, or, what is the same thing, lucerne from Europe, in view of the likelihood of introducing still further this unwelcome intruder from places where it has been so thoroughly established.*
Nicotrana.—Various of the indigenous species of tobacco appear to
*QUSCUTA RACEMOSA.—In the January number of the Gazette, Dr. Engelmann gave awarning to the farmers who wished to cultivate the Alfalfa, or California clover, to beware of the dodder, Cuscuta racemosa, which had always accompanied it in Europe and California. The warning was sent through- out this region, to the county papers, but in spite of it all, seed-agents have succeeded in running in a great deal of Alfalfa seed. As a consequence, a short time ago, after the clover had started well, I began to receive specimens of the plant encircled by a “ troublesome little vine”, and everybody wanted to know what it was. It was the genuine Cuscuta racemosa in good flower and frnit, and it has come up in every Alfalfa field in this county. The agricultural editors of several widely circulated papers are recommend- ing it, and deing what they can to bripg this annoying parasite into our fields.—J. M. Coulter, Bot. Gaz. vol. 2, p. 136.
48 BOTANY.
have been used by the native population past and present. Among them, however, is one of some interest from an archeological standpoint, N. Cleve- landi, Gray, Syn. FI, vol. ii, part 1, p. 242. This small and small-flowered spe- cies was found by me only in association with the shell heaps which occur so abundantly on the coast of Southern and Central California. Perhaps of all the remains of extinct races so richly furnished by that region, none wére so common as the pipes, usually made of stone resembling serpentine, and in shape, as Dr. Yarrow has aptly remarked, like a cigar-holder. These pipes were seldom less than 6 inches long, and 14 inches in diameter at the larger end, and often much exceeded these measurements. The wing-bone of a pelican, cut to say 2 inches in length, was glued with the inevitable asphaltum into the smaller end as a mouth-piece. Uncomfortable as pipes of this size must have been in use, there is no doubt that they were much used, and there is hardly any doubt in my mind that the above named species of tobacco was the standard supply for them. I can only say, from some experience, that it is excessively strong.
Salvia Columbaria, Benth., is the Chia of Southern and Central Cali- fornia. .I abstract the following brief account I have given of it from the Botanical Bulletin: .
‘During the summer of 1875 my attention was called, while in South- ern California, to a mealy preparation in popular use among the Indians, Mexicans, and prospectors. On inquiry, I found it was called ‘Chia’ Fur- ther examination proved that it was furnished by the seeds of Salvia Colum- barie, Benth. The seeds are collected, roasted, and ground, in the native way, between two stones. This puts it in the condition in which I first saw it. It is used as a food by mixing it with water and enough sugar to suit the taste. It soon develops into a copious mucilaginous mass, several times the original bulk. The taste is somewhat suggestive of linseed meal. One soon acquires a fondness for it, and eats it rather in the way of a luxury than with any reference to the fact that it is exceedingly nutritious besides. It is in great demand among the knowing ones who have a desert to cross, or who expect to encounter a scarcity of water, and what there is, of bad quality. By preparing it so thin that it can be used as a drink, it seems to assuage thirst, to improve the taste of the water, and, in addition,
GENERAL REPORT. 49
to lessen the quantity of water taken, which in hot countries is often so excessive as to produce serious illness. As a remedy it is invaluable, from its demulcent properties, in cases of gastro-intestinal disorders. It also holds a place among domestic remedies, for the same purpose that flaxseed -oceasionally does with us, 7. ¢., a grain of the seed is placed in the eye (where it gives no pain) to form a mucilage by means of which a foreign body may be removed from the organ. I have found it of great service as a poultice. As a matter of archzxological interest, it may be noted that quantities of this seed were found buried in graves several hundred years old. This proves that the use of the seed reaches back into the remote past. Indeed, I find several allusions to the name Chia in the second vol- ume of Bancroft’s great work on the ‘Native Races of the Pacific States,’ pp. 232, 280, 347, 360. Chianpinoli appears to have been made by the so-called Aztec races from corn which was roasted and ground as the Chia was. Chia was, among the Nahua races of Ancient Mexico, as regularly cultivated as corn, and often used in connection with it. Indeed, it was one of the many kinds of meal in constant use, and which appear to have gone then, as now, under the generic name of pinoli.”
ABRONIA FRAGRANS, Nutt—The delicious perfume of the flowers of this plant suggests the inquiry as to whether it could not be utilized as a toilet adjunct. Specimen number 127 of the New Mexican collection, when taken at Agua Azule, was fairly loading the air with its matchless fragrance.
Evurotia anata, Moq ‘White Sage,” ‘Winter Fat.”— Widely diffused through our Western Territories, and held in great repute as a winter forage; stock feeding on it actually gaining flesh when living on this plant, so un- promising in its appearance. It is noteworthy that most animals do not at first eat it from choice. Of this we had the strongest evidence furnished by mules taken from Missouri to Colorado. They would not touch it The Utah band, however, eagerly devoured it. Said by Mr. Watson to impart a disagreeable flavor to the meat of cattle fed upon it, and also asserted by the same authority to be used as a remedy in intermittents.
Anemtopsis* Catirornica, Hook. “Yerba de Mansa.”—This plant, if we
* Spelled Anemopsis in Bot. Beech. p. 390: Anemiopsis in DC. Prod. vol. 16, pars 1, p. 287; where also in the index, as a footnote, the following occurs: ‘‘ Anemopsis in Hook. et Arn. [ Bot. Beech. 1. v.], sed rectius, ex Anemia, Anemiopsis ut scripsit Endlicher.”
4 BOT
50 BOTANY.
may at all credit popular report, is well worthy of further investigation as a remedial agent. Unfortunately I have mislaid my notes, and can say now nothing more definite than that it is regarded as a diuretic, and is largely used in baths for rheumatic affections. It is rather unsafe to venture an opinion on its mere appearance; but, if I were to do so, I should say it would probably drop into that somewhat vague class of remedies known to physicians as alteratives.
Evupuorsia.—The various prostrate species of this genus have, in the Southwest, a popular reputation as a remedy in bite of rattlesnakes, taran- tulas, ete.; and, to meet the demand for it, a tincture is kept on hand in the shops. In absence of this (on the authority of Dr. George Thurber), the fresh leaves bruised, or the dry ones steeped in wine, are applied to the wound. These plants are there known as “Yerba de la Golondrina”. While not wishing to cast discredit upon the remedy applied in this way (and that too after the venom has usually been taken into the general circulation), I can only say it is hard to understand how it could be of any service.
EPHEDRA ANTISYPHILITICA, C. A. Meyer. ‘‘Canuitillo,” ‘Tepopote,” “Whorehouse Tea.”—The names, scientific and popular, might be regarded as sufficiently indicative of the alleged properties of the plant. The stems of the plant are largely used in decoction as a remedy in gonorrheea. Precise clinical results are wanting to determine its real value. However, by com- mon consent among the populace, and so far as I can learn from medical men of the region, it is of real service. Its close botanical relationship to the balsam-producing Conifere would appear to suggest that this too must con- tain a like product. This, however, is not confirmed by the careful analysis of Dr. Loew (Vol. III, Wheeler’s Reports, pp. 611 and 612). The above- ground portion is there shown to yield an aqueous extract of ‘‘acid reaction, and an astringent taste, resembling that of tannin.” No body resembling an organic base or alkaloid was found. The filtrate of the aqueous solution proved the presence of tannin and tartaric acid. Pectin was also shown to be in the filtrate by the ‘‘jelly-like precipitate produced by the addition of alcohol.” The tannin belongs to the glucosid group, furnishing sugar on treatment with acid and various other compounds, and, upon dry distillation, pyrogallic and carbonic acids. This tannin splits up into sugar “and a red
GENERAL REPORT. 51
amorphous powder.” ‘The powder Dr. Loew considers quite a distinct body, which he names ephedrin, and to this he attributes (and probably correctly) its remedial properties. So concurrent is the testimony in favor of this plant that it is well worthy of a fair trial in hospital practice.
Poputus TremMuLoEs, Michx. American Aspen—Dr. Loew reports the bark of this tree to be used by the Indians in intermittent fever. It has long been more or less of a domestic remedy, and, indeed, of a certain class of practitioners, for this disease. It is not a little remarkable, however, that it should also be used by the Indians, and we can only account for the fact that it does possess some remedial power in this direction, which a “hit or miss” empiricism has led them to discover. Dr. Loew’s analysis of the bark yields salicin and populin. The former was long ago in common use in intermittents. It is therefore probably slightly anti-periodic as well as tonic in its action.
Acave Patmeri and A. Parry. ‘“‘Mescal.”—The admirable papers of Dr. Engelmann on this and on Yucca leave little for any one else to add. In hopes, however, of somewhat enlarging the circulation of what he and Dr. Loew have already brought out, I incorporate the leading facts here:
“The subterranean trunk of most (or all?) the Agaves contains, like that of Yuccas and many other plants of these families, a great deal of mucilage, which, mixed with water, has detergent properties to a consider- _ able degree; these ‘roots’ and the whole plants thus used are known to the Mexicans by the name of ‘Amole’.”—Engelmamn, 1. c.
The leaves of all or nearly all the species abound in a coarse fibre, which has been utilized by the native population in making a cheap cordage. Mescal whisky is prepared by distillation from the juice which has been collected in the cavity formed by removal of the just starting flower-stem and the inner leaves. The quantity yielded is almost fabulous. This whisky contains a large percentage of alcohol, and it is said that it is im- possible to adulterate it so that the adulteration cannot at once be detected in the taste. Hence it is hardly surprising that those who are “advised to take stimulants” take so kindly to ‘‘Mescal”. Fresh from the still, it is even hotter than corn whisky equally new.
The unopened interior leaves forming a sort of head are taken by the
52 BOTANY.
Indians, roasted several hours (without direct access of air?), and then eaten. The first effect is that of a laxative on those not accustomed to the food. Dr. Loew’s analysis of the dried, uncooked young leaves revealed the fact that there was no starch present, not even a trace. Yet the sweet taste of the roasted Mescal was enough alone to suggest the presence of sugar. He discovered that exposure to heat alone, will cause it to yield grape-sugar in abundance. This also took place on application of cold water, and he remarks that it appeared impossible to separate the suspected new substance he had to deal with from the cellular tissue without simultaneous formation of grape-sugar. Further examination proved he had to do with a com- pound body, a glucosid and citric acid. This he names citro-glucosid. It differs from this class of bodies in this, that water alone can separate it into grape-sugar and citric acid; the compound never before having been found in nature or made in a laboratory. The flowering stalk when green is much resorted to by Indians and travellers to alleviate the suffering caused by the parched mouth; they take a section of the stem, say a foot long, and suck out the saccharine fluid, and afterward chew the interior pith or pulp. When dried, the stems are used to form covering for houses, before the mud is thrown on, which is to complete the roof.
In connection with what has been said of the strong fibre of Agave, it might be appropriate to mention that the Dasylirium, or Bear’s Grass, of which there are several species in this same region, also produces more or less fibre that may yet be utilized.
Yucca saccaTa, Torr., along with other species of the same genus, is, like Agave, also known to the Mexicans as Amole, and the root used by them in washing. Dr. Loew has recently furnished an analysis of the root (Vol. III, p. 609, Wheeler’s Reports), and finds the pith produced on agitating the pounded root in water is due to saponin. Of course, its marked detergent properties depend on this. The leaves of this also furnish a coarse fibre.
| I
U. S. GEOGRAPHICAL SURVEYS WEST OF THE ONE HUNDREDTH MERIDIAN. 1st Lizrut. GEO. M. WHEELER, Corrs or Enernerrs, U.S. ARMY, IN CHARGE.
OHARA TREY:
CATALOGUE
19)
PLANTS COLLECTED
NEVADA, UTAH, COLORADO, NEW MEXICO, AND ARIZONA,
WITII
DESCRIPTIONS OF THOSE NOT CONTAINED IN GRAY’S MANUAL OF THE NORTHERN U. S., AND VOL. V, GEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIETH PARALLEL.
BY J. T. ROTHROCK, SURGEON AND BOTANIST TO THE EXPEDITIONS OF 1873, 1874, AND 1875,
AND THE FOLLOWING BOTANISTS:
SERENO WATSON, Campripeu, Mass. GEORGE VASEY, M. D., AGRicuLTURAL DrEPart- GEORGE ENGELMANN, M. D., Sr. Louts, Mo. MENT, WASHINGTON, D. C.
Pror. THOS C. PORTER, Easton, PENN. Pror. D. C. EATON, Yatr CoitteGn, New Ha- M. S. BEBB, FountTainDaLn, ILL. VEN, CONN.
WM. BOOTT, Boston, Mass. THOS. P. JAMES, CamprinGe, Mass.
Pror. EDWARD TUCKERMAN, Amuenst, Mass.
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OE A PEER LY; CATALOGUE.
EXOGENS. RANUNCULACEZ.*
Crematis Douerasu, Hook.—Clear Creek, Colorado. (92.)
CLematis Ligusticirot1a, Nutt—Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and (80) from Colorado. The number 498 from Camp Bowie, Ariz., is var. Cali- fornica, Watson (FI. Cal. I, p. 3), characterized by leaves being “silky- tomentose beneath and often small”.
Ciemaris Drummonpu, T. & G.—Dicecious, “silky villous beneath, sparingly hirsute on the upper surface ” (in my specimens from Cienega, Ariz., No 567, both surfaces are smoothish), leaflets ovate, deeply and acutely 3-lobed, sepals 4, lanceolate-oblong, carpels quite villous, with long and plumose styles, stem slender, grooved, and altogether much more grace- ful than C. ligusticifolia.
Ciematis aupina, Mill. var. Ocxorensis, Gray.—Subalpine ridges among timber, at 10,500 to 11,500 feet altitude. (91.)
THaLicrruM ALPINUM, L.—South Park, Colorado. At 10,000 feet. Typical specimens large. (94.) :
Traticrrum Fenpiert, Engelm.—Nevada, Arizona, Utah, Colorado in | South Park at 10,000 feet altitude. (144 and 280.)
ANEMONE MULTIFIDA, DC.—South Park, Colorado, at 9,000 to 11,000 feet altitude. (105 and 108.)
_ ANEMONE PATENS, L., var. Nurraiiana, Gray.—Mountains of Colorado, at 6,000 to 10,500 feet altitude. (107.) ANEMONE NaRcIssIFLORA, L.—Six inches to a foot high, from a fibrous
*Signs used: The degree (°) indicates feet. The minute (’) indicates inches. The second (C29) indicates lines, i. e. y4; of an inch. The hyphen means, to, i. e. 6-12’ is 6 to 12 inches. The figures in
parentheses are numbers under which the specimens were distributed. 55
56 BOTANY.
tufted root; petioles 1-4 inches long, leaves 3-5 parted, each segment lanceolate-cuneate and trifid; involucre sessile, its leaflets 3-5 cleft; car- pels tailless, compressed, oval, and glabrous. Entire plant more or less densely covered with gray hairs; flowers white. ound in America most commonly from Canada north, but growing in Colorado on alpine summits, where, according to Mr. J. M. Coulter, it has been found at an elevation of 13,500 feet. (102 a)
ANEMONE CYLINDRICA, Gray.—Willow Springs, Ariz.; rare there and probably by seme accident introduced. (247.)
Myosurus minimus, L.—Colorado; altitude, 8,000 feet and upwards; specimens much dwarfed. (169.)
Ranuncuuus aquarTiis, L., var. staGnaTiLis, DC.—Denver. Flowers almost as large as R. Purshii, Richardson, var. trichophyllus, Chaix. ‘Twin Lakes, Colo., at 9,500 feet altitude. (113 and 115.)
RanuncuLus Frammuta, L., var. REPTANS, Gray.—Colorado. (172 and 173.)
RanuncuLus HypRocHaRores, Gray. (PI. Thurb. p. 506.)—Glabrous throughout, flowering branches erect, numerous stolons branching off in all directions and rooting; lower leaves heart-shaped, and entire, or nearly so; petioles 2-3’ long, expanding and sheathing at the base; upper leaves lanceolate; peduncles about as long as the upper leaves, from opposite the axils of which they arise; sepals round, petals 3”, tapering into a claw, which has a conspicuous gland below a small sinus; stamens about 25 ; carpels 15-20, forming a head 2-3” in diameter. Willow Springs, Ariz., growing in water at a temperature of 50° Fahr. at an elevation of 7,202 feet. A most interesting species, which I believe has not hitherto been taken so far north. (217.)
Ranuncutus CympauartA, Pursh.—In Colorado grows everywhere in low moist ground, evincing, however, a marked choice for alkaline soils, but still flourishing in the freshest of snow water; altitude, 5,000 to 10,000 feet.
From Saguache, in the San Luis Valley, we have a form with an erect, stout scape, bearing three or four flowers, having thicker and larger leaves, and manifesting little or no tendency to produce stolons.
At Santa Fé, N. Mex., I collected it (10) at what I presume is the
CATALOGUE. 57
identical location from which Fendler obtained his plant, published by Dr. Gray in PI. Fendl. p. 4, as R. tridentatus, H. B. K., and this I take to be the same form as that above alluded to from San Luis Valley. In addition to the difference noted by Dr. Gray in Pl. Fendl., I find the beaks of the achenia are in my specimens more tapering than in typical 2. Cymbalaria. Collected also in California, Eastern Arizona, and Utah. (Colorado. 101.)
Ranuncutus AnpErsoni, Gray.—Belmont, Ney. (Platei, vol. vy, King’s Report.)
Ranuncutws aponeus, Gray. (Enumeration of Plants, Parry, Hall, and Harbour.)—“ Low, sparsely villous, becoming with age glabrous ; root fasci- culately fibrous; branching from base, with one to three leaves above, either erect, simple, and one-flowered, or fleshy, decumbent, and with two or more flowers; leaves twice pedately parted, segments narrowly linear, peti- oles at base with dilated scarious margins ; peduncle short; corolla golden- yellow; conspicuous petals flabelliform, twice as long as the hairy, oval sepals; scale at base adnate, small.”* Usually a strictly alpine plant. My specimens, however, were obtained as low as 6,000 feet above the sea-level.
RaNUNCULUS GLABERRIMUS, Hook. (Flor. Bor.-Am. tab. v.)}—Leaves rather lanceolate than ovate.
Ranuncutus arrinis, R. Br, var. caRpIOoPpHYLLUS, Gray. RR. cardi- ophyllus, Hook. (FI. Bor.-Am. tab. v.)—Colorado, at an elevation of 8,000 to 9,000 feet. (121 and170.) Willow Springs, Ariz., at 7,202 feet altitude. Also collected by Dr. Loew in Western New Mexico.
RanuncuLus sceLERATUS, L.—Cauline leaves, with a manifest tendency to division of the lobes; otherwise like an Eastern form. Colorado. (99, DO; 11) 416:)
Ranuncutus Pursuu, Richardson—Among my specimens are a large number with petals trifid and the scales distinctly three-lobed. Twin Lakes, Colo, at an elevation of 9,500 feet. (117.)
RaNUNCULUS HYPERBOREUS, Rottb., var. NaTans, C. A. Meyer.—Stem weak, diffusely branched, glabrous, rooting from the nodes, creeping ; leaves petioled, palmately 3—-5-cleft, 8-5’ wide, lobes ovate, obtuse, petioles 6-12” ; peduncles naked, 6-12”, often reflexed; sepals yellow, ovate, or
* When, as frequently occurs, I have been obliged to quote a specific description, it is from some imperfection in my own specimens.
58 BOTANY.
oblong, 1-2”; carpels forming a compact, globose head, style very short or wanting. Twin Lakes, Colo.; altitude, 9,500 feet. (100.)
RaANUNCULUS MACRANTHUS, Scheele.—Usually regarded as a mere variety of R. repens, L.; but I am satisfied from Mr. Watson’s showing that it is distinct, as the greater villosity, the fewer stolons, the distinctly peti- olulate leaflets, the more strictly reflexed sepals, the large flowers, and the long beaks to the carpels all indicate. Willow Springs, Ariz. ; altitude, 7,202 feet.
_ Ranuncunus recurvaTus, Poir—Style not conspicuously recurved, but in degree of hairiness, compressed achenia, relative size of sepals and petals, shape and dentition of scale, markedly corresponding with descrip- tion given by T. & G. Colorado. (162.)
CALTHA LEPTOSEPALA, DC.—A common and characteristic plant in our Colorado collection; 8,000 to 12,000 feet above the sea. (109.)
TROLLIUS Laxus, Salisb., var. ALBIFLoRUS, Gray.—One of the most conspicuous early bloomers in alpine swamps, where, when found, it is quite abundant. Associated with the preceding plant. (102.)
Aquitecia Canapensis, L.—Arizona, lava rocks south of Camp Apache. Leaves smaller than our Eastern form. (268.) Western New Mexico, at high altitude, depauperate specimens. Coll. Loew. (164 and167.) Utah.
Aquitecia ForMoSsA, Fisch.—‘ Distinguishable from the last by its elongated sepals nearly or quite equalling the spurs, and by its stouter habit, growing only on stream banks in the mountains and flowering from July to September. Nevada and Utah; ranging from the Rocky Mount- ains to Oregon and Sitka, but not found in California.”—W arson.
AQUILEGIA CHRULEA, James.—Introduced largely into cultivation, and to my mind the finest plant of the Rocky Mountains. Western New Mex- ico; altitude, 6,500 feet. Loew. Colorado; open woods; common; alti- tude, 10,000 feet. (163.) ‘Near Provo City, Utah. A reduced form of this species, with bright blue flowers, was collected at Kanab in Southern Utah, by Mrs. E. P. Thompson, in 1872. It has also recently been found in the Sierras near Mount Whitney” [Cal.]—Warson.
AQUILEGIA CHRYSANTHA, Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. 8, p. 621). <A. lep- tocera, Nutt., var. flava, Gray.—Usually, though not always, taller than
CATALOGUE. 59
the preceding. Hard to distinguish from A. cerulea by any mere descrip- tion, as they exhibit transitions at all points. The following appear to me to be the chief differences: flower, at least in Southern specimens, always golden yellow; sepals and petals nearly the same length, 1’; inflorescence paniculate, and continuing until terminated by cold weather. Common in damp ground and ravines of the mountain streams in the White Mountains and Mount Graham of Arizona. It is certainly no exaggeration to say that I have, near the Willow Springs, seen ten acres so completely covered with this plant in full bloom, that everything else was lost sight of. Ari- zona, at 7,000 to 10,200 feet altitude. (196.)
DELPHINIUM scopuLoRUM, Gray (Pl. Wright. 2, p. 9).—24° high, pu- berulent throughout; lower leaves with’ petiole 4-6’, becoming shorter above; leaves round in outline, 3—5-parted, each division narrowly cune- ate, again variously cut-lobed and toothed ; raceme slender, one foot long; pedicels hairy, twice as long as the bract at base, one or two bractlets usually immediately below flower; spur over half an inch long, thickish, hairy, slightly curved, with markedly thickened extremity and one-half longer than the puberulent sepals; lower petals nearly as long as the sepals, slightly hairy within, upper one with a somewhat shorter blade, its spur nearly as long as that of the sepal; carpels 3, smoothish. Flowers are scattered loosely along the stem at intervals (when developed) of an inch. A species as variable as it is elegant. Tanks south of Camp Apache, Ariz. (263.) Altitude, 5,625 feet.
Detrainium Menziesu, DC.—Nevada; Snake River, Colorado. Dr. Vasey informs me that the plant (No. 96) which I published in the list of Colorado plants in 1874 as D. elatum, L., var., he has found, on comparison with the specimens in the Department of Agriculture Herbarium, to be D. Menziesi.
DELPHINIUM ELATUM, L., var. ? occIDENTALIS, Watson.—Plant taller (5°) and more vigorous in every way than the others; leaves three-lobed, with each lateral lobe again divided, and all the lobes variously gashed and cut-toothed. The ample foliage, the long, hooked spur, acute sepals, the distinct spur on the lower petals, so far as they go, make the limits of this species in my collection tolerably well defined. Utah.
60 BOTANY.
Aconitum Fiscuert, Reich. (A. nasutum, Fisch., of my list of 1874.)— 2-3°, smooth below, puberulent above; petioles of lower leaves 2-4’; leaves round in outline, 3-5-parted, with each division deeply lobed or cut-toothed; flowers in a loose raceme, pedicels 4-1’, pubescent, erect; petals, conical galea, and flowers from blue to purple or even white. Grows abundantly along mountain streams in Colorado. (98.) According to Mr. Watson, “A small specimen was collected in Southern. Nevada with an unusually nar- rowed galea and long projecting beak.” Also collected in Utah.
Acrma spicata, L., var. arguTa, Torr.—F lowers absent; pedicels vary from less than a quarter to more than half an inch in length in the fully formed fruit. There is no perceptible thickening of the pedicel with age, and this I take to be the most reliable characteristic furnished by the fruit- ing specimens.
Paonia Brown, Dougl.—Nevada.
BERBERIDE.
BerRBERIS FEenpuERI, Gray (Pl. Fendler. p. 5).—Shrub 3-6 °; branches and branchlets smooth and shining, as if varnished; spines 3—5-parted; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acutish, entire, or irregularly spinulose-serrate, entirely glabrous; racemes pendulous, 1-2’, and densely flowered, somewhat longer than the leaves, which, however, vary much in size in adult condition; calyx with conspicuous red bracts, which are a little shorter than the sepals. Flowers yellow and as large as those of B. vulgaris. Unripe fruit with 2-3 seeds; blooms in May and June. I probably collected my specimens from the exact spot at which Mr. Fendler obtained his. The shrub appears to be by no means common. Santa Fé, N. Mex. (54)
BERBERIS REPENS, Lindl.—‘‘A low, somewhat procumbent shrub, less than 1°; leaflets 3-7, ovate, acute, not acuminate, 1-24’, not shiny above ; racemes few, terminating the stems, 1-14’.—Bot Reg. t. 1176. B. Aquifolium, Pursh, mainly, and of numerous authors.”—(FI. Cal. 1, p.14.) I have not seen the species.
Berseris Aquirotium, Pursh.—Common in mountain parts of Central Colorado. (57.)
Brrseris Fremont, Torr.—Leaves pinnate, with 3-4 pairs of leaflets,
CATALOGUE. 61
the lowest pair of which is situated uniformly close to the insertion of the petiole ; leaflets ovate, repand, spiny-dentate (In my specimens from Southern Utah, the leaflets are hardly half an inch long. Torrey, how- ever, in Bot. Mex. Bound. p. 31, states that the leaflets are from 1-24’.) Racemes erect, 5—7-flowered, longer than the leaves; pedicels over half an inch long; flowers golden yellow, half an inch in diameter; filaments inap- pendiculate; berries large as currants. Its nearest affinity is with B. trifoliata, but it has more leaflets, longer racemes, and blue instead of red fruit. Arizona.
PAPAVERACEZ.
ArGEMONE Mexicana, L., var. nisprpA, Torr. (A. hispida, Gray, PI. Fendl. p. 5.)—Santa Fé, N. Mex., where it quite covers the vacant lots on the outskirts of the town. Collected also in Utah.
CoryDALIs AuREA, Willd., var. occrpeNnTALIS, Engelm.—Like our East- ern form of C. aurea, except that it has a longer spur, erect pods, and lenticular seeds with acute margins. Apparently this is the more common form from Colorado south along the main mountain axis. Sierra Blanca, Arizona, at 9,000 feet altitude (813); Nevada, Prof. Loew; Santa Fé, N. Mex. (55); and Colorado.
CRUCIFERZ.
CuerrRANTHUS Menziesn, Benth. & Hook.—Carlin, Nev.
NaAsTuRTIUM sInuATUM, Nutt—(618.) From San Luis Valley, on the alkaline flats; leaves absolutely coriaceous, though beautifully and regu- larly pinnatifid ; (625) is from Apex, Colorado; like the other, though with much thinner leaves; (123) is from New Mexico, as is also (99), but which has quite acute tips to the lobes of the leaves: has also been collected by the Expedition in Nevada..
Nasturtium optusum, Nutt.—Twin Lakes, Colorado. (617.)
NASTURTIUM PALUSTRE, DC.—Twin Lakes, Colorado. (627.)
Nasturtium PALUSTRE, DC., var. nisprpuM, Gray.—San Luis Valley, Colorado. (626.)
ARABIS PERFOLIATA, Lam. (Turritis glabra, L.)—In the enumeration of
62 BOTANY.
1874, I had regarded this as an unusual form of A. hirsuta. Twin Lakes, Colorado. (650)
Arasis Drummonpu, Gray.—South Park, Colorado. (655.)
Arasis Hotspai~itu, Hornem.—Common and variable. Colorado and Nevada.
CaRDAMINE CORDIFOLIA, Gray.—1-2°. Generally erect, from a fibrous root, which not unfrequently is in the water; leaves all petioled, cordate in outline, irregularly repand-dentate or sinuate, sparingly ciliate; siliques erect, twice as long as the pedicels. Common in Colorado at 10,000 feet altitude, in swamps and mountain streams. (608, 609, 610.)
Vesicaria Lupoviciana, DC.—Hoary throughout, with a stellate pubescence, erect, 6-10’ high, usually branching; root-leaves spatulate ; stem-leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, all obtuse; flowers yellow; petals obovate, one-half longer than the sepals; pods oval, somewhat inflated, rather shorter than the style; pedicels 6-9” long. Colorado. (641.)
VESICARIA MONTANA, Gray.—Colorado. (647.) By some oversight, I transposed the labels of these two species in distribution of the collection of 1873.
PaysaRIaA DIDYMOcARPA, Gray.—Alpine and sub-alpine in Colorado. (642, 648.) The Expedition has it also from Nevada and Utah.
Drapa ALpina, L.—A very attractive little perennial found in Colorado at 10,000 to 13,500 feet altitude; its favorite habitat being above timber line. (646.)
Drapa AureA, Vahl.—Pubescent, erect; stem usually quite leafy; leaves lanceolate, acute, entire or sub-entire; siliques lanceolate, acute, nearly twice as long as the pedicels, hairy and more or less twisted; style $’’ long; petals yellow. A very variable species, of extended range. The Expedi- tion has it from Colorado, New Mexico (Loew 683 and 634); and from the higher mountains of Arizona, the var. stylosa of Gray (1111).
Drapa streprocarPa, Gray.—Alpine in Colorado, along with aurea. My specimens furnish a singular example of transposition of characters usually reliable in distinguishing between these species; 7. e., aurea and streptocarpa. The specimens which have the fruit most characteristic of streptocarpa are in other respects most like (generally including length of
CATALOGUE. 63
style also) aurea. I must, however, say that the fruit is in no instance so much twisted as in the original specimens on which streptocarpa was founded. That differences sufficient to constitute distinct species exist between the extreme forms, no one will probably deny. It is equally certain that they shade into each other until at times all tests are doubtful and justify a place under either name. In this instance, I have named as streptocarpa all speci- mens having leaves ‘beset and especially ciliate, with long and rigid, shaggy, spreading, simple or simply forked hairs, far more bristly than in D. aurea, and with no fine stellular pubescence intermixed.” I rely more on this character in deciding between interloping specimens than on any other.
Draza incana, L., var. conrusa, Hook.—I have from Colorado (num- ber mislaid) a plant similar to herbarium specimens that are authentically named, and that bear the above name.
Drasa montana, Watson.—‘Annual, hoary-villous, with simple or branching rigid hairs, rather stout, erect, simple or sparingly branched from near the base, becoming a span high or less; leaves rosulate and rather crowded at and above the base of the stem, oblanceolate and oblong- lanceolate, acutish, sparingly toothed, half an inch long or less; flowers small, the yellow or yellowish petals 1-14” long, exceeding the sepals; pods linear-oblong, obtusish, roughly puberulent, about 4” long, nearly erect, upon the spreading pedicels, which are 2” or 3” long; style none.— Collected in Colorado by Hall and Harbour, without number; in South Park by Wolf (637), and near Empire by Rev. E. L. Greene. It is distin- guished from D. nemorosa by its stouter and less branching habit and its more erect pods on stouter pedicels, and from D. stenoloba by its stouter habit, greater pubescence, and somewhat broader and obtuser pods.”—Warson, MS.
Drasa nemorosa, L., var. LUTEA, Gray.—Georgetown, Colo. Stems less leafy and pedicels shorter. (628.)
Numbers 635 and 636 of the Colorado collection I had named D. nemorosa, L., var. crassifolia, Watson, from the resemblance to Draba crassi- folia, Graham, in Hall and Harbour’s 1862 collection. Brewer and Watson (Fl. Cal. 1, p. 28) speak of this, however, as having a naked and scape- like stem, whereas my specimens are leafy. I therefore leave them simply under D. nemorosa, L.
64 BOTANY.
SISYMBRIUM CANESCENS, Nutt.—Colorado and Nevada. From Ash Creek, Arizona, I have specimens (306) that are an enigma to me; the very sharp cut to the leaves, the great glandular-hairiness, the linear pods, and filiform pedicels almost tempt me to call it anew species It does not appear to be either incisum of Engelman or auriculatum or diffusum of Gray.
SisyMBriuM inctsuM, Engelm. (Pl. Fend. p.8). (8 Californicum, Wat- son, in King’s Report )—Nevada and Utah.
SisyMBRIUM virGatTum, Nutt.—“ 6-12’ high; stems simple or branched from the base (or sometimes branched above), slender, covered below with an ashy, simple, or forked pubescence; leaves tomentose pubescent; those of the root petioled, lanceolate-oblong, and sinuate-dentate; stem leaves sessile, lanceolate, auriculate, and clasping at base, entire, denticulate, or slightly wavy-margined, 6-8” long; flowers pale purple, 2” in diameter ; stigma almost sessile; pods 1-14’ long, and 3-4 times exceeding the slender pedicels; seeds 4-angled, ‘in a double series’” (605, 606, 652.) South Park and Twin Lakes, Colorado.
SMELOWSKIA CALYCINA, Meyer.—Alpine regions of Colorado. (601.)
ERysIMUM CHEIRANTHOIDES, L.—Twin Lakes, Colorado, 9,000 feet altitude. (651.)
ERYsIMUM ASPERUM, DC.—Nevada and Utah.
Erysimum AsPperuM, DC., var. ARKAnsANUM, Nutt—Central Colorado. (593, 596, 599, 640.)
Erysimum asperuM, DC., var. pumituM, Watson.—Biue River. (594.)
Erysimum WHEELERI, sp. 10v.—3-5° high, erect, unbranched, sparsely covered with closely appressed hairs, which are fixed by the middle (very rarely forked), never 4-parted; root-leaves, including petiole, into which they gradually taper, 2-4’ long, narrowly lance-linear, entire or sub-entire; stem-leaves narrowly lanceolate, sessile, 1-24’ long, entire; pedicels (in fruit) 4-3’ long; mature pods erect, 1-2’ long (in younger pods there are distinct ribs between the angles), canescent; stigma two- lobed, style evident; seeds attached to each side of cell; cotyledons obliquely incumbent; petals varying from yellow to scarlet, twice as long as sepals, claw 4’ long, nearly filiform, lamina obovate, little over 4’ long.
CATALOGUE. 65
This is a strikingly showy plant; stem rises gracefully to a height of 5 feet often, and is crowned with a cluster of scarlet mottled flowers.
The lax, scattering arrangement of the leaves is in striking contrast to the usually more crowded arrangement in EH. asperum. Judging from the description in Flora of North Am. T. & G. p. 95, I should think its nearest affinity would be £. elatum, Nutt. MSS. Still it appears distinct from this, all the more probably so, as the only points at which it was taken were Camp Grant, Ariz., and Mount Graham, near by, but 5,000 feet higher, where it had developed some local peculiarities without bring- ing it any nearer known species. The stem of the mountain plant was more light, airy, leaves smaller and more numerous, and pods longer, but with essentially the habit of the same species at the foot of the mountain.
I am loth to name a new Erysimum, for reasons which are apparent to all who have studied the genus. Still, this seems too well marked a species to pass it by.
THELYPODIUM INTEGRIFOLIUM, Endl—South Park, Colorado (645.) Nevada and Utah.
THELYPODIUM LINEARIFOLIUM, Gray.—Very smooth, 3°; leaves few, linear or linear-lanceolate, sessile, 2-3’ long, 2-3” wide, slightly glaucous; petals purplish, with claws twice as long as the sepals; style very short; seeds immarginate, oblong. (154.) Pescao, N. Mex.
THELypopium sacirratum, Endl.—Carlin, Nev.
THELYPODIUM LONGIFoLIUM, Watson. (AStreptanthus micranthus, Gray, Pl. Fendl. p. 6.)—Stem slender, 2°, roughish below, glabrous above; flow- ers 1-2” long; leaves hirsute, somewhat toothed, or lower leaves distinctly dentate; pods erect or pendulous, terete. Sanoita Valley, Arizona. (610.) Altitude, 6,500 feet.
Turetypopium WricuTu, Gray (Pl. Fendl. p. 7).—Biennial?, 2-3° high; smoothish leaves, narrowly lanceolate ; lower ones pinnatifid, deeply dentate or even sub-entire ; upper ones sub-entire or entire. All tapering into petioles, upper ones 2” wide, 1-24’ long; pedicels in fruit 4—#' long, spreading. Pods erect, or nearly so, 14-23’ long, filiform. Petals white, clawed, a little longer than the sepals. The aspect of the plant is peculiar
from its densely spicate flowers, leaving a mass of long, thread-like pods at 5 BOT
66 BOTANY.
the summit of the stem. There is great variation in the degree to which the leaves are cut or toothed and in the hairiness of the entire plant. Camp Grant, Ariz., at 4,753 feet altitude. (363.)
CAMELINA SATIVA, Crantz.—Introduced in Colorado.
‘‘TROPIDOCARPUM * GRACILE, Hook.—Stems weak, 2 feet high or less; leaves pinnatifid or rarely 2-pinnatifid, with narrow, or linear segments ;
O11
flowers in the axils of the upper bract-like leaves; petals 13-3” long, nearly twice longer than the obtuse sepals; pods 6-20’ long, more than a line broad, pointed at both ends, ascending or slender spreading pedicels 10-20” long. San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.” I have not a specimen acces- sible, and therefore have been obliged to quote generic and specific descrip- tion from Fl. Cal. 1, p. 44.
CAULANTHUS CRASSICAULIS, Watson.—Frequently called Wild Cabbage, and used as a substitute for the better article. Nevada.
LepipiuM INTERMEDIUM, Gray—The usual apetalous Western form. Boulder, Colo., Loew and Wolf. (597.)
Lxpipium atyssomes, Gray. (Pl. Fendl. p. 10.)—Keasby, collector. Peoria Creek, New Mexico.
Lepipium mMontanum, Nutt.—Old Camp Goodwin, Ariz. (341.) 3,000 feet altitude. San Luis Valley, Colorado. (624.)
Lepipium Fremonti, Watson?—Probably this species. Specimen too young. Collected by Dr. Loew in Nevada. (King’s Report, vol. v, plate iv.)
Lepripium nanum, Watson. (King’s Report, vol. v, plate iv.)—Halleck Station, Nev.
THLASPI ALPESTRE, L. (?)—I have no sufficient means of comparing this with the European plant, but accept Mr. Watson’s determination. Exceedingly variable. Common in alpine and sub-alpine regions of Cen- tral Colorado. (607.)
Biscuretyat (Dirnyraa) Wistizent, Engelm.—A foot or more high,
*«“ TRopmocaRPUM, Hook.—Pod linear, flattened laterally, often one celled by the disappearance of the narrow partition; valvescarinate, l-nerved. Seeds in two rows, minute, flattened, not winged ; cotyledons incumbent. Style short.—A low, slender, hirsute, branching annual, with pinnately divided leaves, and yellow solitary axillary flowers.” f
+ BiscureLia, L.—Sepals nearly equal. Silique dehiscent, very flat, divided into lateral ovate halves, each of which is surrounded by acord-like margin. Lach cell contains a single immarginate seed. Herbs, usually erect, branching and hispid; leaves more or less pinnatifid; flowers bractless, yellow.
CATALOGUE. 67
covered throughout with a fine, but dense, stellate pubescence; leaves linear- lanceolate to broadly lanceolate, entire, slightly undulate or deeply pin- natifid; pedicels 8-8” long and in fruit most frequently spreading or deflexed; each half of the pod roundish, from 1-8” in diameter; style 4” long; sepals hairy outside, nearly as long as the petals. New Mexico, from Zuni River, near, I think, the location of the first discovery of the plant. Also obtained in Arizona.
CAPPARIDE.
CLeoME AuREA, Nutt.—Boulder, Colo., 1873. Loew.
Cieome Lutes, Hook.—Much like C. aurea, except that the stamens are unequal and unlike; of the six, two are longer, with small, curved anthers, and four are shorter, with mucronate anthers. The figure (tab. xxv in Hook. Fl. Br. Am.) shows by mistake two short and four long anthers. Nevada. .
CieomE Sonor, Gray.—Annual, glabrous, erect; leaves trifoliate, with short petioles; leaflets entire, linear; pod turgid, somewhat longer than the stipe, which is about 4-4 as long as the pedicel; flowers purplish. Anthers 6, linear. San Luis Valley, Colorado. - (761.)
CLEOME INTEGRIFOLIA, T. & G.—Utah.
CLEOMELLA PARVIFLORA, Gray.—Nevada.
CLEOMELLA LONGIPES, Torr.—Loew. (180.) No locality assigned ; probably from Arizona.
CLEOMELLA OBTUSIFOLIA, Torr. & Frem—‘ Branching from the base and diffuse; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtuse; style filiform. Annual, stem smooth, the branches spreading, about a span long, hairy in the axils. Leaves or petioles an inch or more in length; the lamina of the leaflets 4— 6” long, apiculate with a deciduous bristle, nearly smooth above, strigose underneath. Pedicels solitary and axillary, in the upper part of the branches, longer than the petioles. Calyx much shorter than the corolla, the sepals lacerately 3-5-toothed. Petals yellow, oblong lanceolate, obtuse, about 3’ in length. Stamens 6, unequal, a little exserted; anthers linear- oblong, recurved when old. ‘Torus hemispherical. Ovary on a long slender
68 BOTANY.
stipe, obovate; style longer than the ovary.”—(Torr. Fremont’s Report, p- 311.) Nevada.
PoLANISIA UNIGLANDULOSA, DC.—Loew. New Mexico.
PowanisiA GRAVEOLENS, Raf—Upper Arkansas Valley, Colorado (760); also New Mexico.
VIOLACE.
Viota Canapensis, L.—Western New Mexico, Valle Grande, Loew, 1873, and Apex, Colorado. (77 and 78.)
Vioua canina, L.—Colorado and Nevada. (75.)
Vioua cucuLuata, Ait—Western New Mexico, at 6,500 feet altitude.
Vioua Nurrauiu, Pursh—Colorado, near Denver. (76.) Nevada.
BIXINEA.
Amorevuxta* ScHEIDEANA, Planch. (Pl. Wright. 1, tab. 3, and 2, tab. 12).—Glabrous or nearly so, 1° high, leaves on long petioles, orbicular in outline, 7-9-parted, with the lobes obovate, cuneate at base and sharply serrate toward the top; capsule 1’ long and nearly as broad, moderately inflated ; seeds curved and minutely roughened with short, scattering hairs ; flowers deep orange, with brownish markings in the centre. Sanoita Valley, Arizona. Altitude, 5,500 feet. (647 and 640 )
POLYGALE.
Poty@aLa aLBa, Nutt—Perennial, with several slender virgate stems ascending from the same root, smoothish, 1° high; leaves linear to oblan- ceolate, sessile or barely petioled, margins slightly revolute ; stem leafy half way to the summit; flowers deciduous, leaving the rachis roughened after their fall, white; wings of the calyx rounded, about as long as the corolla; seed with caruncle extended into two ear-like lobes nearly as long as the seed. Willow Spring, Ariz. Altitude, 7,195 feet. (207.)
* AMorEUXIA, Moe. et Sess. in DC. Prod. ii, p. 638—Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 5, imbri- cated, deciduous. Petals 5, large, contorted-imbricated. Stamens many, inserted upon the glandless receptacle; anthers linear, bivalved, with short confluent lines of dehiscence under the apex. Ovary perfectly 3-celled ; placentas united in the centre, ovules many ; style simple, stigma minutely denticu- late; endocarp membranous, separating into 3 valves alternating with those of the epicarp. Seeds obo- void, straight or incurved, smooth, testa bony, surrounded by a loose exterior membrane; cotyledons broad, curved, or with an incurved hook.—BeNTHAM & Hooker.
CATALOGUE. 69
PoLyGALA PUBERULA, Gray (Pl. Wright. 1, p. 40).—Perennial, with several erect or sub-erect stems from the same root, covered with a very soft, short, ash-colored pubescence; leaves with very short petioles, ovate, lance-ovate, or lanceolate, obtuse, but slightly mucronate, leafy to the raceme, which is lax and somewhat elongated ; flowers and fruit pendulous; keel naked; wings ovate or obovate, and very slightly ciliolate ; pods oval, ciliate, and covered with a very soft down when young; when older, hairi- ness is limited to the thickened margin. Floral envelopes are deciduous, leaving the pod naked. An interesting, though variable species. (312.) Ash Creek, Arizona. (504 and 459.) Camp Bowie, Ariz.
Monnina* Wricutn, Gray (Pl. Wright 2, p. 31).—Annual, erect, smooth; leaves narrowly lanceolate, acutish, entire, with a petiole 4” long ; raceme terminal, or secondary racemes coming out of the axils; fruit and flowers on pedicels 5-1” long, deflexed; flowers 1-2” long, greenish, with distinct purple blotching; fruit 2 in diameter, winged, on one side much larger than on the other. (622.) Sanoita Valley, Arizona.
KRAMERIA PARVIFOLIA, Benth —Cienega, Ariz. (572.) Nevada.
FRANKENIACEZE.
FRANKENIAT GRANDIFOLIA, Cham. et Schlecht—Stem usually prostrate, 6-12’ long, woody or hard at base; leaves 6” long, cuneiform, mucronate ; margins slightly revolute, thickish, under the lens hairy and ciliate at the base, connected at their insertion by a hairy, stipular membrane. Southern
* Monnina, Ruiz. et Pav.—Sepals unequal, 2 interior large, petaloid and wing-like. Petals dy keel concave-galeate, entire or broadly 3-lobed (from the two exterior petals being united with the keel ?), free; 2 interior shorter, sub-connivent, variously shaped, inserted upon the stamineal tube. Stamens 8, united in a sheath ; anthers 1-2-celled, opening introrsely by an oblique apicular foramen. Ovary 1-2- celled; style incurved; stigma two-lobed at the apex. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-seeded, either drupaceous, or dry and wingless, or margined with a membranous wing. Seeds estrophiolate, glabrous; albumen almost none; cotyledons thickish. Herbs, shrubs, or small trees. Leavesalternate or scattered. Raceme spike-like, terminal, lateral, or occasionally axillary.— BENTH. & Hook.
+ FRANKENIA, Linn.—Calyx tubular or prismatic, furrowed; the 4 or 5 lobes valvate and indupli- cate in the bud. Petals 4 or 5, hypogynous; the blade tapering into a claw, which bears an appendage (crown) on its inner face. Stamens 4-7 or rarely more, hypogynous. Ovary I-celled, with 2-4, few- to several-ovuled parietal placentw; style 2-4-cleft into filiform divisions; stigmas unilateral. Capsule included in the persistent calyx, 2-4-valved ; the few or several seeds attached by filiform stalks to margin of the valves. Leaves small, mostly crowded and also fascicled in the axils, sessile or nearly so, the pair often united by a membranous, somewhat sheathing base; flowers small, perfect, solitary and sessile in the forks of the stem, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming cymose-clus- tered on the branches; corolla pink or purplish.—F. Cal. i, p. 60.
70 BOTANY.
Nevada, of which form Mr. Watson remarks, ‘“‘ Nearly glabrous, with some stiff hairs upon the stipules and traces of pubescence upon the stem and capsules. The leaves are intermediate between the ordinary form of Cali- fornia, with mostly obovate leaves, and those of the recently described species (F. Jamesii, Torr.; Gray in Proc. Amer. Acad. 8, 622). Colorado and Texas.”
CARYOPHYLLEA.
Saponaria VaccariA, Host.—Introduced about the Mormon settlements in Utah.
SILENE acauLis, L.—Utah, Colorado, among the mountains at 11,500 feet altitude and upward. (862.)
Strene Menzies, Hook.—Twin Lakes, Colorado. (355.)
Sitene Greeou, Gray (Pl. Wright. 2, p. 17). (Melandrium Greggii, Rohr.)—More or less viscidly pubescent; two or three erect stems from the same perennial root ; lower leaves lance-ovate or obovate, shorter than the upper, which are lanceolate to ovate, sessile or tapering into very short petioles, 14-2’ long; calyx-lobes obtuse, or acute, sometimes with scarious margins; lamina of petals crimson, divided into 4 lobes, of which the lateral are the shorter, corona 2-parted, truncate, with the lobes slightly erose- dentate. Stamens exserted. Mount Graham, 7,000 to 9,500 feet altitude. (420, 734.) Also collected by Dr. Loew on the mountains of Arizona. This species Mr. Watson considers a variety of WS. laciniata, probably correctly.
Sirene Scoutert, Hook.—Stem erect, smooth below and _ slightly glandular-pubescent above; leaves narrowly lanceolate, tapering very gradually to the base, lowest 6’ long, upper ones shorter; racemes sub- compound, 7. e., two or three flowers coming off at the same point of the stem. Calyx about as long as the pedicel, lobes acute, with scarious, ciliate margins; petals white or flesh-colored, claws with acute auricles, filaments woolly, ciliate; capsule three times longer than the stipe. Mount Graham, Arizona, at 9,000 feet altitude. (739.)
Lycunis APETALA, L.—Colorado.
Lycuxis Drummonpu, Watson.—South Park, Colorado. (863.)
Crerastium vuLtGatum, L.—Colorado. (352.)
CATALOGUE. 71
CERASTIUM NUTANS, Raf—Sierra Blanca, Arizona, at 9,000 feet altitude (803), and Mount Graham (403).
CERASTIUM ARVENSE, L.—South Park and Blue River, Colorado. (348, 350, 351, 353.)
_ STELLARIA JAMesu, Torr.—Colorado (339), Nevada, and Utah.
STELLARIA LONGIPES, Goldie —Colorado. (338, 340.) The plant (340) from Colorado, which I published and distributed as S. longifolia, is without doubt S. longipes.
STELLARIA CRASsIFOLIA, Ehrhart.—Nevada.
ARENARIA SAXOSA, Gray (Pl. Wright. 2, p. 18).—Perennial, 5-12’ high, slightly hispid-pubescent; leaves sessile (lower ones sub-connate at base), lanceolate acute, 6’’ long, 1-2’’ wide; raceme many-flowered, some- what cymose, pedicels 4-3’ long; sepals very acute, somewhat scarious- margined, with a distinct, almost keel-like midrib, which is decidedly hispid; the obovate white petals as long as, or a little longer than, the sepals. (412.) Mount Graham, Arizona, at 9,000 feet altitude.
My specimens appear decidedly more luxuriant than those on which the species was founded. The distinctive features are so well marked, however, that I can hardly consider it as anything else.
ARENARIA CAPILLARIS, Poir —Utah.
ARENARIA FENDLERI, Gray (PI. Fendl. p. 13)—South Park, Colo- rado (349), and near Cosino Caves, Arizona, in pine woods. Loew, col- lector.
ARENARIA Fenpiert, Gray, var. susconcesta, Watson—Twin Lakes, Colorado, 11,000 feet altitude (868); Utah.
ARENARIA VERNA, L.—Mosquito Pass, Colorado. (345.)
Var. nirTa, Fenzl—More densely ceespitose than the typical A. verna; leaves broader, rougher, and obtuse; flowering stems shorter. South Park, Colorado. (3846.)
ArenariA (ALSINE) BIFLORA, Wahl—Under this I include all the numbers 364, 343, 344, representing respectively the names A. arctica, Stev., var. obtusa, A alpina, L., A Rossii, R. Br., of the catalogues of the Colorado collection. It was by a clear inadvertency that the name A alpina, L., was used at all, as it does not, so far as I can find, appear any-
M2 BOTANY.
where as a species of Linneus’s. I also include the same name in Porter’s and Coulter’s Flora of Colorado.
Ceespitose, more or less woody at the base, forming either a compact mass, or sometimes with the stems more lax and lengthened; leaves some- times obscurely three-nerved, narrowly linear, more or less roughened ; peduncles pubescent; petals longer than the obtuse sepals.
ARENARIA LATERIFLORA, L.—T'win Lakes, Colorado. (347.)
Sacina Liynzt, Presl.—Colorado. (341, 342.)
Drymaria* EFFUSA, Gray (Pl. Wright. 2, p. 19).—Annual, smooth; root-leaves ovate, short-petioled, 2’ in diameter; lower internode 2’ long; stem-leaves linear-setaceous, 4-8’’ long; dichotomously branched above ; pedicels very slightly glandular pubescent, twice as long as the flower; sepals obtuse, with scarious margins ; petals quite narrow, deeply two-lobed, and a little longer than the sepals. The whole plant is hardly three inches high. (619.) Sanoita Valley, Arizona, at 6,500 feet altitude. Found, so far as I have seen, only among the oak trees and on a gravelly soil.
PORTULACACEA.
PortuLaca oLeRAcEA, L. ? ?—The specimens from Colorado (989) are all too old to determine with certainty.
PortuLaca LANcEoLATA, Engelm.?—Arizona. Poor specimens. Chi- ricahua, Southern Arizona, growing on dry sandstone rocks. (521.)
TaLinum auRANTIAcUM, Engelm.—Herbaceous, with a woody base, 1-2° high, erect or sometimes branching from the base, glabrous or with a few spreading hairs; leaves lanceolate, thickish, sessile, 1-2’ long; peduncles with two small bracts, 4-5’ long, articulated above the base; flowers orange-colored, single in the axils, somewhat reflexed in fruit ; sepals 4-5’ long; petals somewhat longer; mature seeds black, elegantly marked with strong circular lines, and with others less strong, but trans- verse to them. (346.) Cottonwood, Ariz., in rocky places.
*Drymantra, Willd.—Sepals 5, herbacecus or with scarious margins. Petals 5, 2-6-cleft. Stamens 5, or fewer by abortion, somewhat perigynous. Ovary 1-celled, with many ovules; style 3-cleft. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds roundish kidney-shaped, or laterally compressed, hilum lateral; embryo peripheral. Diffuse or rarely erect herbs, branching dichotomously. Leaves flat, broad or narrow. Stipules small, often fugacious. Flowers pedicellate, solitary in the forks, or often in terminal cymes or axillary and scattering.—BENTHAM & HOOKER.
CATALOGUE. Cs
TaLinuM AuRANTIACUM, Engelm., var. ancusTissimuM, Gray.—Similar to the above, except that the leaves are linear, the articulation of the peduncle often nearer the axil, sepals approaching the orange color of the corolla, and the plant usually lower, averaging 8’ in height. (538.) Rocky ledges at Chiricahua Agency, Arizona.
Tauinum patens, Willd.?—1-2° high, glaucous; leaves broadly lanceo- late, thin, entire; flowers purple, in bud twice longer than the obtuse sepals; inflorescence loose, panicled along the slender branches; seeds not mature enough to certainly identify the specimen. (522.) Chiricahua Agency, Arizona, on rocky ledges, along with T. awrantiacum var. angus- tissimum.
CaLANDRINIA* pyGMa&a, Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. viii, p. 623). (Tali- num pygmeum, Gray.)—Colorado. (73.)
Ciaytonia artTica, Adams, var. MEGARHIZA, Gray.—High mountains of Colorado; strictly alpine. The large root penetrates a foot or more among the rocks. (74.)
Craytonia Cuamissonts, Esch. & Ledeb.—Seeds evenly and beautifully roughened with minute scale-like markings. I find no allusion under description of this species to the markings of the seed, nor have I any ripe seed in other authentically determined specimens of the species, but in all the other characteristics my plant is so like the broader-leaved form, No. 84, of Hall and Harbour, that I cannot doubt the specific identity of the two. (219.) Willow Spring, Ariz.; altitude, 7,195 feet. Found growing luxuriantly in spring water the temperature of which was 52° Fahrenheit.
CuayTonta CarouiniAna, Michx., var sessitirouia, Torr. (C. lanceolata, Pursh.)—Nevada.
Lewisia REDIvivA, Pursh.—Nevada.
ELATINEA.
Exatine Americana, Arn.—Twin Lakes, San Luis Valley, and Rio Grande at Loma, Colo. (775, 776.)
*CALANDRINIA, H. B. K.—Differs from Talinum, Adans., chiefly in having persistent sepals and estrophiolate seeds.
74 BOTANY.
TAMARISCINE.
FouquiERA* SPLENDENS, Engelm.—Shrub 5-15° high, spiny, with clusters of leaflets in the axils of the spines (the larger primary leaves being seldom seen); flowers in a strict or a thyrsoid panicle, bright scarlet, 1’ long. A most remarkable looking plant (standing usually out on an open sun-exposed slope), with its strict, striated, almost leafless stem crowned by a mass of beautiful scarlet flowers.
HYPERICINE &. Hypericum Scouteri, Hook.—Utah, Arizona. (210, 384.) MALVACEZ.
SIALCEA CANDIDA, Gray.—Collected by Mr. Hance, but neither num- ber nor locality given. Probably from New Mexico or Arizona.
SIDALCEA MALV@FLORA, Gray.—A somewhat variable and widely diffused species. The Expedition has it from Colorado to Southern Arizona and New Mexico and west to Southern California. (14.)
MatvastruM coccinEuM, Gray.—Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Utah. The var. dissectum, Gray, we have also from Utah and New Mexico. So far as my specimens go, the variety seems to evince a marked liking for the more dry and sandy regions .
Matyasrrum Munroanum, Gray.—Not unlikely that this and Spheral- cea Emory, 'Torr., are the same, as according to Mr. Watson’s showing the two correspond in all respects, save that the latter usually has two seeds to the carpel. It sometimes has but one, and then the distinction vanishes. Mineral Hill, Nev.
Anopaf HAsTATA, Cav., var. DEPAUPERATA, Gray (Pl. Wright. 2, p. 23).—
* Fouquiera, H. B. K.—Sepals 5, free. Petals united into a tube; the lobes of the limb imbricated, spreading. Stamens 10-15, hypogynous, exserted; filaments thickened at base. Ovary imperfectly 3-celled ; placentw about 6-ovuled ; styles 3, lopg, somewhat united. Seeds 3 to 6, oblong, flattened, surrounded by a dense fringe of long white hairs or by a membranous wing.—Shrubs or small trees, with soft fragile wood, smooth ; the branches alternately spinose-tubercled, and with single or fascicled thick entire leaves in the axils; flowers brilliant crimson, in terminal spikes or panicles.—Flora Cal. 1, p. 79.
+ ANopA, Cav.—Bracteoles none. Calyx 5-cleft. Stamineal column divided at the apex into many filaments. Cells of the ovary many, 1-ovuled, branches of style as many as the cells of the ovary, filiform, capitate, or truncate-stigmatose at the apex. Mature carpels forming a broad starlike verticil [from the outwardly projecting spurs]; separating from the axis, erostrate, dissepiments obliterated.— Seed pendulous, or fixed horizontally: Hispid or emoothish herbs with the habit of Malva. Leaves entire, hastately 3-lobed, or rarely dissected. Flowers violet or yellow, pedunculate, axillary, or in a ferminal raceme.—BENTHAM & HOOKER.
CATALOGUE. 75
Annual, stem erect, smoothish, or with a few scattering hairs; lower leaves small, roundish, crenate ; stem-leaves long, petioled, thin, irregularly deeply cleft or strongly halbert-shaped; flowers axillary, sky-blue, $—?' in diam- eter (apparently resembling A. parviflora, Cav.). Calyx-lobes twice as long as the tube and distinctly bristly hirsute. Much against. my will, I am obliged to retain this still as a variety, there being, so far as I can dis- ~ cover, little deviation from the typical form save in the size of the flowers. Camp Crittenden, Southern Arizona, at 5,200 feet altitude. (666.)
Var. PARVIFLORA, Gray.—A low annual, 3-6’ high, with a few ovate, crenate leaves on long petioles, was collected by Dr. Loew at some locality in Arizona. (165 a.)
SIDA HEDEREACEA, Torr. (in Pl. Fendl.p.23)—Loew. New Mexico, Utah.
Sipa Lepipota, Gray (Pl. Wright. 1, p. 18)—A much-branching, prostrate species, from a descending root; leaves petioled, triangular- cordate or somewhat hastate (quite variable), at first densely covered with a stellate pubescence below and seurfy above; peduncles axillary, bearing a single purple flower 8” in diameter. Carpels with a short, obtuse beak. Deer Spring, Ariz., 6,000 feet altitude. (188.)
Sipa Fitirormis, Moric. var—Stems thin, wire-like, procumbent or ascending, with long white hairs scattered along the stem and on the calyx; petioles 3-1’ long; leaves 6-12” long, lanceolate to oval, usually crenately serrate and more or less densely covered on either side with a short, stellate pubescence; calyx angular, lobes acuminate, nearly as long as the yellow petals; carpels moderately beaked. (665.) Sanoita Valley, Arizona. From Camp Bowie, I have a form which is much more hairy, has leaves larger in all respects, and almost beakless carpels. (470.) I have a full suite of specimens, and am unable to connect these forms. Hence, I believe they will, as we know them better, be regarded as distinct.
SPHERALCEA ACERIFOLIA, Nutt.—“ Minutely roughish-tomentose, with a stellate pubescence; leaves 5-lobed, somewhat cordate; the lobes acute, toothed, unequally serrate; peduncles aggregated, terminal; carpels 12-14, pointless—Stem much branched. Leaves 2-24’ long, and about the same in width: petioles about 4 of the length of the lamina. Flowers 5-4 together at the summit of the branches. Bracteoles linear-lanceolate.
76 BOTANY.
Calyx cleft to the middle, segments broadly ovate, acute. Corolla an inch in diameter; purple (in dried specimens). Carpels pilose, dehiscing on the back from the summit to the base."—(T. & G.) Utah.
SpH@®RALCEA FENnDLERI, Gray. Utah. Taller, more branching, with larger leaves, and beaked carpels.
San Francisco Mountains, Arizona and
New Mexico.—Forming a transition in some of its forms into the next. S. incana vay. dissecta, Gray, now comes here.
SPHHRALCEA ANGUSTIFOLIA, Spach, “var. foliis lanceolatis, inferioribus nunc hastato-sub-trilobatis,” Gray.—Sanoita Valley, Arizona. (634.) The plant is erect, somewhat branching at the top; flowers arranged in con- tracted racemose panicles on the ends of the branches; leaves with the characteristic, eroded margins. A showy plant. My specimens were found growing in dry lava soil. (Those of Wright came from alluvial soil.)
SpHmratceaA Emory, Torr. (Pl. Wright. 1, p. 21).—Nevada and New Mexico. In Benth. and Hook. Genera Plantarum, we find Malvas- trum and Spheralcea in different sub tribes and separated by eleven inter- polated genera, yet considering the habit of Spheralcea incana, var. dissecta, and the resemblance between S. Hmoryi and Malvastrum Munroanun, coupled with the broader generalization of Bentham and Hooker under head of Spheralcea, as to the resemblance in habit, it may well be doubted as to whether the genera should not (in part at least) be thrown together. Colorado, New Mexico.
Hipziscus DENUDATUS, Benth. (Bot. Voy. Sulph. p. 7, tab. 3). (f. mmvolu- cellatus, Gray, Pl. Wright. 1, p. 22.)—One or two feet high, with a few long, thin branches; leaves distant, 1-2’ long, $—3?’ wide, obtuse, irregularly crenate serrate, petioles 3-6” long; petals light purple, 8-10” long; bracts of the involucel setaceous, 9’ long ; entire plant, except the flower, densely covered with a stellate pubescence. (562.) Cienega, Ariz. (near Tucson).
‘THURBERIA* THESPESIOIDES, Gray (Pl. Nov. Thurb. p. 308).—Perennial,
*TouRBERIA, Gray (Pl. Nov. Thurb. 308).—Bracteoles 3, cordate. Calyx truncate. Stamineal column produced above [almost to the apex] into many filaments. Ovary 3-celled with a few ovules [6-8] in each cell; style club-shaped at the apex. [Stigmatose on the three projecting angles.] Capsule loculicidal, 3-valvyed. Seeds obovoid, angular, minutely woolly, without albumen ; embryo conduplicate, cotyledons foliaceous, covered with black spots, much folded, almost including the inferior radical.—Tall, smooth herbs. Leaves entire or 3-parted. Flowers white or rose colored, solitary on axillary or terminal peduncles.—GRayY in BentHaM & Hooker, Gen. Pl. 1, p. 209. For a much more full description, see Gray, Pl. Thurb. 1. ¢., and fora good figure of this, the only species of the genus, see Bot. Mex. Bound. pl. 6.
CATALOGUE. 77
herbaceous, much branched, 5° high; stem smooth; stipules falling away very early; leaves deeply 3-parted, with the divisions lanceolate, tapering into along point; bracts three times as long as the truncate cyathiform calyx ; petals very delicate rose color, 1’ long, obovate, woolly at the base on mar- gins; style longer than the stamineal column. Young branches, petioles, leaves, and flowers sprinkled abundantly with black dots. (698.) Sanoita Valley, Southern Arizona.* STERCULIACE+
Ayentat pusiuua, L., var. ramis erectis, foliis superioribus lanceolatis, Gray (PI. Wright. 1, p. 24).—Perennial, with many thin, wiry stems from the thick, woody root; lower leaves ovate and somewhat irregularly serrate, upper ones irregularly serrate, twice as long, and lanceolate ; flowers small, on reflexed, filiform pedicels, which are 2-4” long; capsule tuberculated and hairy. I would call attention to the tact observed by Dr. Gray (PI. Wright. 2, p. 24), that the anthers are trilocular. Judging from the state- ment in Bentham and Hooker, Gen. Plant. vol. 1, p. 225, this would also appear to be the usual rule in the genus. My specimens (569) from South- ern Arizona correspond exactly with those obtained by Dr. Thurber at Van Horn’s Wells, in what was then Sonora.
LINEZ. Linum ricipum, Pursh, var. puberulum, Gray (Pl. Wright. 1, p. 25).— Low, 2’-4' high, annual, branching from near the base; stems decidedly
f
puberulent, leaves less so; leaves slightly imbricated, 3-6” wide, lower obtuse, upper slightly mucronate; vein inconspicuous ; pedicel very slightly thickened at the top (not, however, forming a cupule); sepals acute, mucronate, glandular hispid on the margin; central vein prominent, and on outer (sepals) the lateral ones inconspicuous, a little longer (8-4 long)
than the mature capsule (sepals about equal in length to the nearly undi-
* See Bentham and Iooker, Gen. Pl. 1, p. 982.
tSTERCULIACE® differ from Matvacrez by having 2-celled wnthers, and from TILIACEx by the stamens, when definite in number, being alternate with the sepals, i. e., opposite to the petals, or when indefinite, united more or less at the base into a column.
fAyrnra, L.—‘‘Involucel none. Calyx 5-parted. Petals on long capillary claws, connivent over the stigma. Fertile stamens 5, alternating with 1-2-sterile ones, their filaments united into a pedi- cellate cup. Style single. Stigma 5-angled. Capsule 5-lobed, 5-celled, loculicidally 5-valved, the cells 1-seeded.—Low shrubby plants, with minute axillary flowers. Capsule rough. Albumen none.”—CHAp- MAN, Flora of Southern U.S. p. 59.
78 BOTANY.
vided style); filaments from an ovoid-triangular base, false partitions entire, membranous; stipular glands evident, (as they are in my specimens of the following species). My specimens are very slightly glaucous. (15.) Gravel hills back of Santa Fé, N. Mex., at 7,050 feet altitude.
Linum Bervanprert, Hook.—Erect, annual, stem distinctly striated, slightly puberulent; lower leaves obtuse, upper slightly mucronate, longer on the average than in the preceding species, which it so closely resembles that I know of no way of distinguishing them, save by the character of the false dissepiments (as indicated by Dr. Engelmann in Pl. Wright. 1, pp. 25 and 26), which, in LZ. Berlandieri, are membranous in the upper and inner half. Under head of L. Berlandieri, Dr. Engelmann alludes to a small form collected by Wright on the San Pedro River, which is apparently kept apart from L. rigidum, var. puberulum (collected on the Cimarron), only by the character of the false partition in the ovary, which is decidedly that of L. Berlandieri. I have the precise form (from Santa Fé) he alludes to (so far as can be determined from description), and have, from its partitions and ovate-triangular-based filaments, been obliged to put it under L rigi- dum, var. puberulum. Single specimens found by Dr. Loew at Rancheiro Springs, Arizona.
Linum PERENNE, L.—Widely diffused over Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, where it has been obtained by the Expedition; extending, besides, from the Arctic Ocean to Mexico and west to the Pacific.
MALPIGHIACE&.* ASPICARPAT LONGIPES, Gray (Pl. Wright. 1, p. 37).—Stems several,
* MALPIGHIACE@.—‘ Calyx 5-merous, persistent, segments usually biglandular. Petals 5, usually unguiculate, isostemonous, or diplostemonous, inserted either on the receptacle or on a hypogynous or perigynous disk. Stamens inserted with the petals, usually monodelphous, when several are antherless. Ovary composed of 3 or 2 carpels, connate, or distinct at the top, of 3 or 2, 1-ovuled cells, ovule nearly orthotropous. Fruit a drupe or of 3-2 cocci. Embryo exalbuminous. Stem woody.”—Lr Maout & DeCaIsNE (English edition).
tAspicarPa, Lagas.—Flowers dimorphous. Normal ones:—Calyx 5-parted, with 10 glands. Petals clawed, fimbriate-ciliate. Stamens 5, 2 perfect, 3 without anthers or the middle one of them with a perfect anther, and the lateral ones with imperfect anthers. Ovaries 3, connate to the axis, style central, apex obliquely truncate. Fruit? [See specific description.] Abnormal flowers :—Calyx without glands. Petals none. Anuthers single and rudimentary. Ovaries 2, without styles. Nut solitary, either crestless, or with 1-3 slightly prominent dorsal crests, irregularly pyramidal 3-angled. Seed compressed, subreniform, testa membranous, cotyledons obovate, flattish, curved.—Slender, erect, branching shrubs, with the branchlets frequently covered with appressed hairs. Leaves opposite, entire, frequently silky, stipules inconspicuous. Normal flowers mostly umbelled, terminal or axillary, rarely solitary, yellow ; abnormal, axillary, solitary, very small.—BENTHAM & Hooker.
CATALOGUE. 79
from a woody root, very slender and wiry, decumbent, somewhat hairy (with the characteristic hairs of the order); leaves on short but distinct petioles, slightly cordate at base, ovate-oblong, very slightly mucronate, pale and veiny beneath, 9-18’ long. Normal flowers with 10 large glands on the base of the calyx-lobes; petals clawed, glandular fimbriate above ; stamens monodelphous at base only, perfect anthers 3, imperfect (on fila- ments about the same length) 2; ‘“ fruit of a single carpel, of nearly the same form as in A. Hartwegiana, but more even, with rounded and only slightly margined sides” (Gray); three or four together terminating filiform pedicels on foliaceous or bracted peduncles, or on slender pedicels from the axils of the leaves. Abnormal flowers on slender peduncles, which are terminated by a pair of bracts 4’ long and half as wide, from between which the short pedicel and its flower arise. (627.) Sanoita Valley, Southern Arizona.
ZYGOPHYLLACEA.*
TripuLust (JKaAListra@MiA) MAximus, L.—Leaves longer than the pedi- cels; leaflets, 3-4 pairs, oval, hairy on the lower surface; carpels 10, slightly gibbous below, tuberculate; style 5” long; sepals lanceolate, tapering into an acute apex, # as long as the petals. San Carlos, Ariz. (777.)
Triputus (KALLSTR@MIA) GRANDIFLORUS, Benth.& Hook. (Kallstremia grandiflora, Torr. in Pl. Wright. 1, p. 26.)—Stem clothed with long, brown, spreading hairs; leaves shorter than the older peduncles, leaflets 4-5 pairs, oblong, slightly faleate; sepals lanceolate-linear, with long, attenuated tips ; petals nearly or quite as long as the sepals; carpels less tuberculated on the
* ZYGOPHYLLACEH.— Calyx 4- to 5-merots, generally imbricate. Petals hypogynous, usually im- bricate. Stamens usually double the number of the petals, hypogyuous; filaments usually with a scale inside. Ovary several-celled. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, septicidally dividing into cocci. Embryo exalbuminons, or enclosed in cartilaginous albumen.—Scentless plants. Leaves opposite, pinnate, stipu- late.”—Lr Maour & Drcatsne (English edition).
t TRIBULUS, Linn.—Sepals 5, deciduous, or persistent, imbricated. Petals 5, fugacious, spreading, imbricated. Annular disk 10-lobed. Stamens 10, inserted on the base of the disk, 5 opposite to the petals exterior and usually somewhat longer than the others, 5 alternate with a gland outside of the base, fila- ments filiform and naked. Ovary sessile, with appressed hairs, 5-12-lobed, 5-12-celled, the cells oppo- site the petals frequently 3-5-locellate by transverse partitions; style short, pyramidal or filiform; stigmas 5-12; ovules 1-5 in each cell, superposed. Fruit 5-angled, indehiscent. Seeds obliquely pendu- lous, one in each cell or cellule, testa membranous ; embryo exalbuminous, cotyledons oval, radicle short. —Loosely branching herbs, often silky-hairy, and with prostrate branches. Leaves stipulate oppo- site, sometimes alternate by abortion of one, abruptly pinnate. Flowers solitary, pseudo-axillary, pedunculate, white or yellow.—BrnTHaM & HOOKER.
80 BOTANY.
back than in the preceding species, with which it contrasts by its larger flowers, more hispid stem, and more and narrower leaflets. Camp Grant, Ariz. (442.)
Larrea Mexicana, Moric. (L. glutinosa, Engelm.)—(321.) Valley of the Gila, Arizona. (Tab. iii, Torrey, in Emory’s Report.) This shrub is especially common on the hills bordering the Gila; also on the sandy wastes adjacent to Tucson and,Camp Lowell in Arizona, even imparting its strong odor to the air.
GERANIACE.
Geranium Ricwarpsonu, Fisch. & Mey.—Very closely allied to G. maculatum, L.; differing only in being more smooth, styles hairy and less connate, filaments pilose instead of ciliate, and seeds more delicately retic- ulated. (408.) Mount Graham, Arizona, at 9,200 feet altitude. Also a more white-flowered and more pilose form (234) from Willow Spring, Ariz., at 7,195 feet altitude. Nevada and Utah; Colorado (758).
Geranium Fremontu, Torr. (Pl. Fendl. p. 26)—Much branched, 6’-2° high, pubescent or glabrous ; upper stem-leaves 3-5-cleft, truncate at base, lower broadly cordate; root-leaves 7-cleft; peduncles 1-2’ long; pedicels in pairs, 1-14’ long; sepals oval, with a short, thick awn ; fruiting pedicels sometimes divaricate, or deflexed; petals obovate, varying from light to deep purple, 1’ in diameter, villose on the veins; filaments at base pilose-ciliate; styles united below; seeds somewhat reticulated. Plant forms branching, luxuriant tufts. Hard to limit by a description, yet usually readily recognized. Sanoita Valley, Arizona. No. 279, from Rocky Canon, Arizona, I had doubtfully assigned here. Mr. Watson assures me, that, though usually placed under G. cespitosum, it is really G. Eremontia. It has the stamens of c@spitosum, and is besides quite smooth.
GERANIUM C@SPITOSUM, James.—Perennial, 4’-1° high; stems branch- ing from the base; these, with the petioles and pedicels, retrorsely pilose or pubescent ; peduncles several times longer than the 1-2’ long pedicels ; flowers about an inch in diameter, deep purple. Readily distinguished from the preceding species by its stamens, which are almost as long as the petals, and during flowering are outwardly recurved. Santa Fé. (21.)
CATALOGUE. 81
Some forms resemble G. Fremontii closely, South Park, Colorado, (759), Utah.
Eropium cicuTarium, L. Her.—Santa Fé, N. Mex. (36 a.)
Oxais vioLacea, L.—Mount Graham, Arizona, at an altitude of 9,250
feet. (437.) dpi aes
Canotia* HoLocanTHa, Torr. (in Pacific R. R. Rep. iv, 68). Benth. and Hook. 1, 616.—A much branched, leafless tree, 20° high and trunk 1° in diameter; branchlets yellowish-green, delicately striate; sparingly dotted with very minute brown scales, which represent reduced leaves; flowers white or yellowish white; pedicels articulated; bracts small and scale-like ; minute cil-glands sparingly seen on the bracts, sepals, and petals. Gila Val- ley, Arizona. (323.) Puats I.t
From Camp Bowie, Arizona, I have (499) a Preea, probably aneus-
TIFOLIA, Benth. CELASTRINEZ.
Pacuystma Myrsinites, Raf.—Utah, 5,000 to 7,000 feet altitude. Quite recently, the indefatigable Mr. Canby has brought to light a second species of this genus (P. Canbyi, Gray), in Giles County, Virginia. ‘“ While the original P. Myrsinites occurs plentifully in most wooded districts from the
* CanoTiA, Torr.— Flowers hermaphrodite. Calyx small, 5-lobed, persistent; the broad lobes imbricated in xstivation. Petals 5, hypogynous, oblong, very obtuse, at base with a broad insertion, im- bricated in sxstivation, with a rather prominent midrib inside, deciduous. Stamens 5, hypogynous, opposite to the calyx lobes: filaments subulate, somewhat shorter than the petals, persistent: anthers oblong-cordate, introrse, affixed to the filaments in the acute apex of a deep sinus, apiculate with a small mucro; cells inwardly longitudinally dehiscent. Dried pollen becomes 3-horned when moistened. Disk none. Ovary placed on a gynobase (at first thicker than itself ), 5-celled, the thick style at length elongat- ing: stigma small, slightly 5-lobed; cells of the ovary opposite to the petals. Ovules in the cells most frequently 6, subhorizontally inserted in two series in the inner angle [amphitropous]; micropyle infe- rior. Capsule ovate-fusiform, somewhat woody, covered with a delicate, somewhat fleshy epicarp, 5-celled, 10-valved at the apex (at first septicidal and later loculicidal), terminated by 10 split portions of the persisting style; columella none. Seeds 1-2, filling the cell, ascending, subovate, flattened; testa subcoriaceous, thickly papillulose, produced below into a broad membranous wing somewhat longer than the nucleus. Embryo straight, in a thin layer of fleshy albumen; cotyledons oval, flat; the short- ish radicle inferior.” My own specimens showing only the flowers and immature fruit, I have been obliged to quote the above from Dr. Gray’s complete description, recently published in Proc. Amer. Acad. xii, pp. 159-160.
tBranch ; natural size. Fig. 1. A cross section of a flower. Fig. 2. An open flower. Fig. 3. A longitudinal section of flower. Fig. 4. An inside view of stamen. Fig. 5. An outside view of stamen. Fig. 6. The young fruit; petals fallen and filaments remaining. Fig.7. A vertical section through a young ovary. Fig.8. Ayoungovule. Fig. 9. A vertical section of mature fruit. Fig.10. A cross section of fruit. Fig. 11. A seed. Fig. 12. A diagonal section of aseed. All except the branch magnified about five diameters.
6 BOT
82 BOTANY.
Rocky Mountains’ to the Pacific, in Northern California and Washington Territory, this is only known at one station in the Alleghany Mountains, and makes an addition to the list of those few genera (such as Boykinia and Calycanthus), which are divided between Eastern and Western North America.”—(Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii, pp. 623-624.)
RHAMNEZ.
ZizYPHUS* LYCIOIDES, Gray, var. CANESCENS, Gray.—A much branched shrub, 4-5° high; younger branches covered with a light gray powdery substance, which is readily scraped away, leaving the green epidermis exposed beneath; leaves oval, obtuse, pubescent (especially beneath); peti- oles 2-4” long; spiny branches 4-1’ long, thick, terminating abruptly in a point. More or less leafy; flowers greenish. “Valley of the Gila, Ari- zona, at 3,080 feet altitude. (331.)
Karwinskia | Humpotpriana, Zuce. (Gray, Pl. Wright. 1, p. 32).— Shrub from 2-12° high, leaves oval and beautifully penninerved [Flow- ers not seen.] Drupe ovoid, 4-5” long, pointed with the remains of the style, cup or disk-like calyx terminating the pedicel after the drupe has fallen. Plant appears to vary much in the shape of the leaves and in the number of flowers in the axillary clusters. Arizona.
Ruamnus crocea, Nutt. (T. & G. Fl. N. Am.).—“ Low, branches
* Zizypuus, Juss.—Calyx 5-cleft, tube broadly obconical, lobes triangular-ovate, acute, spreading, carinate within. Petals 5 (rarely 0), hooded, deflexed. Disk flat, 5-angled, margin free Stamens 5, included or longer than the petals, filaments subulate. Ovary immersed in the disk and at the base confluent with it, 2-, rarely 3-, most rarely 4-celled; styles 2-3, conical, free or connate, divergent, stigmas small, papillose. Drupe fleshy, globose or oblong, putamen woody or bony, 1-3-celled, 1-3- seeded. Seeds plano-convex, testa thin, fragile, and smooth, albumen little or none; cotyledons thick ; radicle short.—Shrubs or trees decumbent, or with many small branches, often with strong, hooked spines. Leaves sub-distichous, alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, entire or crenate, 3-5-nerved. Stipules both spinescent or one caducous, hooked or straight, cymes short, axillary, few-flowered. Flowers small, greenish. Fruit often edible—BrentHam & Hooker. "
t KARWINSKIA, Zuce.—Calyx 5-cleft, tube hemispherical or turbinate, acute lobes 3-angled, keeled or with the keel produced within and above into aspur. Petals 5, short-clawed and hooded. Stamens longer than the petals, filaments subulate. Disk lining the tube of the calyx, delicate limb free. Ovary sub-globose, immersed in the disk, free, 2-3-celled, septa parting in the middle, often attenuated (tho ovary) into a triangular style, with the apex 2-3-lobed, stigmas obtuse, papillose; ovules 2 in each cell, parallel, curved downward. Drupe sub-globose or ovoid, apiculate with the persistent style, surrounded at base by the calyx, putamen 1-2-celled, each cell 1-seeded. Seeds erect, obovate, testa membranous, dark-verrucose, raphe elevated, albumen in a thin fleshy stratum adherent to the testa; cotyledons oval, fleshy; radicle very short—Small trees and shrubs. Leaves sub-opposite, petiolate, oblong, entire, penninerved, pellucidly panctulate. Stipules membranous, deciduous. Flowers axillary, racemose or cymose. Cymes fasciculate.—BENTHAM & HOOKER.
CATALOGUE. 83
spinescent; leaves thick, evergreen, obovate, 4’ long; petiole 1-2” long, glandularly denticulate ; flowers dicecious, apetalous, styles distinct above. A thorny shrub with yellow wood, imparting its color to water.” Arizona. I have not seen the plant.
Cranotuus Fenpiert, Gray.—Shrub, with stiff, and often spine-tipped, gray branches; leaves thickish, tomentose pubescent beneath, smoother on upper surface, lanceolate to oval, 5-12” long, usually cuneate at base, petioles 1-3” long; small white flowers in paniculate racemes terminating the branches. New Mexico (143). Camp Apache, Ariz. (257), at 4,900 feet.
_AMPELIDE:.
Vitis zxstivauis, Michx., var.?—‘‘ Resembling a common Texan and New Mexican form; perhaps V. Arizonica, Engelm. Arizona.”—S. Watson.
AMPELOPSIS QUINQUEFOLIA, Michx. (Vitis, Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Plant.)—New Mexico. (110.) —
SAPINDACEZ.
SapINDUS* MARGINATUS, Willd.—Tree 10-30° high; leaves 4-8’ long, leaflets thickish, shining, plainly penninerved, lanceolate, tapering into a long point, inzequilateral, somewhat falcate ; flowers in compound terminal and axillary panicles; fruit globose, 6’ in diameter. Arizona, in the dryer portions. (301.) ‘Soapberry.”
Acrr ciasrum, Torr.—Mountain streams of Colorado. The name A, tripartitum, Nutt., would have been much more appropriate. (1.)
ACER GRANDIDENTATUM, Nutt.—(303.) Ash Creek, Arizona, at 4,684 feet altitude. Utah.
* Saprnpus, Linn.—Flowers polygamous, regular. Sepals 4-5, 2-seried, imbricated. Petals 4-5, naked or with 1-2 glabrous or villous scales within, produced into a claw above. Disk complete, annular or elevated. Stamens 8-10 (rarely 4-7 or more), filaments free, frequently pilose; anthers versatile. Ovary entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled; style terminal, stigma 2-4-lobed ; ovules solitary in each cell, ascending from the base of the interior angle. Fruit fleshy or coriaceous, with 1-2, (rarely) 3-4 cocri, which are oblong or globose and indehiscent. Seeds usually globose, destitute of an aril, testa cru: taceous or membranous; embryo straight or curved, cotyledons thick, radicle short.—Trees or shrubs. Jie wes alternate, without stipules, simple, 1-foliate, or abruptly pinnate, with the leaflets entire, or rarely serrate Racemes or panicles either terminal or axillary. Fruit dry or baccate.—BENTHAM & HOOKER.
84 BOTANY.
NEGUNDO ACEROIDES, Mcench.—Santa Fé, N. Mex., along water-courses at 7,044 feet altitude. (20.) Arizona and Utah.
ANACARDIACEZ:.
Ravs virens, Lindh. (Pl. Lindh. 2, p. 159).—Shrub, 4-6° high, with bark much resembling Kalmia latifolia; leaflets (in my specimens) 3-5, rigidly coriaceous, ineequilateral (terminal one largest), entire and under surface thickly sprinkled with black dots; sepals and subtending bracts tinged with red, petals white, flowers in a thyrsoid panicle, which is shorter than the leaves; “drupe red, hairy, putamen lenticular and smooth.” Rocky ledges on east side of Santa Rita Mountain, Arizona, at 5,700 feet altitude. (645.) Resembling in all respects the specimens obtained by the Mexican Boundary Survey, save that in the Boundary specimens there are 7-9 leaflets.
Ruus euasra, L.—Chiricahua Agency, Arizona, at an altitude of 5,310 feet. (533.) Utah.
Ruus AROMATICA, Ait., var. TRILOBATA, Gray. (Rhus trilobata, Nutt.) — (203.) Willow Spring, Ariz. Utah.
Rus INTEGRIFOLIA, Benth. & Hook. (Styphonia, Nutt.\—A small, much branching tree, with oval, obtuse, entire leaves, which are 1’ or more long, petioles 4’ long; sepals and petals reddish; hairy drupes the size of a pea. Arizona. I have not seen specimens.
Ruus ToxicopEnpron, L.—Willow Spring, Ariz., at 7,196 feet alti- tude. (254.)
LEGUMINOS:.
By SERENO WATSON.
SUBORDER I. PAPILIONACEZ. Flowers irregular, perfect. Perigynous disk lining the bottom of the campanulate or tubular 5-cleft or toothed calyx and bear- ing the petals and stamens. Petals 5 (rarely fewer), imbricated, the upper one larger and exterior. Stamens 10 (rarely 5), diadelpbous (9 and 1), or monadelphous, or rarely distinct. Seeds without albumen. Radicle inflexed. Leaves simple or simply compound.
I. Stamens distinct.
* Leaves digitately 3-foliolate; stipules conspicuous: pod flat, 2-valved. THERMOPSIS. Perennial herb. Flowers yellow, racemose. Pod linear, straight, several-seeded.
CATALOGUE. 85
** Leaves unequally pinnate; stipules small or none: pod turgid, mostly indehiscent and few-seeded. SopHorA. Perennial herb. Flowers white, racemose. Pod terete, monili- form, few-seeded. AMORPHA. Shrub, glandular-dotted. Flowers purple, racemose; wings and keel wanting: stamens monadelphous at base. Pod 1-2-seeded.
PARRYELLA. Glandularshrub. Flowers spicate: petals none. Pod 1-seeded. II. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous.
* Anthersof two forms: stamens monadelphous: leaves digitate, of 3 or more entire leaflets: pods dehiscent. Herbs or shrubby, not glandular-dotted nor climbing.
CROTALARIA. Calyx 5-lobed. Pod inflated. Leaflets 3.
Lupinus. Calyx 2-lipped. Pod flattened. Leaflets 5 or more.
** Anthers mostly uniform. Not climbing.
t Leaflets 3 (rarely digitately 5 or 7), toothed: stamens diadelphous: pods small and mostly included in the calyx (strongly coiled in Melilotus).
MeEpicago. Flowers in long axillary racemes or spikes; petals free, decidu ous. Style filiform. Pod small, wrinkled.
MELILoTus. Flowers as in Medicago. Style subulate.
TRIFOLIUM. Flowers capitate ; petals persistent, united with the filaments.
tt Leaves pinnately 3-many-foliolate (very rarely digitate or simple in Hosackia); leaflets entire: pod not articulated. { Flowers umbellate or solitary, on axillary peduncles: stamens diadelphous: herbage not glandular-punctate.
Hosackia. Herbaceous or shrubby. Petals yellow or yellowish, turning
brownish ; claw of the standard remote from the rest. tt Flowers spicate or racemose: stamens diadelphous: herbs not glandular- punctate (except in Glycyrrhiza): pod dehiscent.
TEPHROSIA. Peduncles terminal. Standard hairy. Pod flat, 1-celled.
INDIGOFERA. Peduncles axillary. Standard hairy. Pod linear, terete, 2-celled. Connective of the anthers gland-tipped.
ASTRAGALUS. Peduncles axillary. Standard naked; beak of the keel not erect or recurved. Pod often bladdery or turgid, 1-celled, or more or less 2-celled by the intrusion of the dorsal suture.
OxytRopis. Like Astragalus, but the keel with an erect or recurved beak, and pod partially 2-celled by intrusion of only the ventral suture.
GLycyRRHIzA. Like Astragalus, but anthers confluently 1-celled, pod armed with prickles and 1-celled, and leaves more or less glandular and pune- tate.
tii Flowers spicate or racemose: stamens mostly monadelphous or distinct: pods indehiscent, small and few-seeded. Herbs or shrubs, mostly glandu- lar-punctate.
86 BOTANY.
PSORALEA. Perennial herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves and axillary spikes. Stamens monadelphous or somewhat diadelphous. Pod 1-seeded.
AMORPHA. Shrubs, with pinnate leaves and terminal racemes. Wings and keel wanting. Stamens united only at base. Pod 1-2-seeded.
PETALOSTEMON. Herbs, with pinnate leaves and terminal spikes. Stamens 5, monadelphous, bearing 4 of the petals on the tube. Pod 1-seeded.
PARRYELLA. Shrubby, with pinnate leaves and terminal spikes. Stamens 10, distinct. Petals none. Pod 1-seeded.
DALEA. Shrubs or herbs, with pinnate leaves and terminal spikes or heads. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the petals jointed to the tube. Pod 1-2-seeded.
ttt Leaves pinnately 3-many-foliolate (digitately 2-4-foliolate in Zornia); leaflets entire: pod transversely 2-several-jointed, the joints indehiscent and 1-seeded. Herbs.
HeEDysarum. Leaflets several, stipellate; stipules scarious. Stamens dia- delphous. Perennial, with axillary racemes.
ZORNIA. Leaflets 2; stipules herbaceous. Stamens monadelphous. Flowers spicate, each solitary and sessile between a pair of conspicuous bracts. Annual.
DEsMoDIUM. Leaflets 3; stipules dry and striate. Stamens usually mona- delphous. Racemes simple or panicled.
*** Anthers uniform. Herbs, climbing by tendrils or twining, sometimes prostrate: stamens diadelphous: pod flat, 2-valved: racemes axillary (or flowers axillary in Cologania and Rhynchosia).
t Leaves abruptly pinnate, terminated by a tendril: seed-stalks broad at the hilum.
VicrA. Stamen-tube oblique at the mouth. Style filiform, hairy around and below the apex.
LATHYRUS. Stamen-tube nearly truncate. Style dorsally flattened, usually twisted half around, hairy on the inner side.
+t Twining or prostrate herbs, with 3-foliolate leaves. t Flowers not yellow: seeds several.
CoLoGANIsA. Calyx tubular. Style naked. Bracts persistent.
GALAcTIA. Calyx 4-cleft. Keel nearly straight. Style naked. Bracts minute or caducous.
PHASEOLUS. Calyx short. Keel strongly incurved and standard reflexed. Style bearded. Bracts minute or caducous.
tt Flowers yellow, axillary: seeds 1 or 2. RHYNCHOSIA. Flowers small. Style naked. Leaves often resinous-dotted. SUBORDER II. CASSALPINEZ. Flowers more or less irregular, perfect. Perigy- nous disk lining the base of the short calyx-tube. Tetals 5, imbricated, the upper one included. Stamens 10 or fewer, distinct. Seeds sometimes albuminous. Radicle not inflexed.
* Leaves bipinuate ; leaflets small: anthers 10, versatile, dehiscing longitudinally :
calyx slightly imbricate or valvate.
CATALOGUE. 87
HOFFMANSEGGIA. Low herbs or woody at base. Pod flat. Seeds without albumen.
PARKINSONIA. Somewhat spinescent shrubs or trees. Pod more or less torulose. Seeds albuminous. :
** Leaves simply and abruptly pinnate: anthers 10 or fewer, fixed by the base, opening by terminal pores: calyx imbricated.
Cassia. Herbs or woody at base. Pods rather thick or flat. Seeds albu- minous.
SUBORDER III. MIMOSEAi. Flowers regular, small, in spikes or heads, perfect or polygamous. Calyx and corolla valvate, 4-6-toothed or divided. Perigy- nous disk none. Stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla, or numerous, hypogynous. Seeds mostly without albumen. Radicle not inflexed. Leaves usually bipinnate.
* Stamens twice as many as the petals or just as many: pollen-grains numerous.
Prosopis. Shrubs or trees, more or less spiny. Petals distinct or becoming so. Flowers greenish, in heads or cylindrical ares Pod straight or coiled, at length thick and pulpy within.
DESMANTHUS. Herbs, unarmed. Flowers purplish, in globose heads. Pod flat and thin, not jointed, 2-valved.
Mimosa. Herbs or shrubs, armed with prickles. Flowers in heads or short spikes. Valves of the pod separating from the persistent margins, entire or jointed.
** Stamens numerous: pollen-masses 4 to 6 in each anther-cell.
AcacriA. Shrubs or small trees, usually armed. Flowers capitate or spicate, yellow. Stamens distinct. Pod flat, 2-valved.
CALLIANDRA. Herbaceous or shrubby, unarmed. Flowers capitate. Sta- mens united at base into a tube, long-exserted, purple or white. Pod dehiscing elastically from the apex downward.
THEerRmMopsis* monTana, Nutt. (Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 300). (Z. fabacea, DC., var. montana, Gray.)—Somewhat silky-pubescent, at least on the under surface of the leaves: leaflets oblong-obovate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or acutish, smooth above, one to three inches long; stipules ovate to lanceolate, exceeding the petioles: bracts oblong to linear-lanceolate : pod linear, straight, erect, pubescent, two or three inches long and 10—-12- seeded, on a stipe shorter than the calyx-tube—On stream-banks in the
mountains, from Wyoming Territory to New Mexico and westward to Oregon; Northern Nevada, 1871; Denver, Colo. (201).
*THERMOPSIS, R. Brown.—Calyx campanulate, equally cleft to the middle, or the two upper teeth united. Standard broad, shorter than the straight wings, the sides reflexed. Stamens distinct; anthers , uniform. Pod coriaceous, linear to oblong-linear, flattened, few-many-seeded, nearly sessile.—Stout perennial herbs, with digitately 3-foliolate leaves on short petioles ; leaflets entire and stipules foliaceous; flowers large, yeliow, in terminal racemes, with persistent herbaceous bracts.
88 BOTANY.
Soppora* sericea, Nutt. (Gen. i, 280).—Appressed silky-pubescent: stems herbaceous, from a perennial running rootstock, erect, a foot high or less, branching: leaflets six to ten pairs, oblong-obovate, obtuse or retuse, glabrous above, two to six lines long; stipules linear or wanting: racemes shortly peduncled, rather loose, short ; bracts subulate, somewhat persistent, about equalling the pedicels: calyx 5-toothed: petals white, four to six lines long; the standard longer, recurved, and with a narrow claw: pods pubescent, more or less stipitate, thin-coriaceous, scarcely dehiscent, 1-3- seeded (about 6-ovuled), an inch or two long.—Colorado to New Mexico, frequent; collected at Kit Carson and Apex, Colo. (238), and at McArthy’s Ranch, N. Mex. (98).
Croratarta LupuLina, DC. (Prodr. ii, 133)—Annual and finely pubescent or glabrate: stem slender, erect or ascending, one-half to two feet high, branching: leaves digitately 3-foliolate ; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, mucronulate, smooth above, a half to one and a half inches long, exceeding the petioles; stipules setaceous: peduncles terminal and opposite the leaves, loosely flowered: bracts minute: pedicels recurved: calyx two lines long or less: petals three to six lines long, the keel with a long straight beak: pod oblong, half an inch long—From New Mexico and Arizona to Northern Mexico, and also in Cuba; collected by Roth- rock, in Arizona, at Camp Grant (443), Chiricahua Agency (534), and Camp Crittenden (684). Grisebach refers the species to C. pumila, Ortega.
Lupinus Srrereavesu, Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 527).—Peren- nial, herbaceous, slender, leafy and branching, about two feet high, more or less silky-villous; pubescence of the racemes short and spreading: leaflets 7 to 9, narrowly oblanceolate, usually glabrous above or nearly so, equalling the petioles: raceme open, shortly peduncled: flowers rather large, light blue, on slender pedicels: calyx broad, not spurred: standard naked; keel usually ciliate: pod 5-seeded—In the mountains from the Southern Sierra Nevada to Southern Colorado and New Mexico; San
*Sopnora, Linn.—Calyx campanulate, with short equal teeth. Petals nearly equal; standard broad. Stamens distinct; anthers uniform. Pod thick or coriaceous, terete, stipitate, mostly indebiscent, constricted between the several sub-globose seeds and usually necklace-like.—Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with unequally pinnate leaves and entire leaflets; stipules small or none; flowers in terminal racemes.
CATALOGUE. 89
Francisco Mountains, 1871; Willow Spring, Ariz., Loew (1115); Rocky Camion, Ariz., Rothrock (285). An apparently variable species of some- what uncertain limits.
Lupinus Parvirtorus, Nutt.—In the Sierra Nevada and northward to the Columbia, and also in the Wahsatch Mountains, where it was collected in 1871.
Lupinus LaxirLorus, Dougl—From Washington Territory to Nevada and Utah; in the Wahsatch, 1871.
LupINUS ARGENTEUS, Pursh.—Perennial, herbaceous, with short ap- pressed silky pubescence, the numerous stems rather low, leafy, much branched, often decumbent at base: leaflets 5 to 8, narrowly oblanceolate, smooth above or nearly so, equalling the short petioles: racemes nearly sessile, short: flowers small, blue or whitish, on slender, usually short pedicels: calyx broad, somewhat gibbous: petals naked or nearly so: pods 3—5-seeded—Oregon to Montana; at Mosquito Pass, Colo., Wolf (196).
Var. DEcUMBENS, Watson, /. c. 532, rather stout, with denser racemes, and var. ARGOPHYLLA, Watson, /. c., more silky-pubescent, and nearly equally so on both sides of the leaves, the flowers larger, and the calyx decidedly spurred, are both very common in the Rocky Mountains from Montana to. New Mexico. The first was collected near Gray’s Peak by Wolf (197, 202), at Rancheria Springs, Ariz., Loew (199), and at Sulphur Springs, Southern Arizona, Rothrock (543), the latter specimens closely approach- ing the typical form; var. ARGOPHYLLA at Santa Fé, N. Mex., Rothrock (1, 59).
Lupinus HOLOSERICEUS, Nutt.—Much resembling the latter variety of the last species, but more densely appressed white-silky throughout, the standard hairy upon the back, and the keel ciliate——On the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada from Oregon to Southern Nevada and Utah, where it was collected in 1871.
Lupinus LEUCOPHYLLUS, Dougl—From Oregon to Utah and New Mexico; collected in the Wahsatch in 1871.
Lupinus caspitosus, Nutt.—Perennial, dwarf, the stems very short and cespitose: pubescence appressed-villous: leaflets 5-7, oblanceolate, several times shorter than the petioles: racemes sessile, short, dense: bracts long,
90 BOTANY.
persistent: flowers small, purple, nearly sessile: standard narrow; keel ciliate: pod very short, 3-4-seeded—From Wyoming to Colorado and Utah; on Blue River, Colorado, Wolf (200).
Lupinus pusitius, Pursh.—F rom the Upper Missouri to the Columbia and southward through the interior; Denver, Wolf (198).
Lupinus Kine, Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 534). (ZL. Sileri, Watson, same, x, 345.)—Resembling the last, but more slender and villous with soft white hairs: racemes very short, few-flowered, on long slender peduncles: pods and seeds smaller——Utah and Colorado; at Loma, on the Rio Grande, Wolf (195).
Mepicaco sativa, Linn—Santa Fé, N. Mex., naturalized in the Plaza, Rothrock (65). Known as “Alfalfa”.
ME.iLotus PaRvVIFLORA, Desf. ‘Sweet Clover.”—Camp Lowell, Ariz., Rothrock (710, 716).
Metitotus ALBA, Lam.—Collected in Utah, 1871.
TRIFOLIUM MEGACEPHALUM, Nutt. (Gen. ii, 105).—Perennial, very stout, rather low, somewhat villous: leaflets 5 to 7, obtuse, nearly an inch long; stipules ovate-oblong: flowers rose-colored, sessile in very large naked terminal heads: calyx-teeth filiform, plumose: ovary smooth, 6- ovuled.—From Washington Territory to Northeastern California and Ne- vada; Diamond Range, Northern Nevada, 1871.
Trirotium Loneipes, Nutt. (Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 314).—Frequent from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; Mogollon Mesa, Loew (179).
TRIFoLiuM NaANuM, Torrey (Ann. N. Y. Lye. i, 35, t. 3).—In the Rocky Mountains and Wahsatch; South Park, at 13,000 feet altitude, Wolf (175, 874).
Trirotium Parry, Gray (Am. Journ. Sci. 2d ser. xxxiii, 409).—In the Rocky Mountains and Wahsatch; at Twin Lakes, in South Park, Wolf (177, 184).
TRIFOLIUM DASYPHYLLUM, Torr. & Gray (FI. i, 315).—In the Rocky Mountains and Wahsatch; on Gray’s Peak and in South Park, Wolf (182, 183).
TriroLiuM invoLucratuM, Willd—Annual, glabrous, the ascending stems often a span high or more: leaflets usually oblanceolate, acute, a
CATALOGUE. 91
half to an inch long: flowers purple or rose-colored, half an inch long, sessile in close heads, involucrate: involucre deeply lobed, the lobes laci- niately and sharply toothed: calyx-teeth thin, long and narrow, entire: ovules mostly 5 or 6.—Var. HETERODON, Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. viii, 130), with usually larger heads and broader leaflets; some of the calyx-teeth setaceously cleft—A very common species west of the Rocky Mountains, ‘ ranging from British America to Mexico, the variety nearer the coast. The typical form was collected in the valley of the Upper Arkansas, Colorado, Wolf (176); at Santa Fé, N. Mex., Rothrock (63) ; in Western New Mexico, Loew; at Zuni Village, N. Mex., Rothrock (172); at Willow Spring, Ariz., Rothrock (229). A form with the small involucre cleft nearly to the base was found in Zuni River Cation (178), and on Mount Graham, Roth- rock (432).
TRIFOLIUM MONANTHUM, Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. vi, 523).—Annual, very slender, low and often dwarf, more or less villous: leaflets obcordate to oblanceolate, mostly retuse: flowers 1 to 4, white or purplish, with a very small 2—3-parted involucre, much longer than the calyx: calyx-teeth not rigid, subulate, shortly acuminate.—In the mountains of Nevada, 1871.
Hosackia* puseruLa, Benth. (Pl. Hartw. 305).—Perennial, herba- ceous, usually a span high or more, canescently puberulent, slender : leaflets 3 to 5 upon a short rhachis, linear-oblanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long; stipules gland-like: peduncles exceeding the leaves, 1—5-flowered, with or without a sessile 1—5-foliolate bract: flowers half an inch long, yellow: calyx-teeth about equalling the tube: pod nearly straight, an inch long, pubescent, many-seeded.—New Mexico to Arizona; Rancheria Springs, Loew (119), and Sanoita Valley, Arizona, Rothrock (659).—H. rigida, Benth., is a form with the rhachis of the leaves very short or wanting, and the leaflets usually somewhat broader.
Hosacxia Wricutn, Gray (Pl. Wright. ii, 42).—Like the last, but the peduncles wanting, the flowers being solitary in the axils upon a short pedi-
*Hosackta, Dougl.—Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Petals free from the stamens, nearly equal; standard often remote from the rest, ovate or roundish; keel curved, obtuse or somewhat acutely beaked, Stamens diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod linear, compressed or nearly terete, sessile, several-seeded, with partitions between the seeds.—Herbaceous or rarely woody, with pinnate 2-many-foliolate leaves ; stipules mostly minute and glandlike; flowers in axillary sessile or pedunculate umbels, yellow, often becoming brownish.
92 BOTANY.
cel, or rarely shortly pedunculate: leaflets mostly linear, palmate upon a very short petiole or sessile—New Mexico and Arizona; Willow Springs, Loew (1114), and White Mountains, Arizona, Loew (1113), and Fort Win- gate, N. Mex., Rothrock (152).
Hosacxra Pursnrana, Benth.—Annual, usually a foot high or more, and more or less silky-villous: leaflets 1 to 5, ovate to narrowly lanceolate, 2 to 9 lines long; stipules gland-like: flowers small, yellow, on pedun- cles exceeding the leaves, bracteate with a single leaflet: calyx-teeth linear, much exceeding the tube, about equalling the corolla: pod linear, straight, smooth, an inch long, 5-7-seeded—Frequent from the Mississippi to the Pacific; Nevada, 1871, and Camp Grant, Ariz. (368).
TEPHROSIA LEIOCARPA, Gray (Pl. Wright. ii, 36).—Perennial, erect, rather stout, a foot high or more, with a fine, appressed, silky pubescence : leaflets 6 to 10 pairs, linear-oblong, obtuse, mucronate, smooth above, shortly petiolulate, about an inch long: peduncles terminal and axillary, scarcely exceeding the leaves, rather few-flowered: calyx-lobes subulate, as long as the tube; petals large, purple, 9 lines long: pods linear, straight, glabrous, two inches long by three lines wide, sessile, about 10-seeded.— Arizona, Sanoita Valley, Rothrock (685), near the original locality, where only it had been collected by Mr. Wright——Very near I. onobrychoides, Nutt. Differing in its short peduncles and smooth pods.
TepHrosia LeEucANTHA, H. B. K. (Nov. Gen. vi, 460, t. 577).—Peren- nial, erect or ascending, rather stout, about a foot high, appressed-pubescent and somewhat rusty silky-villous throughout, the hairs upon the petioles spreading: leaflets 5 to 12 pairs, oblong, rounded at each end, mucronate, an inch long: raceme terminal, short and shortly peduncled: flowers yellow, 6 or 7 lines long, exceeding the erect slender pedicels: calyx very villous, the slender lower teeth longer than the tube: style pubescent: pods narrowly linear, straight, spreading, densely rusty pubescent with short spreading hairs——Southern Arizona, apparently identical with the typical form of Central Mexico; in Sanoita Valley, Rothrock (625).
TEPHROSIA TENELLA, Gray (Pl. Wright. ii, 36) —Annual, erect, very slender, a span high or less, nearly glabrous: leaflets 1 to 3 pairs, thin, linear, obtuse, mucronate, an inch long: flowers few, in an interrupted
CATALOGUE. 93
long-pedunculate raceme, purple, 3 lines long, on short pedicels, the lowest often subtended by a leaf: calyx-teeth subulate, equalling the tube: pods spreading, linear, straight, puberulent, an inch long, 4—6-seeded—Southern Arizona, in Sanoita Valley, Rothrock (632 in part).
InDIGOFERA* LEPTOSEPALA, Nutt. (Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 298)—Annual, canescently pubescent, usually decumbent; stems a foot or two long: leaf- lets 3 or 4 pairs, cuneate-oblong, obtuse, a half to an inch long, sometimes smoother above: flowers nearly sessile, scattered in long-pedunculate racemes exceeding the leaves: petals pale scarlet, 4 or 5 lines long, nearly twice longer than the slender calyx-teeth: pods linear, terete, straight, pubescent, reflexed, an inch long or more, 6—9-seeded.—From Arizona and New Mexico eastward to the Atlantic; in Arizona, 1871 or 1872, locality not given.
ASTRAGALUS caRYocARPUS, Ker.—From the Saskatchewan to Texas; at Denver, Wolf (232).
ASTRAGALUS LENTIGINOSUS, Dougl. (Hook. Fl. i, 151), and var. Fre- monTI, Watson, more hoary-pubescent; stem flexuous—From Washington Territory through the interior to Southern Nevada; both forms were col- lected in Nevada, 1871.
ASTRAGALUS DipHysUS, Gray (Pl. Fendl. 34).—Scarcely more than a glabrous form of the last, with rather larger flowers; the pods usually larger and with somewhat thicker walls—Northern Nevada to New Mexico; in Nevada, 1871, and